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Socialist LawVocabularyentirely new form of law – совершенно новую форму права elimination of the USSR – распад, ликвидация СССР disintegration into – деление на to provoke activity – стать причиной, спровоцировать активность to draft something – сделать проект чего-либо to abrogate the legislation – отменить законодательство ‘The Great Leap Forward’ – великий прыжок вперед to resemble something – напоминать что-то to be partly resurrected – частично воскресить the persistent attitude – стойкие отношения 3. Прочитайте текст 2 и употребите следующие словосочетания в нужном месте.that makes law subordinate inspired by Soviet models much power remains to attain socialism a new democratic constitution compared with the older systems denigrated and degraded during Until recently, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the USSR) and some other countries proclaimed that socialism was producing an entirely new form of law, not to be judged by or even (A). This view was said to be the scientific conclusion of a Marxist analysis. The elimination of the USSR as a state was followed by the collapse of the newly build legal system at the end of the 20th century. The USSR’s peaceful disintegration into 15 sovereign states has provoked much activity in fashioning new structures. Most of the states by now have (B) and are drafting the rest of the legal system. One more example of applying socialist law is China. From its inception in 1949, the People’s Republic of China’s declared aim was (C). It abrogated all earlier legislation and during the next decade much of the formal law was (D). The legal structure has been partly resurrected, and a legal framework of codes enacted. The Basic Principles of Civil Law contain many provisions that would be familiar to Western jurists. The actual functioning of the system, however, is affected by the persistent attitude (E) to the decisions of central and local political authorities. 4. Объединитесь в минигруппы и распределите между собой следующие вопросы. Подготовьте развернутые ответы на них, используя современные источники информации.Why did socialist countries proclaim that they were producing a new form of law? In what way does this form of law differ from the others? Why was it so important? Who was the founder of this theory? What other scientific conclusions did he make? What does “peaceful disintegration” mean? What countries appeared after this process? Why do you think the Chinese legal system has provisions similar to western legislations? Передайте содержание текстов на английском языке.Датская правовая система. Важнейший документ в истории права страны – “Датский закон Кристиана V” (1683)б подготовленный по поручению короля путем пересмотра ранее действовавших законодательных актов (все они с его принятием была отменены). Он состоит из 6 книг и представляет собой свод законов, относящихся к различным отраслям права. Наиболее подробно в нем изложены уголовные законы, вошедшие в последнюю книгу. “Датский закон Кристиана V” никогда официально не отменялся, однако к настоящему времени остаются в силе лишь некоторые его положения. С 1849 г., после отмены абсолютной монархии, началась реформа законодательства (в частности, был принят Уголовный кодекс 1866 г), в ходе которой в основном и сформировалась действующая правовая система Дании. Шведская правовая система. Основы современной правовой системы Швеции были заложены Законом Шведского государства (королевства) 1734 г. До этого основными источниками права в стране служили сначала нормы обычного права, а затем и отдельные законодательные акты и собрания законов. Этот закон был далек от совершенства: он отличался сложностью формулировок, отсутствием необходимых общих определений, не был строго систематизирован, содержал немало пробелов даже применительно к потребностям того времени, когда он был составлен. Однако он стал основой развития шведского и финского права на последующие столетия. И поныне он формально признается центральным действующим актом шведского законодательства. К настоящему времени большинства первоначально изданных норм Закона 1734 г. заменено более поздними законодательными положениями. А все важнейшие отрасли права регулируются либо кодексами, либо крупными актами, изданными в ХХ веке.  Participle I
Participle II
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.Having been collected from different areas, the facts reflected the situation all over the country. Being founded as a union of 13 colonies, the United States claimed to become independent from the British Crown. Having been based on the US Constitution, the Constitutional law serves as the supreme federal law. Having been inspired by the Soviet model, many countries followed it after World War II. Being affected by the basic principles of Civil law, the provisions of Socialist law are familiar to Western lawyers. Being influenced by different systems of law, these countries were united in the group of so called ‘mixed’ legal systems. . Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму причастия.In the past, legal systems (to be grouped) by geography, history culture, race, language, religion or official ideology were classified in different ways. (To be derived) mainly from the Roman collection of laws and legal interpretations the Civil law appeared during the reign of Justinian I. (To be based) on the Koran, Muslim law is considered to be an autonomous legal system. (To be marked) by relatively small population with a high standard of living North European countries have adopted much uniform legislation especially in the fields of commerce and family law. (To be collected) in the legislative form about 400 years ago, the original Germanic public and private law became the basis of the modern legal system of Finland, Norway, Sweden and some countries of Nordic Europe law system. (To write) in very bad handwriting, the complaint was difficult to read. (To spent) many years abroad while working with common law in England, he would find it difficult to work in Germany. (To wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was going to discuss in the court room. (To phone) the agency, he continued working on the contract. (To show) the exhibition of the newly published books on law he was invited to the conference hall. (To hear) the steps of the coming jury he raised his head. (To follow) the colonization, such laws, (to be written down) and (to incorporate) into the legal systems, were (to impose) by the colonial powers. (To be unwritten) common attributes of customary legal systems are seldom organized into a set of rules. Usually customary laws (to be agreed) upon by members of the community. UNIT 5. LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD: LEGAL SYSTEMS OF RUSSIA, THE UNITED KINGDOM, THE USA TEXT 1What Legal System does Russia Belong to?Vocabulary to be defined according to – быть определенным в соответствии с to borrow much from – здесь: унаследовать много от to follow this path – идти этим путем to come back to the roots – вернуться к своим корням to be closer to something – быть ближе к чему-либо to fit something – полностью соответствовать to put together a case file – формировать дело inquisitional system – система расследования to bring up a sentence – вынести приговор adversarial proceedings – состязательный процесс Прочитайте текст и скажите, к какой правовой системе следует отнести Россию.While establishing its legal system Russia has passed several stages which can be defined according to their historical periods. Before the socialist revolution (1917) Russian law system borrowed much from German legal system and formally could be included into the German sub-branch of the continental law. After the October Revolution Soviet lawyers decided to find their own unique way in law and followed this path for at least 75 years, they tried to find their own identity and to create Soviet socialist law in Russia. After these attempts failed, Russia tried to come back to its roots, i.e., to the European system of law. Therefore, from the formal point of view the Russian law system is closer to the Roman- German law than to the Anglo-American one. It has many features of European continental law but we cannot say that it fully fits it. Modern post-soviet Russian legal system obtains its individual approaches to various aspects of law. As Russia’s legal system is based on a civil law system, influenced by Roman law, its emphasis is made on codification. All decisions are based on the foundation of statutes and codes rather than judicial precedent, as it is evident in common law. It is brightly demonstrated, for example, in criminal law. As in other civil law countries, the pretrial investigation in Russia is the dominant phase in the criminal process. In this part of the process, a judicial official of the state puts together a case file which contains all evidence of the case and then comes the court which holds an active role in determining case facts, using a more inquisitional system and bringing up a sentence. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующим cловосочетаниям на русском языке.содержать доказательства вынести приговор досудебная стадия заимствовать из потерпеть неудачу полностью соответствовать иметь собственные подходы Найдите в тексте словосочетания, соответствующие следующим определениям.is a legal system where two advocates represent their parties’ positions before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth of the case. This system is generally adopted in common law countries. An exception, for instance in the U.S., can be made for minor violations, such as traffic offenсes. is a legal system, opposed to the previous one, which has a judge (or a group of judges who work together) whose task is to investigate the case and bring up a sentence. It is widely spread in Europe among some civil law systems (i.e. those deriving from Roman law or the Napoleonic Code). Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя следующие формулы речевого общения.I really think that ... I’m sure that ... In my opinion … I disagree that … I consider it to be absolutely wrong … I can prove that it is … It can’t be true/false because … Russia in the 18th century was greatly influenced by German legal system. Soviet lawyers followed common way of creating the legal system. Modern legal system of the RF is much closer to Continental law than to Anglo-American one. Emphasis is made on codification in Russian law system. The pretrial stage of investigation is not of great importance as the court one. Ролевая игра. Прочитайте тексты о правовых системах Великобритании и США. Составьте диалог, где вы берете интервью у специалиста по правовой системе Великобритании или США. TEXT 2The United Kingdom. Common Law Vocabularyto contain something – содержать что-либо to form something – образовывать что-либо to relate to the political instability – быть связанным с политической нестабильностью to retain distinctions – сохранить различия to be binding – быт обязательным to incorporate something – включать в себя что-то to ensure certainty and consistency – обеспечить определенность и устойчивость to be flexible – быть гибким to be derived from – происходить The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland contains three major legal systems which have been developed through ages. The three systems, each with their own legal rules, courts and legal professions, are based geographically. These are systems of England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. England and Wales. These two areas form one jurisdiction. The national courts (High Court, Court of Appeal and House of Lords) are based in London, but there are local courts (Magistrates' Courts and County Courts) throughout the country and the Crown Court has many locations. Northern Ireland. It has some unusual features in its system, which is centered in Belfast. Many relate to the political instability and violence which has taken place in the region since its establishment. One such feature is the absence of a jury in "terrorist" trials. But the legal system of Northern Ireland has otherwise grown very similar to that of England and Wales. Scotland. It had its own system of laws and courts (based in Edinburgh) before its union with England and Wales in 1707. The Acts of Union of 1707 expressly allowed these to continue, and so Scotland retains many distinctions from the English system. It should be noted that the United Kingdom has incorporated the legal system of the European Union since 1972. The legal systems within the United Kingdom were based largely on judge-made law since the 17th century. The law developed through decisions made by judges and was called “case law” or “common law” (common to all courts of the country). Since that time, new laws and law reforms have increasingly been brought about through Acts of Parliament, usually inspired by policies of the Government. Even so, the development of case law still remains an important source of law. A statement of law made by a judge in a case can become binding on later judges and can in this way become the law for everyone to follow. Precedent has a very important role in the common law. It ensures certainty and consistency and logical progression and development in the law. Many countries (especially in Continental Europe) prefer a codified system in which laws are set out in legislation and cases which apply them may be illustrative but do not become binding. Nevertheless, the common law does have advantages over codified systems - it is more flexible, it is more practical as it is derived from real life dramas played out before the courts. TEXT 3The US Law Vocabularyisland possessions – островные владения to define the division between something – определить деление на to claim independence – требовать независимость to shift – сдвигать, перемещать to retain substantial legal authority – сохранить существенные правовые полномочия to outline the general structure – определить общую структуру to lack something – здесь: быть в недостатке It is a type of common law, which is the basis of the legal system of the United States and that of its island possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. This legal system has several layers, more than in most other countries, and defined the division between federal and state law. The United States was founded not as one nation but as a union of 13 colonies, each claiming independence from the British Crown. The US Constitution, implemented in 1789, began shifting power away from the states and toward the federal government, though the states today retain substantial legal authority. US law draws its authority from four sources: constitutional law, statutory law, administrative regulations, and case law. Constitutional law is based on the US Constitution and serves as the supreme federal law. Taken together with those of the state constitutions, these documents outline the general structure of the federal and state governments and provide the rules and limits of power. US statutory law is legislation enacted by the US Congress and is codified in the United States Code. The 50 state legislatures have similar authority to enact state statutes. Administrative law is the authority delegated to federal and state executive agencies. Case law, also referred to as common law, covers areas where constitutional or statutory law is lacking. Case law is a collection of judicial decisions, customs, and general principles that began in England centuries ago, that were adopted in America at the time of the Revolution, and that continue to develop today. 6. Сравните английскую, американскую и российскую правовые системы. TEXT 4The Comparative Law Vocabularycomparative law – сравнительное право applicability of laws – применимость законов world trade – мировая торговля intergovernmental organization – межправительственная организация to simplify rules – упростить правила 7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.Why do you think the comparative law is so necessary? Do you agree that the law needs to be uniformed? Сan you imagine the possibility of creating the unique world law system? This law is a newly made one and studies differences and similarities between different jurisdictions, including civil-law systems, common-law systems and religious (or theological) legal systems. Comparative law has become of increasing practical importance for two reasons. First, the globalization of world trade means that commercial lawyers are often required to work with colleagues and clients from unfamiliar jurisdictions. The second reason is the increasing harmonization (or unification) of laws between previously separate jurisdictions, as with the European Union and the Union of South American Nations. This kind of law is closely related to private international law and the harmonization of law. Private international law concerns the applicability of laws in situations involving other jurisdictions. Harmonization of law developed out of a need to simplify these rules, both at a national level and between sovereign states. One more aspect of comparative law is the idea of uniform law. There are two main sources of international uniform law: The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCC) and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). The Hague Conference, a global intergovernmental organization with over 60 member states, is the leading organization in the area of private international law. An increasing number of non-member states are also becoming parties to the Hague conventions. The statutory mission of the HCC is to work for the progressive unification of private international law in a wide range of areas, from commercial law to international civil procedure and from child protection to matters of marriage and personal status. Объясните своими словами значение следующих словосочетаний.increasing practical importance private international law commercial law globalization of world trade Внеаудиторная работа. а) Подготовьте сообщения для круглого стола о реформировании российской правовой системы в последние годы. Используйте рекомендации по подготовке круглого стола. б) Проведите заседание «круглого стола» по правовым системам стран мира. Recommendations on the Round Table Discussion Organizing What does a Round Table conference mean? What is it for? It means that several professionals take part in the discussion, expressing their views on the reasons, essence and consequences on some event or a problem. The purpose of holding such conferences is to clear up the scientific or international approach to such problems. What is to be done? Choose the topic for your report at the Round Table conference. Choose the discussion leader who will combine the functions of the chairperson and the presenter. Your report should have three main sections: introduction, main body and conclusion. It should take 3 – 5 minutes. If you are eager to add any other information to your friends’ presentation – go ahead! While speaking on your topic, try to use the link words and phrases, or sometimes they are called “discourse markers”, which will show how the ideas in your reporting interrelate. Besides they will make your presentation more understandable, colourful and attracting everybody’s attention. Words and phrases, useful to make your report at the Round Table conferenceA presentation should begin with a clear statement of the topic: My presentation deals with the topic of … I would like to explain … in my presentation - the aim of this report is to … the presentation is intended to … let’s start with … establishing a sequence:as a next step; finally; first of all. contrasting:however; alternatively. referring to the past:traditionally; historically; initially. drawing a conclusion:as a consequence; thus; accordingly; consequently. emphasizing:in fact; in particular; clearly. summarizing:in short; summarizing; in other words; briefly. your point of view:- from my point of view; however, in my opinion. to take part in the discussion of the problem:I’m not sure I follow you. Did you say that? Sorry, I’m not sure I understand. as far as I can see, the main issue is … allow me to explain … it means that … so, in other words, … to put it in another way, … - let me add that … yes, but that’s only one side of the problem; sorry, could I please just finish my point? going back to what I was saying, … would you mind clarifying … Recommendations to the chairperson.announce the name of the conference speak on the importance of such conference introduce the participants, name the topics of their reports mention the time limit of 5 minutes for speaking ask to put down the questions to be discussed later give the floor to the fist speaker and announce his topic after his speech control the situation and go on with introducing every next participant after all the speakers have taken the floor, ask if there are any questions, summarize the information discussed at the conference thank everybody for participation |