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8 Communication and Culture 1. Read and translate the text. Suppose you are planning to visit a part of the world about which you know very little – except that it is quite different from your own country. From the moment you arrive, your cultural and personal background will influence everything what you do and do not do. Most of the people you meet will be similarly influenced by their own backgrounds, culturally, socially, and personally. “Intercultural communication” is communication between members of different countries. This definition is simple, but the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same culture can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or do. Isn’t it logical, then, that communication problems can be compounded among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i.e., language and culture)? Cultures do not communicate; individuals do. Everyone has a unique style of communication, but cultures determine a general style for their members. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our culture. Likewise, we may not perceive that others are influenced by their cultures as well. Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs. In cross-cultural interaction, speakers sometimes assume that what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures. Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These overgeneralized beliefs or “stereotypes” frequently shape people’s perceptions of each other. Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about Indians portray them as wild and ‘primitive’. A child who knows about the American Indian only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups. Stereotypical beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice: suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups. Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities – but rather that we recognize cultural influences within ourselves and within others. Individuals experience the adjustment to a new culture in different ways. When visitors have close relatives in the new culture or speak the foreign language fluently, they may not experience all the effects of culture shock or mental isolation. An exile or refugee would adjust differently from someone who voluntarily traveled to a new country. Day-to-day living in another culture is undoubtedly an educational experience. While traveling, and living abroad people learn second languages, observe different customs and encounter new values. Many people who have lived in other countries gain insight into their own society. When facing different values, beliefs, and behavior, they develop a deeper understanding of themselves and of the society that helped to shape their characters. The striking contrasts of a second culture provide a mirror in which one’s own culture is reflected. 2. Answer the questions.
3. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
4. Complete the sentences
5. The following statements are not true. Correct them.
6. Retell the text using the following vocabulary: Awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs; cross-cultural interaction; ethnocentric assumption; fixed, preconceived beliefs; to shape people’s perceptions of each other; a distorted and false image; stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies; to experience the adjustment to a new culture; to gain insight into their own society; stereotypes originate and develop from; unique characteristics; intercultural conflicts occur; misinterpretations; to prevent conflicts; observe different customs; encounter new values; to develop intercultural sensitivity; experience all the effects of culture shock; develop a deeper understanding of a society. Discussion
Descriptive – Many children in the US move away from their parents at about age 18 or 19. Judgmental – Many children in the US don’t like their parents, so they move away at about age 18 or 19.
Role –Play
Presentation topics
Writing
Race relations movies
Glossary Assimilation - the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture. Bias - an inclination of temperament or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective and a refusal to even consider the possible merits of alternative points of view. People may be biased toward or against an individual, a race, a religion, a social class, or a political party. Biased means one-sided, lacking a neutral viewpoint, not having an open mind. Bias can come in many forms and is often considered to be synonymous with prejudice and bigotry. Bigotry - the state of mind of a bigot: someone who, as a result of their prejudices, treats or views other people with fear, distrust, hatred, contempt, or intolerance on the basis of a person's opinion, ethnicity, race, religion, national origin ,gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or other characteristics. Culture – a group of people who share a background because of their common language, knowledge, beliefs, views, values, and behaviours. Cultural pattern – a cluster of interrelated cultural orientations; made up of cultural behaviours which are influenced by values shared by a cultural group Cultural pluralism - the coexistence of several subcultures within a given society on equal terms. Discrimination - activities that deny to the members of a particular group resources or rewards which can be obtained by others. Diversity – the state of being different or of unlikeness. Dominant culture – the one that represents the majority or the largest number of people. Emigration - the movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another. Ethnicity - cultural values and norms which distinguish the members of a given group from others. An ethnic group is one whose members share a distinct awareness of a common cultural identity, separating them from other groups around them. Ethnic - a term used by Anthony Smith to describe a group that shares ideas of common ancestry, a common cultural identity and a link with a specific homeland. Ethnocentrism - understanding the ideas or practices of another culture in terms of those of one’s own culture. Ethnocentric judgments fail to recognize the true qualities of other cultures. An ethnocentric individual is someone who is unable, or unwilling, to look at other cultures in their own terms. Genocide - the systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political or cultural group. Globalization - growing interdependence between different peoples, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch worldwide. Heterogeneous society – one in which members of the society come from diverse cultural groups. Homogeneous society – one in which the majority of the members share the same cultural beliefs, attitudes, and values. Identity - the distinctive characteristics of a person’s character or the character of a group which relate to who they are and what is meaningful to them. Some of the main sources of identity include gender, sexual orientation, nationality or ethnicity, and social class. Immigration - the movement of people into one country from another for the purpose of settlement. Melting pot - the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. Multiculturalism - the phenomenon of multiple groups of cultures existing within one society, largely due to the arrival of immigrant communities. Multiculturalism occurs naturally when a society is willing to accept the culture of immigrants (with, ideally, immigrants also willing to accept the culture of the land to which they have come). Nationalism – a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a given national community. New migration – a term referring to changes in patterns of migration in Europe in the years following 1989. The ‘new migration’ has been influenced by the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall, the prolonged ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia, and the process of European integration, altering the dynamics between traditional ‘countries of origin’ and ‘countries of destination’. Prejudice – the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information. Racialization – the process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people. Scapegoating – blaming an individual or group for wrongs that were not of their doing. Stereotype – a fixed and inflexible characterization of a group of people. Tolerance - a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, nationality, etc., differ from one's own; freedom from bigotry. Xenophobia - deep-rooted, irrational hatred towards foreigners. References
Учебное издание Автор-составитель: Мингазова Фарида Касимовна National and International Diversity: Challenges and Opportunities Учебно-методическое пособие Авторская редакция Подписано в печать 04.02.14. Формат 60x84 1/16. Печать офсетная. Усл. печ. л. 6,28. Уч.-изд. л. 5,4. Тираж 30 экз. Заказ № 0000. Издательство «Удмуртский университет» 426034, г. Ижевск, ул. Университетская, д.1, корп. 4, к. 207 Тел./факс: +7 (3412) 500-295 E-mail: editorial@udsu.ru |