Учебнометодическое пособие Петрозаводск 2010 ббк 81. 2Англ удк 811. 11 Г 613 Рецензенты
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3) What do these prices refer to: £ 650, £ 1,600, £ 1,799, £ 500-600, £ 399? 4) What do these names refer to: GSM, Canon Ixus, Stuffed Shirt, JVC DVI, APS, Sports? 4.26 Bulletin Board 1) Have you ever sent a message to a bulletin board? What kind of message was it? Do you read messages left by other people? Is it of any use to you or only a waste of time? 2) Look at the heading and the subheadings in the text and say what questions they are devoted to. Information for Bulletin Board should be sent to Diane Summers, Management Page Editor, FT, Number One Southwark Bridge, London SE1 9HL, Chief executives join club class It’s lonely at the top but chief executives can now meet each other and continue their professional development at a lab specially designed for their needs. The club, in London, is a British offshoot of the Association for Progress in Management, an organization which has ISO clubs around Prance. The London Club, which opened in 1995 and has 15 members, is chaired by James Watson, who until recently chaired the Institute of Management. There are plans to set up similar clubs in the North-West, the Midlands, East Anglia and Bath/Bristol. A second club may be established in London, plus one for French ex-pats. Members (no two are in competing businesses) pay £2,500 a year for 10 half-day meetings, each of which is led by an expert and examines a topic in depth. Recent meetings have examined media power and ways to assess the board’s non-financial competence. In October members will look at company loyalty. Plenty of pay without perks Only 40 per cent of UK companies recognize the term “flexible benefits”, while just 12 per cent have either implemented or are intending to implement a flexible benefits scheme, according to KPMG, the consultants. A total of 252 telephone interviews were carried out with financial/managing directors of companies with a minimum turnover of film. Pensions, private medical insurance, professional education and training, company car, additional holiday and life insurance were the most common elements of existing programs. The most common reason given for rejecting flexible benefits was “our pay schemes are sufficient.” Sarah Kling, tax partner, human resource solutions group, says companies “can no longer afford to compete for high-calibre staff on the basis of salary alone – the whole remuneration package is becoming increasingly vital.” Boardroom briefings The Institute of Management, in conjunction with local Training and Enterprise Councils and Business Links, is launching a series of autumn seminars on best management practice. Subjects to be covered include developing creativity, gaining competitive advantage, and dealing with stress in the workplace. The “boardroom briefings” will be held in London, Cambridge, Leicester and Dudley, among other venues, from late September until December. Glitches that swallow up time Three weeks of working time can be lost by every employee who uses a personal computer each year as a result of problems with the technology on their desks, according to a survey published by SCO, the software company, and Harris Research. The survey was carried out among 400 users of personal computers in medium and large companies in Europe. The lost time included problems in implementing new systems and PC or network malfunction. According to European Communication Survey European countries are falling behind the rest of the world in the process of adaptation to computer and communications technology. As for Ireland more detailed figures were obtained from Forfas. 3) Read the text and put the statements from it in the proper order: a) each of club meetings is led by an expert who examines a topic in depth, b) a series of autumn seminars on best management practice is being launched, c) companies can no longer compete for high-caliber staff only on the basis of salary, d) the lost time was due to problems of implementing new systems and PC or network malfunction, e) among other subjects to be covered will be dealing with stress on workplace, f) there are plans to set up chief executive clubs practically all over England, g) users of PC lose three weeks of working time every year as a result of problems with the technology. UNIT 5 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 5.1 THE TERM “PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION” 1) What do you know about the profession of a civil servant? What adjectives can you use to describe this profession? 2) Check the pronunciation of these words in a dictionary: a feature, central, an employee, executive, honorable, judiciary, scientific, technical, provincial, a career, legal, censure, a superior, a hierarchy, a privilege. 3) Be careful with the translation of these words: public administration, the policies of governments, government operations, the body of public administrators, the home civil service, a state, a nation, public corporations, to have qualifications a technical field, the acts of administration. 4) Study the words and expressions from the text and give examples with them: problematic relationships, highly trained specialists, to work full time, senior posts, by custom, pyramid-fashion hierarchical lines, well-defined duties. The term “public administration” means determining the policies and programs of governments and their implementation. Specifically, it means the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations. Public administration is a feature of all nations, whatever their system of government is. Public administration is practiced at the central, intermediate, and local levels. The relationships between different levels of government within a nation are often problematic. The employees in public administration are mostly highly trained specialists of administrative, executive, or directive levels. The body of public administrators is usually called “the civil service.” It is very honorable to have such a responsible and a valued profession nowadays. Traditionally the civil service is contrasted with the military, the judiciary, and the police services which also work for the state full time. There are scientific or professional civil services which provide technical rather than general administrative support. There is the home civil service and the employees engaged abroad on diplomatic duties. To sum up, a civil servant is a person who is directly employed in the administration of the internal affairs of the state and whose role and status are not political, ministerial, military, or constabulary. In most countries the civil service does not include local government or public corporations, for example in the United Kingdom. In some countries, for example in the United States, it is different. Some provincial staffs are civil servants because provincial administration is part of the central government there. In some countries it is necessary to have qualifications in technical fields such as accounting, economics, medicine, and engineering to enter a career in the higher civil service. In other countries legal training is necessary, and in others no specific technical or academic discipline is required among candidates for senior posts. Whatever their qualifications, senior civil servants should use their experience of public affairs to advise, warn, and assist those responsible for state policy and to provide the organization for implementing it. The responsibility for policy decisions lies with the political members of the executive branch. By custom, civil servants are protected from public blame or censure for their advice. The acts of their administration may, however, be subject to special judicial controls from which no member of the executive can defend them. Civil services are organized upon standard pyramid-fashion hierarchical lines. This command implies obedience to the lawful orders of a superior. In order to support this system, the hierarchy of offices is marked by fixed positions with well-defined duties, specific powers, salaries, and privileges. 5) Answer the questions on the text: a) What does the term “public administration” mean? b) At what levels is public administration practiced? c) What does the term “civil service” mean? d) How can civil service be classified? e) Is the classification of civil service the same in all countries? f) What qualifications are necessary for civil servants? g) What is the role of civil service in a country? h) Are civil servants responsible for policy decisions? i) What are the distinguished features of civil service? j) What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being a civil servant? 5.2 HISTORY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1) Why is it important to study the history of public administration? What do you know about the origins of public administration? 2) Check the pronunciation of these words in a dictionary: ancient, a soldier, a war, a project, an Egyptian pharaoh, justice, an empire, finance, foreign, Chinese, a practice, successful, a clerk, an examinee, a council, a monarch, a chancellor, a status, a treasury, European. 3) Be careful with the translation of these words and word combinations: the day-to-day business of government, many lesser officials, building stone, the principal officers of state, the powerful bodies of nobles, a complex distribution. Public administration has ancient origins. In ancient times, soldiers were almost the only people who served the government. In those days, the government was usually in the hands of a king. He could call on his soldiers in time of war. In peacetime, he relied on a small group of trusted councilors and advisers. The king also gave some of his power to officials, such as judges and tax collectors, who saw to the day-to-day business of government. This was the beginning of civil service as we know it today. Building the great pyramids of ancient Egypt was an enormous engineering project. The Egyptian pharaoh gave the orders. But many lesser officials were needed to carry the orders out. The Egyptian civil servants were responsible for slave workers, building stone, food, drink, and money to pay for it all. In antiquity the Egyptians and Greeks began to organize public affairs by office, and the principal officeholders were responsible for administering justice, maintaining law and order, and providing plenty. Gradually, as civilization developed, governments began to employ specially trained people to carry out the tasks of government. The Romans developed a sophisticated system of administration under their empire. They created distinct administrative hierarchies for justice, military affairs, finance and taxation, foreign affairs, and internal affairs, each with its own principal officers of state. This elaborate administrative structure covered the entire empire. Officers reported back through their superiors to the emperor. This structure was later imitated by the Roman Catholic Church. After the fall of the Roman Empire in Western Europe in the 5th century, this sophisticated structure disappeared but many of its practices continued in the Byzantine Empire in the East. By the Middle Ages, there was some form of civil service in most countries of Europe. The Chinese built up a centralized administration and a well-organized civil service which was undoubtedly the longest lasting in history and which ran the Chinese empire for 2,000 years. The Chinese came to the idea of examining candidates for civil service. Only one candidate out of every 100 was successful. A candidate for civil service position had to know the Chinese classics and to prove practical skills and professional qualities by different testing methods. Examination papers were copied by clerks, examinees were identified by number only, and three examiners read each paper to ensure fairness in grading. Examination grades were decisive in admission to the civil service and in career promotion. The idea of civil service examinations was imitated by civil services in many other countries. In medieval times, civil servants depended on the king. When the king died and a new king succeeded him, a civil servant could expect to lose his post. But in most modern civil services the transfer of power from one administration to another does not mean the whole removal of all civil servants. They are public employees, who continue working for the state, irrespective of whatever government holds power. In democracy the government of the day makes laws, and it is the job of the permanent civil service to carry them out. While civil servants carry on the work of each government department, a government minister is in charge of the department and is responsible to parliament and the people. Early European administrative structures developed from the royal households of the medieval period. Until the end of the 12th century official duties within the royal households were ill-defined, often with multiple holders of the same post. Exceptions were the better-defined positions of a butler (responsible for the provision of wine), a steward (responsible for feasts), a chamberlain (responsible for receiving and paying out money that was kept in the royal sleeping chamber), and a chancellor (usually a priest with responsibilities for writing and applying the seal in the monarch’s name). In the 13th century the functions of keeping the royal household and the functions of governing the state were separated. Many household posts disappeared. However, the office of chancellor, which was always concerned with state matters, survived and became the most important link between the old court offices and modern ministries. As for the chamberlain’s office in the royal household, it developed into the modern treasury or finance ministry. From the middle of the 13th century three major bodies for handling affairs of state emerged: the high court (evolving primarily from the chancellery), the exchequer, and the collegial royal council. In England and France, however, such bodies appeared only in the early 14th century, and in Brandenburg (which later formed the basis of the Prussian state) only at the beginning of the 17th century. Apart from justice and treasury departments, which originated in old court offices, modern ministerial structures in Europe developed out of the royal councils. Royal councils were powerful bodies of nobles appointed by the monarch. Gradually labor was divided within these councils, and the monarchs’ secretaries who had a low status within such councils became the first professional civil servants in Europe in the modern sense. The secretaries were always near the monarch that is why they knew more about royal intentions. The secretaries were relatively permanent that is why they had greater expertise in particular matters of state than transient nobles of the council. They were also assisted by staffs. The secretaries grew in importance in the 15th and 16th centuries as they became more or less full members of the council. Initially, the functions among secretaries were distributed based upon geography. In England, for example, there was a secretary of the North and a secretary of the South until 1782, when the offices of home and foreign secretary were created. In France the distribution of territorial responsibilities among secretaries of state was even more complex until 1789, when functional responsibilities appeared. As governments became more complex, it became clear that civil servants must be properly qualified. Reforms were brought in to separate the civil service from politics, and to introduce selection on merit, through examinations open to all. Today, almost all civil servants are chosen in this way. The work done by the civil service covers every activity of government: health, welfare, defense, agriculture, taxes, trade, transportation, and so on. As modern life has become more and more complex, so the number of civil servants has grown. 4) Answer the questions on the text: a) How did civil service start? b) What was new in the civil service in Egypt and Greece in comparison with the ancient times? c) What was the contribution of the Romans into the development of civil service? d) What was the innovation of the Chinese concerning civil service? e) What is different between the civil service in medieval times and the present civil service? f) What civil service positions existed in medieval times? g) What are the origins of modern ministries? h) Who became the first professional civil servants in Europe? i) Why has the number of civil servants grown considerably compared with ancient times? 5) Summarize the text. 5.3 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PRUSSIA 1) Read texts 5.3 – 5.8 and fill in the table “Development of modern public administration in different countries”:
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