V. Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word-combinations in which these words can be used.
1. evidence; 2. hearsay (n); 3. to jeopardize; 4. finding (noun LAW); 5. confession
VI. Match the words on the left (A) with their definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents.
A B
1. adversarial a. tricking someone into answering in a particular way
2. arraignment b. one in which all the people involved agree
3. compelling c. extremely important and necessary for sth to succeed or
exist; crucial
4. indictment d. an official decision, especially one made by a court
5. inquisitorial e. when people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and
prevented from having opportunities and freedom
6. leading f. a system, especially in politics and the law, in which two
sides oppose and attack each other
7. oppression g. formal disapproving asking a lot of questions,
especially in a way that makes you feel annoyed
8. ruling h. the act of officially charging someone with a criminal
offence
9. unanimous i. making someone come to court to hear what their crime
is
10. vital j. making you feel certain that sth is true or that you must do
sth about it; making you believe sth or accept it because it
is so strong
VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
Anthony Sabato, 53, of 70 Hawthorne St., West Haven, was arrested at his home on a warrant alleging he punched a vendor in the face after throwing hot coffee on him at Redwood Flea Market on South Hartford Turnpike, according to police.
If you are charged with a criminal offence, your first reaction may be to plead guilty and get it over with. If you plead guilty, you will have a criminal record and a penalty (sentence). Both these can seriously affect you.
You will be asked to either “swear an oath” (on a holy book) or “affirm the truth”. The court understands that in our diverse society, many people do not wish to take an oath on the Bible. Instead of taking an oath on the Bible, witnesses can “affirm”. This means that you solemnly promise to tell the truth to the court.
During questioning, if a prospective juror indicates that he or she is not legally qualified to act as a juror in the particular case, the lawyer will then say, “I challenge the juror for cause.” If the judge is satisfied that the reason given for the challenge is sufficient, the juror will be excused. After all the jurors have been questioned and there are no longer any challenges “for cause,” the lawyers on each side may exercise a certain number of “peremptory challenges.”
In both civil and criminal trials the attorney for the Defendant might feel that the evidence presented is of such poor quality that no reasonable tribunal properly directed could find the Defendant guilty. At this point, the Defence will make a No Case Submission.
VIII. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. compelling; 2. findings; 3. given;4. judgment; 5. majority (2); 6. plead for a light
sentence; 7. plead for leniency; 8. plead guilty; 9. plea in mitigation; 10. pre-sentence (2); 11. reaching; 12. televising trials; 13. the burden of proving; 14. unanimous; 15. vital.
____________________________________________________________________________
The Victorian Supreme Court jury deliberating in the murder trial of gangland widow Judy Moran was today having trouble ____________ a _____________ verdict.
The definition of a ____________ report is contained in s. 158 Criminal Justice Act 2003. (1) In this Part "______________ report" means a report which: (a) with a view to assisting the court in determining the most suitable method of dealing with an offender, is made or submitted by an appropriate officer, and (b) contains information as to such matters, presented in such manner, as may be prescribed by rules made by the Secretary of State.
Where the offence is non-capital, and the evidence is such that a not guilty verdict is highly unlikely, defendants are advised to ___________ and have an attorney make a ____________.
The written ___________ of the trial court, __________ in accordance with article 5 (6) of the Order in Council, was extensive. It contained 90 paragraphs. As will be seen, many of the issues of fact which were considered in it were not in dispute at the trial, and many of the trial court’s ___________ in fact are not affected by the grounds of appeal.
At the trial, as in all criminal trials in Scotland, _____________ the guilt of the accused lay on the Crown, and so remained throughout the trial. In order to secure a conviction against either accused, the Crown had to succeed in proving his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Periodically, when a jury cannot agree on a verdict (that is, the jury is ‘hung’) or when jurors subsequently reveal that they did not truly agree with the verdict, public debate arises about whether New South Wales should adopt a _____________ verdict system in criminal trials. Presently, _____________ verdicts are permitted in criminal trials in five Australian jurisdictions - Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia128 - although such verdicts are subject to certain limitations.
We should be cautious about ______________ as they would do little to bolster public faith in the judicial system and provide for open justice.
A divided three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled Friday that prosecutors may not present positive urine samples and other ____________ evidence that the government says shows that the slugger knowingly used steroids.
The most recent report on atrocity crimes in South Kordofan was published on Tuesday, August 23 2011, by the Satellite Sentinel Project ("Special report: evidence of burial of human .remains in Kadugli"). It provides ___________ evidence - satellite photography and eyewitness accounts - of three additional mass gravesites in and around Kadugli, capital of South Kordofan, and scene of well-documented attacks on the Nuba ethnic group.
Every defendant has his first chance to ___________ on the occasion of original sentencing; this of course includes those whose pleas succeed in persuading the judge to grant probation. For those who receive active sentences, the second chance is the Rule 35(b) motion. For a probationer, the second chance is the revocation hearing. As the Johnson court acknowledged, that hearing offers a realistic opportunity to _______________.
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.
____________________________________________________________________________
for; in; of (2); on (6); out; to; up
____________________________________________________________________________
1. Nevertheless, certain principles are common to both systems (the adversarial system and the inquisitorial system), including the requirements that trials be public, that determinations be based ____ evidence presented in open court, and that the accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty.
2. Witnesses, and occasionally defendants, must swear _____ oath the answers they give to questions asked in court will be "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth".
3. This Memorandum of Law is submitted _____ behalf _____ the six defendants in the above captioned action _____ support _____ their defense that their refusal move out of the South Outer Roadway of the Queensboro Bridge when ordered to do so by members of the New York City Police Department was justified pursuant to § 35.05(2) of the Penal Law.
4. Sigurdsson and Gudjonsson (2001) conducted two self-report studies of prison inmates in Iceland and found that 12% claimed to have made a false confession ______ police at some time in their lives, a pattern that the authors saw a part of the criminal lifestyle.
5. The English system of law, which relies on the decision of a jury of persons untrained to weigh ______ and sift evidence, has rendered necessary the development of a large body of rules relating to evidence and designed to make the task of the jury easier; they are not, however, highly artificial rules, but are based on strict common sense. They fall into three divisions: relevancy, proof, and cogency.
6. The indictment is read ______ to the accused at the start of the trial. There are a number of differences between trial on indictment and summary trial (i.e. by magistrates).
7. Australia have lodged a plea ______ leniency with Fifa over Tim Cahill's red card against Germany, in a bid to have him back for its third group game, against Serbia.
8. A special challenge posed by the international humanitarian law (IHL) principle of equality of belligerents in the context of non-international armed conflict is the capacity of armed opposition groups to pass sentences ______ individuals for acts related to the hostilities.
9. Serving _______ a jury is one of the most important, and in many cases interesting, ways in which an American gets to serve her or his country.
10. About 4,000 men working and living in South Croydon are being asked to voluntarily give their DNA as part of the hunt for a teenage model's killer. None of those DNA samples or finger prints will be used to check out other unsolved crimes. Obviously if someone does refuse then each case will be reviewed _____ its own merits.
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary.
1. Когда свидетель первоначально опрошен выставившей стороной, у другой стороны есть право провести перекрёстный допрос с целью установить и продемонстрировать положение свидетеля, что касается сторон и предмета судебного процесса, его/её заинтересованности, его/её мотива, его/её предпочтений, его/её предубеждений, его/её средств получения правильных и точных знаний о фактах, о которых он/она свидетельствует, манеры, в которой он/она использует эти средства, и его/её уровень понимания, памяти и описания.
2. В уголовных делах не нужно, чтобы вердикт был единогласным, если присяжных заседателей не меньше, чем 11, и 10 из них согласны с вердиктом, или, если присяжных заседателей 10, и 9 из них согласны с вердиктом. Присяжным в уголовных делах должны дать по крайней мере 2 часа, за которые они постараются вынести единогласный вердикт. Если после этого времени они выносят вердикт большинства, и этот вердикт «виновен», старшина присяжных должен констатировать на открытом судебном заседании число присяжных, которые соответственно согласились с вердиктом, и число присяжных, которые не согласны с вердиктом.
3. Запугивание свидетеля является существенной угрозой для нормы права. Оно также приводит к значительной стратегической сложности и двухсторонней неопределённости: преступник не может знать, сможет ли его угроза эффективно удержать свидетеля от дачи показаний, а свидетель не может знать, будет ли угроза действительно выполнена.
4. Существует определённое отличие между заявлением о своей невиновности и предложением в суде заявления о смягчении наказания. Если вы признаете, что совершили преступление, но пытаетесь объяснить, что на то были личные обстоятельства, рассматриваемые Судом до вынесения наказания, вам будет дана возможность подать заявление о смягчении наказания. Важно понимать, что заявление о смягчении наказания не является и не может стать возражением ответчика по иску.
5. Ведомство окружного прокурора сообщило обвинителю Доминика Стросс-Кана, что в прошлом она слишком много раз лгала. Прокуроры будут пытаться закрыть дело.
Grammar Revision
Exercises
There are the following modal verbs in the English language: be to, can/could, dare, have to, may/might, must, need, ought to, shall, should, will/would.
A modal is a verb that is used with another verb to express an idea such as possibility that is not expressed by the main verb of a sentence [Cambridge Advanced English dictionary].
Modal verbs have at least 2 peculiarities: 1) they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to (with the exception of ought to, have to, be to); 2) their interrogative and negative forms are built up without the auxiliary verb do (with the exception of have to).
1. Analyse Chapter 17 paying attention to the modal verbs used in the text. Which modal verbs are used more frequently then others in Chapter 17? Could you try to explain why?
These examples are from Chapter 17:
TO BE TO
…the offence or offences which are to be tried.
…if the defendant is to be called as a witness…
…if the defendant is to be the only witness for the defence…
TO BE ABLE TO
…that they are able to get to the truth of a case…
The Court of Appeal will be able to quash an acquittal…
CAN
A person can be convicted of crime only on evidence given in open court.
…(whether either side can call certain evidence).
…each side producing the best evidence it can in support of its case and doing the best it can to destroy the case for the other side.
…anyone can be asked.
COULD
He could not remember taking the bags…
…and neither of them could tell the court about that.
2. Try to explain the difference between these 2 sentences taken from the context of Chapter 17:
Some say that justice must be seen to be done…
Justice should be seen to be done.
Speaking
Exercises
Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Explain why.
1. Any juror can be objected to by a defendant.
2. The defence barrister can not ask leading questions in cross-examination.
3. It is possible to have a re-trial even after a defendant has been acquitted.
4. It is the duty of the judge to decide all the facts of the case according to the evidence and say if the defendant is guilty or not.
5. Every juror must swear on oath that they will give ‘a true verdict according to the evidence’.
Answer the questions about the text.
1. What is the difference between the magistrates’ court and the Crown Court?
2. Why is the Central Criminal Court in London commonly known as the Old Bailey?
3. What are the stages of a criminal trial in Great Britain?
4. What are vitally important principles of justice which govern every criminal trial in England?
5. What is the duty of the judge in a criminal trial?
6. What is the duty of the jury?
7. Why must the judge decide on admissibility of evidence in the absence of the jury?
8. What requirements should a person meet to be eligible for jury service?
9. When can a juror be challenged by a defendant?
10. Why is the witness box almost always directly opposite the jury?
11. What are the prosecution obliged to do if they choose not to call some witness?
12. Who has the right to ask leading questions?
13. What is the purpose of re-examination?
14. Why are defence opening speeches rarely made in practice?
15. When is a majority verdict permitted?
16. How many re-trials are possible in England according to the custom of the criminal court system?
17. How many rules for the court are there as to how approach the question of the sentence in the final and very important phase of a trial?
18. Why is a plea in mitigation regarded as a particularly difficult and important part of the art advocacy?
19. What are three main differences between the procedures in civil and criminal trials?
20. What palette of opinions about televising trials exists nowadays in England?
III. Draw up the plan for rendering the text and then summarize it.
IV. Find the information on the Internet on the following themes and make presentations in class.
1. History of The Old Bailey Courthouse.
2. The Lady of Justice as a symbol.
3. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE).
4. The Criminal Justice Act 2003.
Chapter XVIII
Punishments Today
Vocabulary List
1. offence
drug-trafficking offence
motoring offence
further offence
2. punishment
capital punishment
syn. death penalty
heavy punishment
community punishment
3. deterrence
4. sentence
custodial sentence
mandatory sentence
discretionary sentence
lenient sentence
suspended sentence
indefinite sentence
community sentence
whole life sentence
sentencing
sentencing options
5. drug
class A drugs
drug dealer
drug trafficking
6. reparation
make to smb
7. discharge
absolute discharge
conditional discharge
8. custody
take into custody
keep in сustody
intermittent custody
9. inmate
fellow inmate
10. institution
young offender institution
11. length of sentence
12. security
security arrangements
provide security
13. record
record of offending
record of an order
14. prison
open prison
prison authorities
prison service
15. parole
16. pending good behaviour
17. release
release on licence
18. detain
during Her Majesty’s pleasure
19.reform
penal
law
20. order
community order
rehabilitation order
supervision order
curfew order
drug treatment and testing order
exclusion order
|
правонарушение, преступление
преступление, связанное со сбытом наркотиков
нарушение правил дорожного движения
совершение преступления в будущем, новое преступление
наказание
смертная казнь, высшая мера наказания
тяжкое наказание
наказание в виде выполнения работ на общественное благо
удерживание от совершения чего-либо
приговор, наказание
приговор к лишению свободы
обязательное наказание
приговор, назначаемый по усмотрению суда
мягкий приговор
условный приговор (с отсрочкой исполнения)
назначение неопределенной меры наказания
приговор, назначенный в виде выполнения работы на общественное благо
наказание в виде пожизненного тюремного заключения
с полным отбытием
назначение приговора, наказания
назначение наказания по усмотрению суда в установленных законом пределах
наркотик
наркотики класса А (сильно действующие, такие как героин, кокаин)
торговец наркотиками
торговля наркотиками
возмещение, компенсация
возместить кому-либо
освобождение ( от наказания, ответственности)
полное освобождение
условное освобождение
лишение свободы, тюремное заключение, нахождение под стражей
взять под стражу
содержать под стражей
тюремное заключение с неполной изоляцией
заключённый
сокамерник
зд. исправительное учреждение (особого типа тюрьма)
исправительное учреждение для преступников молодого возраста
назначенный в приговоре срок наказания
режим (в тюрьме), изоляция
меры по изоляции (преступников)
обеспечить изоляцию
протокол(ы) ; досье
досье совершенных преступлений
протокольная запись судебного приказа
тюрьма; тюремное заключение
тюрьма открытого типа
тюремное начальство
тюремная служба
условно-досрочное освобождение под честное слово
до тех пор пока правонарушитель себя хорошо ведёт
освобождение из мест лишения свободы
освобождение (освобождать) из мест лишения свободы по специальному разрешению
брать под стражу, содержать под стражей
содержать под стражей в течение неопределённого срока (применительно к несовершеннолетним, совершившим убийство)
реформа
пенитенциарная реформа
правовая реформа
приказ, предписание, указание
приказ о выполнении общественных работ
приказ о реабилитации преступника, отбывающего наказание
в виде пробации, (условное осуждение)
приказ о надзоре за преступником, отбывающим пробацию
приказ об обязательном присутствии правонарушителя в предписанном месте для надзора в определённое время суток
приказ о лечении от наркомании и регулярной проверки о наличии наркотиков в крови
приказ, запрещающий появляться в местах, где продаётся алкоголь
|
21. probation
probation service(s)
probation officer
22. after-care
23. report
a pre-sentence report
24. hostel
bail hostel
probation hostel
25. attendance centre
26. parenting
27. counselling and guidance
sessions
28. electronic monitoring
29. company fraud
30. victim offender mediation
|
система испытания, пробация, условное осуждение (вид наказания)
служба(ы), исполняющая приговор о направлении на пробацию
сотрудник службы пробации, отвечающий за лиц, направленных
судом на пробацию
воспитательно-исправительные меры воздействия и надзора за лицами, отбывшими наказание
отчёт, доклад
доклад о личности и обстоятельствах жизни подсудимого (осуждённого), предоставляемый суду перед вынесением приговора
общежитие
общежитие для лиц, переданных на поруки, освобождённых из-под стражи под залог
общежитие для условно освобождённых лиц, направленных на пробацию
исправительное учреждение с обязательным ежедневным присутствием
воспитание и забота о детях
занятия с целью психологической помощи и обучения родителей
контроль за местонахождением правонарушителя с помощью электронных устройств
мошенничество в сфере корпоративных отношений
примирение жертвы и преступника
|
Vocabulary notes
consolidating act of Parliament
|
консолидирующий акт парламента
|
Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000
|
акт Парламента о правах уголовных судов (применительно к вынесению наказания) от 2000 года
|
Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000
|
акт Парламента об уголовном правосудии и функциях
суда от 2000 года
|
Criminal Justice Act 2003
|
акт Парламента об уголовном правосудии от 2003 года
|
National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders
|
Национальная организация помощи и обустройства правонарушителей
|
Young Offender Team
|
группа надзора за молодыми преступниками (условно осужденными)
|
Victim Support Group
|
группа помощи жертвам преступлений
|
Child Protection Register
|
Государственный реестр (база данных) детей, нуждающихся в защите своих прав
|
Reading Comprehension
Exercises
I. Scan the passage Purposes of Sentencing and find the following.
How many different purposes of punishment it contains?
The order they are listed in.
Which of the purposes of sentencing mentioned in the text are not included in the definitions below:
to reform the offender’s moral attitude;
to assist the offender to return to normal life;
to protect society from violent behaviour;
to make the offender suffer for the harm he has done;
to warn other people and to prevent them from breaking the law.
II. Scan the passages “Types of Punishment” and “The Death Penalty” to find the exact names for the following.
1. types of sentences available to the courts today;
the penalty for high treason;
the way the death penalty was carried out;
crimes that may now be punishable with life imprisonment.
III. Quickly skim the extract Custodial Sentences to decide which of the following is the main theme.
serious offences of violence;
the difference between mandatory and discretionary sentences;
different forms of custodial sentences.
IV.Readthe text Forms of Custodial Sentences carefully and find the information you need to complete the table below.
-
|
Age of offenders
|
Offence
|
|
Under 18
|
|
Imprisonment for life
|
|
Not serious
|
|
|
V. Scan the extracts Modern Prison Reform and Community Sentences to find the following information.
1. the names of the organisations that are mainly concerned with prison reform;
2. which organisation provides concerts for prisoners;
3. the name of the sentences where the offender is allowed to remain free in the community;
4. if all community sentences may be imposed without the agreement of the offender;
5. the names of the best known community orders (requirments) under the Criminal Justice Act 2003;
6. the type of work offenders on community punishment are ordered to do;
7. the names of special programmes designed to reduce offending;
VI.Read the text Community Sentences carefully and find the information to complete the table below.
Community Sentences.
Form of Sentence
|
Unpaid
work
|
|
|
Purpose
|
|
|
|
Age of the
Offender
|
|
|
|
Length:
maximum
minimum
|
240-300
|
|
|
VII. Read all the texts again and decide whether the following statements are true or false. Explain why.
Before making an order for payment the court must first enquire into the offender’s financial situation.
Orders of conditional discharge are widely used in the magistrates’ courts for minor crimes and first offenders.
Curfew orders are designed to confine the offenders to certain places at certain times of day.
All sentences of disqualification are mandatory.
The drug treatment and testing order forms part of a community order because it requires drugs misusers to undergo treatment for their problem.
Reparation orders are made to help the offender and his victim to settle their differences
peacefully.
Parliament decides what sentences must be imposed.
The Court of Appeal may increase any sentence passed by the Crown Court.
Vocabulary Work
Exercises
I. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences.
1. deter from re-offending; 2. take the law into one’s own hands; 3. go straight; 4. commit a crime ‘in cold blood’; 5. convicted of burglary of office premises; 6. dismiss an appeal; 7. impose a whole life sentence on a violent offender; 8. refer a case to the Attorney-General; 9. meet a supervision order; 10. bring to justice; 11. dispose of a criminal case; 12. complete a community sentence; 13. length of sentence; 14. supervise a parenting order; 15. unduly lenient sentence; 16. repair damage; 17. mitigating circumstances; 18. record of offending; 19. punishment as a deterrent; 20. revoke a curfew order; 21. confine offenders; 22. review a decision.
II. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences.
1. лишить подсудимого свободы; 2. из-за страха последствий; 3. постоянно извещать местную полициию об изменении адреса; 4. приказ об условном освобождении для лиц, совершивших преступление впервые; 5. торговать опасными наркотиками; 6. освобождение правонарушителя без каких-либо условий; 7. запретить появляться в местах продажи алкоголя; 8. подготовить доклад о личности преступника для суда до вынесения приговора; 9. разрешить подачу апелляции на судебное решение об осуждении; 10. совершить новое преступление; 11. приговор, назначаемый по усмотрению суда; 12. рассмотреть возможность условно-досрочного освобождения; 13. приказ об обязательном присутствии правонарушителя в предписанном месте в определенное время суток для надзора; 14. исполнять приказ о возмещении ущерба; 15. исправительное учреждение с обязательным ежедневным присутствием; 16. вставать на учет в полицию; 17. содержать под стражей; 18. злоупотребление наркотиками или алкоголем; 19.выносить суровый приговор торговцу наркотиками; 20. издавать приказ в отношении водителя за нарушение правил дорожного движения; 21. увеличить минимальный срок наказания; 22. отбывать полный срок наказания.
III. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B).
A B
1. reduce a sentence
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a. возражать
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2. on judicial review
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b. косвенно
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3. release on licence
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c. уменьшить срок наказания
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4. by implication
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d. основания для жалобы
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5. mount a challenge
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e. в порядке судебного надзора
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6. custodial sentence
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f.освобождение из мест лишения свободы по особому разрешению
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7. assault
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g. в виде возмещения своей жертве
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8. grounds for complaint
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h. приговор к лишению свободы
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9. by way of compensation to one’s victim
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i. похищение другого лица
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10.abduction
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j. нападения
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IV. Guess the concept of the following definitions.
1. The offence of taking a child from the possession of his parents or guardians.
2. A place that provides protection from danger or trouble.
3. A group of people or an organization that holds money and uses it for the public good.
4. Depriving a person of his liberty against his will following arrest .
5. A person who supervises offenders placed on community punishment.
6. A person who is unable to stop taking or using something as a habit.
7. The premises for the accommodation of offenders on community punishment.
8. A person appointed by law to act on behalf of someone (such as a child) unable to manage their affairs.
9. The order aimed at preventing a person from entering a public place.
10. Intentional deception resulting in injury to another
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V. Match the phrases on the left with their definitions on the right.
A B
1. pay smb back (for smth)
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a. establish smth. as a rule, or a principle
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2. date back to
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b. do smb. wrong and not to be punished
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3.call for
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c. have existed since a particular time in the past
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4. get away with
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d. punish smb.
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5. take smth into account
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e. require or need
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6. dispose of
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f. consider the importance of a factor, a consequence
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7. set out
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g. make smb. lose their interest in smth.
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8. put smb off smth
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h. overcome smth. that is a problem
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VI. Complete the sentences with the phrases in column A in the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
All the powers given to the British police are __________ in a number of Acts of Parliament.
If we look at legal systems around the world today, we find that violent and inhumane punishments, which _________ to the Dark Ages, are still happening.
Efforts are made to ensure that whenever possible no student who cheats in the exams is to _______it.
It is the way in which the offender may _________ the harm he has done to the victim of the crime.
The spread of organized crime __________ decisive and prompt action.
Some judges claim that the likelihood of detection is the best way to _____________ people ______crime.
The personal circumstances of the disabled offender must ________ by a judge who is trying a case.
The argument between the parties to the suit was easily___________.
VII. Choose the word or phase from the pairs given below which best completes each of the following sentences. Make changes in the form, where necessary.
human - humane
An increasing number of people all over the world campaign hard for the ______ killing of animals.
The UN Declaration sets out basic _______rights and freedoms to which all women and men are entitled.
Convicted prisoners, in spite of their imprisonment, retain all civil rights and must receive fair and _______ treatment.
Any armed conflict leads to a terrible loss of _______ life.
Charles Dickens appalled by the conditions in prisons worked in the cause of ______prison system for the remainder of his days.
steal smth from smb/smth - rob smb/smb of smth
The two boys broke into the shop and _______three radios and a TV.
They were both ________ while walking through Central Park after dark.
Gordon was arrested and charged with ________ at the local post office.
In the past people were hanged for _________ sheep!
We think our traveller’s cheques were _________ our hotel bedroom.
The two youths tried to _________ old Mrs. Kelly________ her pension money, but she defended herself with her umbrella.
VIII. Put make or do into each gap.
1._________conditions 6. ___________research_
2._________ a course 7.___________one’s duty
3._________efforts 8.___________ a complaint
4._________work 9.____________reparation
5._________an order 10.____________a wrong
IX. Complete the following sentences with the expressions above in the correct form and translate them into Russian.
Any convict may _________ to the prison authorities about unfair and bad treatment.
In enforcing the law the police __________ to develop good relations with the community, in general and ethnic minorities, in particular.
Independent public agencies have been asked to _________ into the causes of growing crime rates.
In the case of first offenders convicted of minor crimes the magistrates’ courts usually _________of conditional discharge.
The parenting order will require the child’s parent or guardian to _________ on counselling and guidance.
To this day, when judges are appointed they must swear an oath to __________ without fear or favour, affection or ill will.
The fundamental idea of justice is to uphold rights and punish people who __________.
Under the UN Convention on Child Rights no child should ___________that is harmful or interferes with his or her education.
The offender was allowed to remain free in the community but the court___________ that he should reside at a hostel and undergo treatment.
One of the aims of community punishment is to give the offender the opportunity to _____________ to his victim or society for the harm he has done.
Grammar Revision
Exercises
I. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the correct form. Add an appropriate preposition, where necessary
____________________________________________________________
rehabilitate; 2. make; 3. commit; 4. pass; 5. abuse; 6. offend; 7. take; 8. get; 9. consider; 10. give.
________________________________________________________________________________
There is much debate as to whether criminals are deterred __________ for fear of the consequences.
Certain community sentences are aimed __________ the offender.
The Court of Appeal declared that the original sentence was obviously very unfair, but postponed ________ a final decision for two months.
If the defendant pleads guilty to the charges against him, he admits ________ the offences.
The jurors took the oath on the Bible and promised _________ a true verdict according to the evidence.
Some victims of crime would like ________ the law into their own hands.
Special programmmes may help the offender to avoid _________ into trouble.
If an offender has committed a serious offence, the court will choose _________ a custodial sentence.
If appeals in criminal cases involve ___________ difficult points of law of real public importance, they may go further to the House of Lords.
The argument is that the prospect of a harsh punishment is enough to put drug addicts ________ drugs.
II. Change the following sentences as in the example. Choose an appropriate infinitive form and translate new sentences into Russian.
It is thought that this new form of order will benefit the community This new form of order is thought to benefit the community.
1. It is expected that these special programmes will reduce offending
2. It is required that people who commit sex offences register their names and addresses with their local police
3. It is hoped that new laws relating to sentencing will be less complicated
4. It is believed that the Court of Appeal will reduce the sentence passed by the Crown Court
5. It is shown by expert medical evidence that the offender is suffering a serious mental illness
6. It is reported that the court has dismissed the appeal
7. It is said that the probation officer applied to the court to revoke the order
8. It is considered that her conviction for murder will be overturned
III. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Когда в совершении тяжкого преступления обвиняется ребёнок младше 16 лет, судья принимает решение о его содержании под стражей в течение неопределённого времени в специальном учреждении для малолетних правонарушителей.
2.Как долго преступник, приговорённый к пожизненному заключению, будет действительно находиться в заключении, зависит от вида назначенного ему наказания и его срока.
3.Большинство тюрем для женщин относится к тюрьмам открытого типа, которые не обнесены оградой, и имеют условия для социальной реабилитации заключённых.
4.В соответствии с законодательными актами парламента преступник, приговорённый к пожизненному заключению, может быть освобождён условно-досрочно после того, как он отсидел в тюрьме 12 лет.
5.Одна из целей наказания состоит в том, чтобы заставить преступника осознать тот вред, который он нанёс жертве и общёству в целом.
6.Существуют значительные доказательства того, что это преступление было совершено хладнокровно.
Speaking
Exercises
I. Answer these questions about the text
What is meant by sentencing powers of the courts?
What is the main difference between mandatory and discretionary sentences?
What crimes used to be punishable with the death penalty and what punishment may be imposed for such crimes today?
What types of sentences are called custodial and what does their form depend on?
In what way do prisons in the UK vary?
How does the term of imprisonment vary with the type and the length of the sentence?
What criteria, under the Criminal Justice Act 2003, must judges apply to specify the minimum term of imprisonment?
What new regime of custodial sentences may be brought into force after the introduction of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 ?
What punishment(s) may the offender, who has been released from prison before completing his sentence, receive if he commits a further offence?
What are the young offender institutions designed for and why are they called “Universities of Crime”?
In what cases will the young offender be ordered to be detained during Her Majesty’s pleasure?
What work do organisations and individuals do in the cause of prison reform?
What is the prison service criticized for?
What sentences are called community sentences or orders?
What requirements does the list of community orders under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 include?
What options are open to the offenders with jobs or those who are single parents?
Which of the community sentences used to be called probation?
What is the role of probation services in enforcing community sentences?
Why is the work done by probation officers difficult and demanding?
What special programmes are designed to rehabilitate the offender and what are they based on?
What punishment may be imposed on the offender who fails to pay a fine within a certain time?
What will the attendance center order require the offender to do?
In what circumstances may the court make a parenting order and what is the child’s parent or guardian required to do?
What is the difference between a conditional discharge and an absolute discharge?
What other orders are available to the courts to meet particular situations?
How long may reparation orders last and what forms may they take?
What orders may the court make in the case of mentally disordered offenders?
What power does Parliament vest in the courts?
What is the role of the Court of Appeal in the criminal justice system?
What is the Sentencing Guidelines Council designed for?
II. Make a list of arguments for and against the following controversial issues raised by the author (you may include both those mentioned in the text and any others you know about) and present it to your classmates for comparison.
A victim of crime must never take the law into his own hands.
Punishment alone has never been a successful deterrent.
The likelihood of detection is the best way to put people off committing crime.
Ш. Use the information in the completed tables (Reading Comprehension, exercises IV and VI) and find out as much as you can about the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in the Internet to prepare a summary of the main types of sentences in the criminal justice system in England.
IV. Working in pairs discuss the following questions.
1 Which forms of punishment, in your opinion, are effective deterrents to younger people?
Which punishments can help to rehabilitate the first offender?
What do you think are the main aims of the criminal justice system in your country? Do you agree with them?
Which forms of punishment that are available to the courts in the UK exist in your country?
What is your personal view on new forms of reparation, for example, victim offender mediation in the criminal justice system?
Do you think that there is any need for prison reform in Russia?
V. Do research into the Internet resources to prepare a legal profile of one of the key cases mentioned in the text: Joyce’s case, the case of Ruth Ellis, the case of the “Moors Murderers”. Make sure that it includes the following elements:
the name of the case and the name of the parties
the circumstances and the legal history of the case
the final decision of the court in the case
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