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TEXT 1Civil LawПрочитайте текст. Назовите основные источники гражданского права, указанные в тексте. Civil Law (Roman-Germanic legal family) is the most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries. Also referred to as European continental law, the civil law system is derived mainly from the Roman ‘Corpus Juris Civilus’, (Body of Civil Law), a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled under the Roman Emperor Justinian I between A.D. 528 and 565. The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes. The main sources of civil law are principally legislation – especially codifications in constitutions or statutes enacted by governments – and secondarily, custom. The civil law systems in some countries are based on more than one code. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.основываться на нескольких кодексах наиболее распространенный вид основной источник основная черта римский император называться континентальным правом Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие следующим определениям.Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and implemented by courts. An official set of laws or regulations. To come from something, to appear somewhere and then to develop into something. What someone thinks about the meaning of a law or precedent? Used or enforced in different ways. Образуйте соответствующие однокоренные слова и запишите их в таблицу.
Работа в парах. Обсудите, соответствуют ли данные утверждения содержанию текста. Civil law is the most widespread legal system of the world. Approximately 300 countries use civil law nowadays. European continental law and civil law is the name of the same phenomenon. “Corpus Juris Civilus” is a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled in the times of the Roman Emperor Justinian I. The date when the Body of Civil Law was compiled is known precisely. Organizing the law into two written codes is the main feature of civil law system. One of the main sources of civil law is custom. TEXT 2Common Law6. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. Why is common law called “English”? Why are so many countries influenced by common law? Common Law (Anglo-Saxon legal family) is a type of legal system, often synonymous with “English common law”, which is the system of England and Wales in the UK. It is also in force in approximately 80 countries which were a part of or greatly influenced by the former British Empire. The English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as systems imposed by early conquerors including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans. Some legal scholars attribute the formation of the English common law system to King Henry II (r. 1154-1189). Until the time of his reign, laws customary were administered locally. Henry II, having established the King’s court, designated that laws were “common” to the entire England. The foundation of English common law is “legal precedent” – referred to as stare decisis (Lat),meaning “to stand by things decided”. In the English common law system, court judges are bound in their decisions in large part by the rules and other doctrines developed by the judges of earlier English courts. These rules were supplemented or amended over time. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.дополнить или исправить основа общего права доктрины, созданные судьями быть ограниченным в своих решениях ученые-юристы являться синонимом приписывать создание кому-либо бывшая Британская империя Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие следующим определениям.the country which was running half of the world during several centuries. the religious book of Christians. group of people or military troops who attack foreign territories in order to join them to their lands. period of time when a King or a Queen is running the state. something (such as a judgment) which has happened earlier than the present and which can be a guide to what should be done in the present case. Образуйте соответствующие однокоренные слова и запишите их в таблицу.
Укажите, какие предложения содержат информацию из текста. Common law was derived from customs of continental countries. Common law is a synonym to precedent law. Common law is widely spread in many countries. English common law is influenced by the Bible. Laws were administered universally all over England before the reign of Henry II. The King’s court designed that laws were common for the whole country. The source of English common law is the precedent. Common law is stable and can’t be amended or changed. Работа в парах или небольших группах. Расскажите о романо-германской и англо- саксонской системах права. Сравните: а) источники, б) теории происхождения, в) применение. Передайте содержание следующих текстов на английском языке. Романо-германская правовая семья (Roman-Germanic legal system – Civil Law system) Романо-германская правовая система объединяет правовые системы всех стран континентальной Европы. Эта правовая система возникла на основе римского права. Основной источник права – нормативный акт. Ей присуще четкое деление норм права на отрасли, а все отрасли подразделяются на две подсистемы: частное право и публичное право. К сфере публичного права относятся: административное, уголовное, конституционное, международное публичное. К частному относятся гражданское, семейное, трудовое, международное частное право. В системе органов государства проводится четкое различие на законодательные и исполнительные органы. Законотворческие функции составляют монополию законодателя. Для большинства стран этой системы характерно наличие писаной конституции. Англо-саксонская правовая семья (Anglo-Saxon legal system – Common Law System)Общее право доминирует в национальных правовых системах Великобритании (кроме Шотландии), Канады, США, Ямайки, Австралии и т. д. Прародительницей этой правовой семьи была Англия. В основе этой правовой системы лежит принцип “to stand by the things decided” (от латинского, stare decisis – стоять на решённом), означающий, что при выработке решения судом господствующая сила принадлежит прецеденту. Основным источником права в Англо- саксонской правовой системе является обычай, (подтверждённый судебным прецедентом). Законодательство рассматривается как разновидность договора. Таким образом, в отличие от романо-германской системы, судебные решения играют большую роль в формировании права, тогда как романо-германская система оставляет за судами функцию толкования и применения права.  V + ed or V3f Переводятся на русский язык страдательными причастиями настоящего или прошедшего времени с суффиксами -вш, -ан, -ем или придаточными предложениями. В предложении чаще всего выполняют функцию определения. Example: applied in various forms – применяемый (примененный) в разных формах, referred to – тот, на который была сделана ссылка written code – написанный кодекс , enacted by – примененный (применяемый). Переведите на английский язык.Методы, примененные к нему; кодексы, на которые ссылаются юристы; собранная ими информация; толкования, записанные во времена римского императора; преступления, совершенные во время войны; вопросы, рассмотренные в этом сообщении; подтвержденный судебным прецедентом; судебные решения, сыгравшие важную роль. Замените слова в скобках формами причастий и переведите предложения.When legislators create laws they use the system of courts (to back) by the power of the police to enforce these laws. Common law is applied in approximately 80 countries which were a part of or greatly (to influence) by the former British Empire. Until the time of King Henry II reign customary laws were (to administer) locally. The order (to establish) in the country improved the situation. The English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as systems (to impose) by early conquеrors including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans. Rules and doctrines (to develop) by the judges of earlier English courts were (to supplement) or (to amend) over time. The new law (to establish) on the territory of entire England soon became common. The letter (to write) by a junior lawyer should not be sent to the client because of its improper style. The review on the UK Civil Procedure (to take) from the website was of great importance for his report. Courses on Legal English (to offer) online have become very popular today. UNIT 3. LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD: RELIGIOUS AND CUSTOMARY LAW SYSTEMS TEXT 1Religious Law Vocabularypredominantly – особенно, преимущественно the main common feature – главная общая черта to aim to cover all areas of life – иметь целью охватить все сферы жизни revolutionary council – революционный совет nonetheless – несмотря на, однако 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.What do numbers 50, 900, 450 mean in the text? What legal systems do Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates belong to? Muslim Law – is an autonomous legal system which is of a religious nature and predominantly based on the Koran. The number of Muslim countries is growing (now there are more than 50 Muslim states the population of which is about 900 million people), and the main common feature is not merely spiritual: the Islamic religion aims to cover all areas of life. Countries belonging to this system are: Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan, Turkey, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and others. In its strongest formulation, some Islamic scholars state that law cannot exist outside religion and therefore the state has no power to legislate. But in practice the religion is found in the countries with very different histories, where formal legal systems differ much. Hindu law. Unrivalled in age, the Hindu law found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Malaysia and parts of East Africa is contained in a literature which is vast and complex. In the countries mentioned, however, it governs only personal and family relations and its family law has been codified and much amended, especially in India. Nonetheless it can affect the lives of some 450 million people. Соотнесите русские эквиваленты из правой колонки с английскими словосочетаниями из текста в левой колонке.
Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.основываться на положениях Корана правовые системы Индии и Пакистана закон не может существовать вне религии по образцу общего права не иметь законодательной власти 6.) затрагивать все стороны жизни в своем самом строгом толковании кодифицировать и вносить поправки. Выразите согласие/несогласие с утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели. Model: a) I fully agree with the statement. b) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it. Muslim law is based on the Koran. The number of Muslim countries is decreasing. In its strongest formulations some Islamic scholars think that state has no power to legislate. Some Muslim countries are influenced by civil law, others - by common law. It is easy to find roots of the Hindu law. It is not difficult to unify postulates of the Hindu law. The Muslim law precepts cover as many sides of life as secular systems do. TEXT 2Customary Law VocabularyCustomary law – традиционное право Napoleonic Civil Code – гражданский кодекс Наполеона prior to colonial influences – до влияния колониальных стран following the colonization – вслед за колонизацией the earliest systems of law – самые ранние системы права 5. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.What are the characteristic features of Customary law? What is the main source of Customary law? Customary Law is a type of legal system that serves as the basis of, or has influenced, present-day laws in approximately 40 countries – mostly in Africa, but some in the Pacific islands, Europe, and the Middle East. Customary law is also referred to as "primitive law," "unwritten law," "indigenous law," and "folk law." There is no single history of customary law such as that found in Roman civil law, English common law, Islamic law, or the Napoleonic Civil Code. The earliest systems of law in human society were customary, and usually developed in small agrarian and hunter-gatherer communities. As the term implies, customary law is based upon the customs of a community. Common attributes of customary legal systems are that they are seldom written down, they embody an organized set of rules regulating social relations, and they are agreed upon by members of the community. Although such law systems include sanctions for law infractions, resolution tends to be reconciliatory rather than punitive. A number of African states practiced customary law many centuries prior to colonial influences. Following colonization, such laws were written down and incorporated to varying extents into the legal systems imposed by their colonial powers. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словосочетаниям.включать санкции термин может также называться служить основой или испытывать влияние входить в состав правовой системы обнаружить иметь тенденцию к мирному решению вопроса регулировать общественные отношения Выберите правильную форму причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык.The government considered a new project (regulated, regulating) social relations. (Following, followed) the customary law of agrarian and hunter-gatherer communities, the new type of law, (amended, amending) and (writing, written) down, came into being. State structure (imposed, imposing) by former colonial empires to African and Asian countries was very much like those of European states. (Written, writing, unwritten) law is a part of customary legal system. 8. Выразите согласие/несогласие с утверждениями, используя следующие формулы речевого общения.I really think that … I’m sure that … In my opinion … I disagree that … I consider it to be absolutely wrong … I can prove that it is … It can’t be true/false because … Most countries of the world have customary law system. Sometimes customary law is called “a folk law”. Customary law is easy to codify because it has single history of development. Customary law first appeared in the countries of Africa and Asia. Customary law is based upon previous decisions of courts. It regulates social relations in a number of African and Asian countries. Customary law is the most punitive among other systems of law. Customary law became a part of modern national legislation in post-colonial period. Повторение грамматики. Причастие совершенного вида активного залога (Participle I Perfect). Having + V 3fПричастия совершенного вида активного залога переводятся на русский язык деепричастиями прошедшего времени, отвечающими на вопрос «что сделав?» или придаточными предложениями. В предложении выполняют функцию обстоятельства. Example: Henry II, having established the king’s court and designated that laws were “common” to the entire England … – король Генри II, установив королевские суды и объявив, что они становятся “общими” … Замените слова в скобках правильными формами причастий.(To have) long contacts with the English Public law and systems of court procedure, countries of “mixed” system inherited much of the Common law. He presented an interesting report on Customary law, (to study) a great amount of articles on the subject. (To do) everything they could, the lawyers were unable to prevent him from being imprisoned. King Henry II (to establish) the King’s court, designated that laws were “common” to the entire England. (To learn) about the new facts, they insisted on investigating the case. (To colonize) African and Asian countries, western states introduced their legal systems there. The members of parliament improved the situation greatly, (to include) these laws into their legislation. (To consider) this decision as a precedent, the courts should follow it in future. (To abolish) capital punishment, the country has got an opportunity to join the EU. (To become) systematized inside one country, rules and laws make national legal systems and these systems, in their turn, can be classified into families according to their main features. 10. Переведите на английский язык словосочетания.Завоевав многие страны, навязав свою правовую систему завоеванным странам, испытывая влияние библии, внеся поправки, появившись в странах Азии и Африки, создав систему наказаний, став частью современного законодательства, включив эти законы в систему права, использовав структуру государственной власти. |