Полный сборник с исправлениями. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List
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1. We find that terrible things are still happening to people convicted ____crime – punishments which take us straight back_____ the Dark Ages. 2. As we look ______ punishments we must appreciate that, ______ a sense, life was much cheaper than it is today. 3. The average life span ____ the medieval England was _______ over 30 years. 4. ____ early times a superstitious belief _____ omens, ghosts, witchcraft and the like was very common. 5. _____ one time the gallows were given the name “Gregorian tree”, _____ three successive hangmen. 6. If beheadings were bungled, hangings were ____ scientific affairs. 7. This was usually reserve _____ cases of High Treason, although it did not seem difficult ______ imaginative lawyers to find some way to ensure that anyone who offended the monarch might be found guilty _____ this crime. 8. He was eventually hanged at Tyburn ______ the presence of 20,000 spectators. 9. He didn’t ______ campaign, but stirred the public conscience with his writings _____ the cruelties of the day. X. Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. В 1853 году ссылка была заменена каторжными работами и это наказание длилось три года или больше. 2. Телесное наказание, наложенное судом включало: побои, порку, клеймение, и публичное унижение у позорного столба. 3. Продолжительность жизни в средневековой Англии составляла в среднем 30 лет, особенно если учесть, что при рождении ребенка было наиболее вероятно потерять и мать и ребенка. 4. Последним человеком высокого происхождения, приговоренным к такой жестокой казни, был Лорд Феррерс. Посмотреть на его казнь собралось столько народу, что телега доставляющая его на эшафот добиралась до него несколько часов. 5. Суд, вершимый над духовенством, редко выносил решения о смертной казни. Любой человек, который мог прочитать 51 Псалом, ассоциировался со святым, так как мало кто в то время вообще умел читать. Этот метод избежания наказания был известен как "неподсудность духовенства светскому суду". 6. Дорожный грабитель Джек Шепард стал в свое время легендой и народным героем за дерзкие побеги из тюрьмы. Ему удалось бежать 4 раза, на пятый он был казнен в присутствии 20,000 зрителей. Speaking Exercises I. Say if the following statements are true or false. Explain why. 1. For the most history punishment has been both painful and public in order to act as an entertainment to other. 2. Violent punishments were very common but were not accepted as a normal way of life. 3. Human beings have unfortunately proved to be at their most imaginative and inventive when it has come to inflicting punishment upon their fellow men and women. 4. In ancient Greece the custom of allowing a condemned man to end his own life by poison was extended only to full citizens. 5. At various stages of our history, many people were killed for their disheveled appearance and so become martyrs for their faith. 6. It would seem that in each age, as the treatment of criminals reached a climax of harshness and brutality, society somehow reacted to it and developed a way of reliving the terrible barbarities. 7. In the eighteenth century there was quite literally a prison fleet – of prison ships known as submarines. 8. Long-term imprisonment became a common form of punishment, this was particularly so in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the domestic prison service being unable to cope with all prisoners. II. Answer these questions about the text. 1. What were the conditions in which people live in medieval England? How did they influence the punishments? 2. How can you characterize the trial of Suffolk witches? 3. What do you know about “Gregorian Tree”? 4. Why was Jack Ketch so famous? 5. What is the essence of the defence of insanity? 6. What was a so-called “judicial murder”? 7. What is the origin of a phrase “hangers-on”? 8. Why did executions in England never lack “theatre”? 9. What is the benefit of clergy, who could use it in medieval England and how? 10. Was it possible to escape death penalty? How? 11. In what prisons were people kept and what were the conditions? 12. How did people try to reform the prisons? 13. What were the crimes for which transportation was imposed? 14. What is penal servitude? What were the stages of it in medieval time? 15. What did the corporal punishment include? III. Discuss these issues. 1. Capital punishment through the ages. 2. Defence of insanity. 3. Benefit of clergy. 4. Imprisonment through the ages. 5. Prison reform. 6. Transportation. 7. Corporal punishment. VI. Find the information in the Internet on the following themes and make presentation in class.
Chapter XVII Criminal Trials Today Vocabulary List
Vocabulary Notes
Reading Comprehension Exercises I. Scanning 1. Look through 5 vitally important principles of justice which govern every criminal case that are described in the beginning of the part THE STAGES OF A CIMINAL TRIAL and enumerate concepts connected with the concept of justice. 2. Look through the part THE STAGES OF A CIMINAL TRIAL and enumerate the duties of the judge and the duties of the jury. 3. Scan the subpart SWEARING IN THE JURY and name the musts of any person for swearing in the jury. 4. Look through the subpart PROSECUTION EVIDENCE, compare 3 stages of giving evidence and find the similarities and differences in 3 stages.
II. Skimming 1. Read quickly the part COMPARING CRIMINAL AND CIVIL TRIALS and summarize in a short way the differences of the criminal and civil trials. 2. Skim the part TELEVISING TRIALS and name the set forth minuses and the pluses of televising trial. 3. Look more thoroughly through the part VERDICT and decide what it is devoted to. a. the enumeration of certain types of verdicts b. the procedure of considering and reaching the verdict c. the roles and obligations of the participants of the verdict process 4. Look more closely through the subpart DOUBLE JEOPARDY and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given part. a. retrials are now allowed if there is new and compelling evidence b. a new law on double jeopardy came into force in the United Kingdom in 2005 c. benefits and disadvantages of double jeopardy Vocabulary Work Exercises
1. be convicted of sth; 2. on evidence; 3. swear on oath; 4. administer justice; 5. on behalf of; 6. the burden of proving; 7. acquit; 8. condemn; 9. call evidence; 10. in support of the case; 11. confession to the police; 12. obtain by oppression; 13. get at the truth; 14. fight the case out before a jury; 15. weigh up the evidence; 16. read out the indictment. II. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text. 1. входить в состав присяжных заседателей/выполнять, отправлять функции присяжного заседателя (2 wordcombinations); 2. вынести ненадлежащее/неправильное постановление/ судебное решение/судебное постановление по вопросу права; 3. вынести правосудный вердикт на основе свидетельских показаний; 4. оценивание судебного дела (изучение характера, сути дела); 5. cвидетельская трибуна, место для дачи свидетельских показаний (в суде); 6. подать ходатайство об отсутствии оснований для привлечения к ответственности; 7. войти в сговор о совершении преступления; 8. на основе конкретных обстоятельств дела; 9. обсуждать вердикт конфиденциально/ при закрытых дверях/ без свидетелей/ с глазу на глаз; 10. пристав в суде, судебный пристав; 11. убедительные улики; 12. отказаться от иска, от обвинения; 13. выносить приговор для к-л.; 14. просить о снисходительности (о мягком приговоре/ лёгком наказании); 15. устанавливать, назначать наказание для к-л.; 16. установление факта по делу III. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B). A B
утверждений о фактах и событиях
IV. Guess the concept of the following definitions. 1. A statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone. 2. A speech made by a judge to the jury telling them again of the main matters they should consider in the case. 3. The quality or state of being not strict in the way you punish someone or in the standard you expect. 4. Someone who works in a law court whose job is to guide people in and out of the court rooms. 5. The crime of telling lies in court when you have promised to tell the truth. |