Учебнометодическое пособие Петрозаводск 2010 ббк 81. 2Англ удк 811. 11 Г 613 Рецензенты
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Step 4: Take Action!!! If you decide to do something.... you know you want it with all your heart.... but don’t take action, nothing will happen!!! You MUST research, you MUST think, but by all means you MUST take action!! Not making a decision is a decision itself. You have to ask yourself... How can you get where you want to be if you don’t start any movement, if you don’t take the first step? Act today, DO NOT leave for tomorrow what you can do today!!! By reading these steps to unlimited wealth you are already taking action, continue with it and persevere. Action Creates Action. Step 5: All Excuses are Equal. No matter which excuse you can give, or which excuse you choose to give, there is not a good reason to be a failure! Look back five years, can you see yourself at that time? What happened during those five years? Did you get what you wanted? If not, what Is Your Excuse? It’s hard to face reality... It can hurt to face reality... I can understand that... I’ve been there many times... But I can also tell you... “Don’t look back to recriminate yourself... Now is the time to move forward... now is the time to make a decision... now is the time to make the necessary change to have a fantastic future!!!” Step 6: Start Saving..!!! Save... Save... As much as you can..!!! You can make all the money you want, but if you don’t have a plan to save it you will never get to your golden mountain. Unless you save you cannot use “Money Making Strategy Number 2.” Start with a little ... then increase that amount step by step ... You MUST save ..., save ..., save... and remember... all excuses are equal!!! Following these steps to unlimited wealth, you will achieve what you really want out of life... I can promise for sure that you will be successful. These steps to unlimited wealth worked for me... they worked for others who, like me, were willing to pay the price... why not for you? 4) Skim the text again and say whether these questions are covered in it. a) Most people fail in life because they don’t know what they really want to do. b) Every day repeat this positive affirmation “I am very wealthy” many times. c) Visualize that you have already become wealthy. d) It isn’t useful to repeat the mistakes other people have done. e) Follow the example of the successful investment given in the text. f) Borrow your time and money from other people. g) “Save money” should be your motto. 5) Support or decline the author’s points of view. 6) Where and how can you use this information? 6.13 money and humour 1) Do you know any anecdotes about money? Share one or two with the group. 2) Read the anecdotes and talk about the peculiarities of foreign humor.
6.14 BANKS 1) Do you use the services of a bank? What services do you get from the bank? What bank do you deal with? Is it a bank or a branch of a bank? Why do you use the services of this particular bank (it the nearest to your home, the stuff is very friendly, the services are various)? 2) Read and translate the text into Russian. The word “bank” comes from an Italian word “banco,” meaning “a bench,” since Italian merchants in the medieval times talked about borrowing and lending money beside a bank and money was placed on that bank. A bank is a place where money can be saved or loaned out from. Someone’ money can be placed in the bank for safe keeping. Or the bank can give out loans to people for an agreement to pay the bank back at a later time, usually with interest. The people who run a bank are called bankers. Banks can also use the money they have from deposits to invest in businesses in order to make more money. In most of the modern world a bank settled by the government but independent of the state administrators controls how much money appears at a time. Such a kind of bank is called a national bank. A national bank ordinarily issues bills and/or coins. In some countries issuing money is the task of the government. Banks’ activities can be divided into:
Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by government, or are non-profits. 3) Find the English equivalents in the text for the following Russian words and word combinations: копить деньги, врать в долг, процент, руководить банком, вклад, вложить (инвестировать), выпускать банкноты и монеты, розничные банковские операции, коммерческие банковские операции, акционерные банковские операции, частные банковские операции, инвестиционные банковские операции. 6.15 WHAT ARE BANKS FOR? 1) Read the heading, the key words from the text and say what it is about: keep cash, banknotes and coins, a bank account, be in transit in a payment system, make loans, pay low/high interest, deposit, banking crisis, competition, be based on trust, the central bank. 2) Look through the text and say what two large parts it consists of. Identify them and give them subheadings. What information from the text doesn’t fit either of the two parts? In developed economies, nearly everyone has a bank account, because keeping cash under a mattress is neither safe nor convenient. Banks are an essential feature of national life, like buses, post offices and hospitals. Any money that is not floating around as cash, in the form of notes or coins, is either sitting in a bank account, or is in transit in a payment system between banks. Banks operate by taking deposits from private people, on which they pay low interest or none at all, and using the money to make longer-term loans to other customers, charging them higher interest rates. Banking is based on trust, but banks sometimes misuse depositors’ money or make losses on their loans, and depositors do not usually have the time, the inclination or the capacity to monitor their banks. They are happy to leave that task to governments. Governments seem to feel that banking systems are too important to be left to themselves. Different countries have different views on the use of the banking system as an instrument of government policy, and the lengths to which regulators should go to ensure the strength of their banking system. Over the past twenty years, the role of governments in banking systems has tended to diminish, leaving room for doubt over whether banks might be allowed to fail. But over the same period, some banks have gone so complex, and so active globally, that their failure would inflict severe damage on one or more national economies. These global banks are deemed to have become “too big to fail.” Governments also help banks cope with temporary cash shortages by providing access to the “discount window” so they can borrow money from the central bank. The bank deposits are often insured in a pool arrangement or by the government itself, in case the bank goes bust. Banks are also needed to make payments, sending money from one bank account to another, whether in the same bank or in any other one the world over. Even a payment by credit or debit card, or a mobile-phone billing account, ends up as part of a transaction with a bank. These days most banks do a lot more besides offering a wide range of financial services. For example, they give financial advice, exchange foreign currency, deal in securities and derivatives, and manage investments on behalf of clients. Regulators have an interest in making sure that these businesses are run properly; but their chief concern remains that banks are sound, that those deposits are safe and that the payment system runs smoothly. Regulating banking systems is an uncertain business. Banks have to be discouraged from forming protectionist cartels and encouraged to compete with each other, but not so fiercely that they cut each other’s throats. It is a delicate balance for regulates to strike. The Bank of England has estimated that a full-blown banking crisis costs the country concerned an average of 16% of GDP. Plenty of countries have experienced such crises, including Sweden, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Argentina, South Korea, Indonesia and Japan. Most of them would probably agree that this is something worth avoiding, even at the cost of banks being over-regulated and over-protected at a time when most other sectors are being opened up to global competition. Sovereignty over a banking system, even when the national currency has gone, appears to be one of the last things a country wants to give up. Some other countries have taken quite a different route, curbing competition among their own banks and limiting foreign access or ownership. India, for instance, nationalized its banks between 1969 and 1991, but has slowly liberalized since, creating nine private banks to compete with the publicly or mutually owed ones. Yet foreign ownership has been severely restricted and looks likely to remain so. The Reserve Bank of India (the central bank) says that those restrictions saved India from contagion in the banking crisis that swept Asia in 1997 – 98. Others argue that the restrictions have in fact put India at a disadvantage. Indonesia, which despite a banking crisis in 1997, is now growing slightly faster than India. India’s banking system was developed in the 1970s and 1980s as an instrument of government policy to finance public spending and investment by big companies. Only recently did the government recognize that this system is entirely un-suited to the millions of small informal businesses that make up the bulk of the Indian economy. The transition to a banking system more closely aligned with the country’s needs has proved painfully slow, and hasn’t been helped by the Resave Bank’s abiding risk-aversion. But Italy’s not the only European banking system to resist foreign buyers. Most German banks are still publicly or mutually owned and therefore cannot be sold. The same goes for half of the French banking system, and those in the know say that the big French banks that are listed on the stock exchange are simply not for sale to foreigners. A foreign purchase of one of the dominant clearing banks would probably be self-defeating: foreign-owned companies cannot be part of the French top 100 enterprises index, so investors would either oppose the bid or dump the shares after a deal. The banks themselves want to ensure that their subsidiaries in other countries get consistent treatment. Whether this happens will depend on the competence of supervisors just as much as on the rules themselves. Banks usually compete with each other, but on mutually accepted terms. Bank regulators are becoming more concerned to ensure transparency in the way that banks operate and compete, and have realized that the real engines of an economy are the users of banking services, be they savers, consumers or businesses. 3) Is the text information up-to-date or out-of-date? Prove your point of view. 4) Write the annotation of the text. 6.16 BANK ROLE 1) What is the role of a bank in a country? 2) Scan the text and name the paragraphs which give the answers to the questions: a) What bank is this text about? b) What kind of stuff does this bank have? c) What does “middle banking” mean? d) What stuff skills does this bank need? e) What is the policy of the bank concerning deposits and withdrawals? f) What possibility for the further development of the bank does its chief executive point out? g) What is the advantage of this bank as compared with foreign banks operating in Ireland? h) When does the strength of Anglo Irish, as a niche bank, come to the fore? (1) Anglo Irish Bank has come a fair distance over the past 10 years or so. It is hard to believe that back in 1986 Anglo Irish had net worth of just £2m. Today, its net worth is £2bn and it employs 425 people. (2) Last Friday, when chief executive Sean FitzPatrick launched the bank’s new corporate logo, it marked the bank’s development from an unproven minnow attracting a lot of suspicion, to an established business bank that has been one of the star performers on the market over the last year. (3) Populated with experienced bankers, it is easy to say that the bank was always going to get the recognition it has today. But it was not always that straightforward – a point that FitzPatrick concedes. “We’ve made a lot of mistakes along the way. We didn’t articulate what the bank was about. We didn’t tell our story well enough,” he said, adding: “We’re taken very seriously now. We’ve been a long time banging on the door.” (4) FitzPatrick describes Anglo Irish’s business as “middle banking” – unit loans of between £0.5 m to £1.5 m aimed at a professional buying a practice or property for their business and proprietorial directors with similar needs. (5) If it sounds focused that is because it is focused. Around 80% of the public will never come into contact with the bank because it does not do consumer lending or home loans. (6) Servicing the needs of the middle business market requires particular skills, according to FitzPatrick. “I remember going home on a train and meeting a guy I knew who worked in a bank. By knowing my salary, he was able to give me a home loan by the end of the journey. That is anonymous lending. We need to have a lot more knowledge about our customers. It is their main business venture and they will always have another bank. Every customer of ours will have two banks,” he said. (7) This need to know customers has placed a self-imposed limit on Anglo’s lending markets of Ireland and Britain. “We know the markets very well. They have similar legal and cultural structures”. (8) For acquisitions, the same criteria apply: “We only buy loan books which we would do ourselves and in areas we know.” (9) However, on deposits the bank has no such restrictions. It owns a private bank in Austria and has an operation in the Isle of Man. Anglo Irish is looking at the private banking industry in Germany, France and Italy with a view to expansion, FitzPatrick says, adding, “We are more likely to make an acquisition in Europe over the next six to nine months than Britain or Ireland.” (10) Over the next five years, the aspiration is to repeat the performance of the last five by growing earnings per share by15% per annum, in the process doubling the size of the bank. |