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Discussion
Case study: Bulgarian and Romanian immigration As of 1 January 2014, Bulgarians and Romanians have gained the same rights to work in the UK as other EU citizens. What's happening? Bulgarians and Romanians gained the right to visa-free travel to the UK in 2007, when their countries joined the EU. But there were temporary restrictions on the kind of jobs they could take. Employers had to apply for work permits and migrants for an "accession worker card". Low-skilled workers were restricted to existing quota schemes in the agricultural and food processing sectors. These restrictions were dropped on 1 January, having been extended to the maximum period of seven years. Bulgarians and Romanians will be entitled to claim the same benefits and NHS care as other EU citizens. However, the government has rushed through legislation to toughen the rules around migrants claiming benefits. What is the government worried about? Public concern over immigration is running high and ministers want to demonstrate that Britain is not a "soft touch" or beholden to Brussels. At the same time, they do not want to deter skilled migrants who can help the economy. David Cameron says he wants to make sure people come to the UK "for the right reasons", not just to claim benefits. But MPs, with more than 60 of them backing a campaign to extend the restrictions for a further five years, say the British economy has not sufficiently recovered from the 2008 recession to cope with the change and it will put pressure on public services and reduce job opportunities for British workers. Apart from Britain, eight countries imposed restrictions of some kind on Romanians and Bulgarians. These all expired on 1 January 2014. How many Romanians and Bulgarians do ministers think will move to the UK? Pressure group Migration Watch has predicted 50,000 could come to the UK every year until 2019. It says many of the two million Romanians and Bulgarians currently working in Spain and Italy could be tempted to come to the UK - the "most lucrative destination" for EU migrants. The Bulgarian ambassador has previously estimated that only about 8,000 Bulgarians a year would come to the UK. In 2004, only the UK, Ireland and Sweden opened their doors to Eastern European workers. Many Bulgarians and Romanians have already come to work in the UK since 2007 under various schemes. So how many Romanians and Bulgarians are living in the UK at the moment? In July 2012 there were 94,000 Romanian-born people and 47,000 Bulgarian-born people living in the UK, according to the Office for National Statistics. What benefits can Romanians and Bulgarians claim on arrival in the UK? Romanians and Bulgarians will not have unrestricted access to UK social security benefits and tax credits, in common with all people coming to the UK from the European Economic Area - the EU member states plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Under new tighter rules that came into force on 1 January, all EU migrants will have to wait three months before they can claim jobseeker's allowance and other out-of-work benefits. The government says they will then face a more robust residence test before any claim is approved. This will include questions about their efforts to find work and English language skills. If you pass the test, you can claim housing benefit, council tax benefit, access to local authority housing, income support, jobseeker's allowance and employment and support allowance. Under these tightened rules, EU migrants also face having out-of-work benefits cut after six months unless they can confirm they are genuinely seeking work. What do Romania and Bulgaria think? They have reacted with anger and dismay, particularly at media portrayals of their citizens as benefit scroungers or criminals. Officials say most are hard-working and want to contribute to British society. They also insist that most Bulgarians and Romanians who want to be in the UK are already in the country and the predicted "flood" on 1 January will not happen. Most Romanians would prefer to live in Spain or Italy, where they find it easier to learn the language, embassy officials say. Romanians and Bulgarians in the UK react to immigration furore Guardian readers from Romania and Bulgaria with experience of working in the UK react to the media reports of the recent lifting of immigration restrictions. Despite the rhetoric, a poll suggests Britons are, on the whole, happy to welcome migrants from Romania and Bulgaria to the UK. We asked for experiences of Romanians and Bulgarians who have come to Britain in search of work to gain a better understanding of what it's really been like.
I'm in my 30s and am a top-rate IT consultant. I have been in a few European countries to work, Britain included. However I always go back to Bulgaria in the end and prefer to stay here when not on on-site work elsewhere for three main reasons: very low taxes for high earners, the low cost of living, and an already established social circle of contacts. Many professionals go to Britain and the western EU not to stay but to build financial security and professional confidence. Some of my friends return like me, some stay for now but very few view themselves as "there to stay". I know there is also some low-income migration but in the long term they can hardly compete with Asian/African/Middle East migrants. They either move up to skilled labor or eventually go back. A probable exception to this is the Roma minority — they are socially isolated anywhere they go, so Bulgaria is as foreign to them as Britain. Overall Bulgarians are very loud to complain about being the poorest country in the EU and having the worst politicians. But if you look at the big picture, it's a country of medium wealth and good long-term economic prospects where politicians are just as incompetent and irrelevant as pretty much anywhere else’. 2 "UK is my second country" ‘I moved to the UK in 2010 because it was hard for me to find a job to pay for my studies in Romania. Now I am a degree in Economics Science and I tried to apply for a good job (as receptionist and secretary) but always I received the same answer: Sorry but you are Romanian and we can't employ you. I miss Romania every second of my life because here is my family and part of my life but the UK is giving me the chance for a better future. I am working hard and pay 20% tax for someone else's benefits, and I receive lots of bad insults and all these messages from news about Romania. It's very hard to be a foreigner in UK, but I will try my best to show everyone that a Romanian can be human and not the worst person in the world!’
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Racist violence migrates to the country Racism and xenophobic violence is flourishing in towns and villages across Britain – while inner city areas that were once hotbeds of racial violence are now more "at ease" with diversity, according to a new report. Researchers at the Institute of Race Relations (IRR) analysed 660 racist attacks across Britain last year and found growing evidence to suggest that violence against minorities has shifted to rural areas and towns. The IRR said hatred and bigotry had spread in less than a generation thanks to a broad spread of asylum seekers, migrant workers, overseas students and the movement of settled ethnic minority families. Prejudice was also being fanned, they concluded, by mainstream political parties competing with one another over which could cut immigration the fastest. They added: "… ethnic minorities in a whole host of cities, towns and areas, not traditionally associated with such violence, now appear to be experiencing it. These are areas which have traditionally been very white and are not affluent. In some cases, core industries have gone and a whole generation of young people are without a future." The authors found asylum seekers, newly-arrived migrant workers and people who look Muslim are most at risk of attack, while trades that isolate individuals, such as cab driving, serving in takeaways and staffing small shops were found to be the most dangerous. IRR researchers say at least 89 identifiably racist murders have taken place in Britain since Stephen Lawrence was killed while waiting for a bus in Eltham, south London, in 1993 – an average of five a year. Of the victims, 39 were Asian, 25 were black, four were white British and three were white eastern Europeans. Lee Bridges, who analysed official crime statistics for the report, found that while racist attacks had decreased in London over the past decade, they have dramatically risen in proportion elsewhere. In 1999/2000, London recorded 23,401 racist incidents, 49 per cent of the national total. By 2007/8 that number had dropped to 9,866, a 58 per cent reduction. Last year, Greater Manchester, West Midlands, West Yorkshire, Thames Valley and Lancashire accounted for 28 per cent of the national total, a 103 per cent increase on 10 years ago. The Independent, Saturday 26 June 2010
xenophobic violence; to flourish; inner city areas; hotbeds of racial violence; ‘at ease’ with diversity; racist attacks; newly-arrived migrant workers; growing evidence to suggest; bigotry; a broad spread; asylum seekers; settled ethnic minority families; to fan prejudice; to experience violence; to cut immigration; most at risk of attack; identifiably racist murders; proportion; dramatically; to rise; to increase; to decrease; to drop; racist incidents; to account for; the national total.
Ethnic tensions targeting migrant workers rising in Russia Increase in hate crimes Mukhamad Amin Madzhumder, the head of the Russian Federation of Migrants, warned Monday of an increase in hate crimes against the migrants, who are mainly Muslim. “The nationalists are pursuing their political goals. This is clearly very dangerous,” he said. “We are warning migrants to be careful for now.” The disorder was triggered by the killing of an ethnic Russian, Yegor Shcherbakov, 25, who was fatally stabbed in front of his girlfriend Oct. 10. Police said Wednesday that they had detained a 30-year-old native of Azerbaijan. The suspect was delivered to Moscow in a helicopter from the small town where he had sought to hide out near the Russian capital. His arrest was the main item on evening news bulletins. The riot in south Moscow followed a similar attack in southern Russia this summer, when residents of a small town blocked a highway and demanded the authorities expel Chechens living there after a 16-year-old Chechen was charged with killing an off-duty soldier in a brawl. These two disturbances were the most serious race-related turbulence in Russia since late 2010, when about 5,000 people rioted in Moscow after an ethnic Russian soccer fan was killed by a group of youths from the North Caucasus region. Then-President Dmitry Medvedev called the violence “a threat to the very stability of Russia.” But ethnic tension has been brewing for decades. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 saw an increase in ethnic hostilities between ethnic Russians and mainly Muslim residents of the North Caucasus region, as well as the large numbers of migrant workers who poured into the country in the past decade from impoverished former Soviet republics in Central Asia such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Russia increasingly relies on cheap labor carried out by Muslim migrants, who have played a key role in construction for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi. But the large influx of migrants, many of whom speak little Russian, into the country’s nationalistic heartland has stoked social unrest. After the United States, Russia has the second highest number of foreign migrants in the world. There are officially 11 million foreigners in the country, but Russia’s lack of visa requirements with former Soviet states makes it is difficult to keep track of arrivals. Migration officials estimate there are 3 million illegal immigrants in Russia. “People are simply tired of living in fear,” said Dmitry Dyomushkin, a nationalist leader who took part in talks with police during the rioting in Moscow. “They can’t even go out into the streets anymore.” But migrants also have faced horrific assaults. The most gruesome attack was in 2008 when nationalists beheaded a man from Tajikistan. This year also has seen a rise in aggressive raids by far-right vigilante groups on residential buildings they believe are home to illegal migrants. Human rights workers say such groups have the tacit approval of the police. In opinion polls, about 60 percent of Russians regularly indicate they agree with the nationalist slogan “Russia for the Russians.” Mr. Putin has in the past described himself as a “Russian nationalist” and last year he pledged to crack down on “aggressive, provocative and disrespectful” migrants who dishonor “the customs of the Russian people.” However, he also warned against promoting the creation of a “mono-ethnic, national Russian state,” calling it “the shortest path to both the destruction of the Russian people and Russia’s sovereignty.” Mr. Putin consistently has refused to introduce visas for citizens of former Soviet republics, despite the fact that 84 percent of Russians say they would welcome such a move. “A visa regime would mean that we are pushing former Soviet republics away,” Mr. Putin said last month. “But we need to bring them closer.” The Washington Times, October 17, 2013 5. Translate and learn the following expressions: An increase in hate crimes against the migrants; pursuing their political goals; the disorder was triggered by; demanded the authorities expel Chechens; disturbances; race-related turbulence; a threat to the very stability of Russia; ethnic tension has been brewing for decades; an increase in ethnic hostilities; poured into the country; impoverished former Soviet republics; to rely on cheap labor; the large influx of migrants; stoked social unrest; to keep track of arrivals; faced horrific assaults; a rise in aggressive raids; the tacit approval of the police; to crack down on “aggressive, provocative and disrespectful” migrants; dishonor “the customs of the Russian people.”; to introduce visas for citizens of former Soviet republics; pushing former Soviet republics away; to bring them closer.” 6. Make up 10 sentences with the expressions from exercise 2. 7. Read and translate the following extract paying attention to the italicized words. Xenophobia and racism flourish in Russia Moscow has several million migrants who come from the mainly Muslim North Caucasus, which is inside Russia, and from the countries of the former Soviet Union. Nearly one-fifth of Russia's 143 million people are Muslims, and the country prides itself on being home to over 100 nationalities. But in Moscow and other big cities, racial tensions often cause violence. In December, ethnic Russian football fans rampaged in Moscow and attacked anyone with non-Slavic features. Workers of Asian appearance from countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan complain of frequent racist abuse and attacks. Russia has only a small community of black Africans, but they also face racist attacks. Sova, a rights group that documents racial violence, said that at least 37 people were killed in hate crimes last year in Russia. The Independent , Friday 22 April 2011 Discussion
. 1 Case Study: Indian sailor died after attack by gang of 20 youths Gregory Fernandes, a 32-year-old sailor from Goa in India, was walking back to the cargo ship he worked on in Fawley, Hampshire when he and a friend were set upon by a 20-strong gang of youths. It was October 2007. Mr Fernandes was his family's breadwinner. A passerby broke up the fight and drove Mr Fernandes to his cargo ship, but he dropped dead from a heart attack. Police concluded that the attack, which took place in a normally quiet backwater of Hampshire, had clear racist overtones. The gang had been shouting "Paki" during the assault. In January 2008, the Fernandes family expressed concern at the police investigation and the failure to charge anyone in connection with his death. Three young boys were later charged with his murder. At their trial in February 2009, the three admitted lesser charges of manslaughter. In March 2009, Stephen Pritchard, 18, Daniel Rogers, 18, and Chay Fields, 16, were sentenced to six-and-a-half years. A 15-year-old boy admitted GBH on Mr Fernandes' friend and was given a 12-month detention and training order. Another 15-year-old who admitted assault was given an 18-month supervision order. set upon by – подвергнуться нападению a 20-strong gang – группа из 20 человек broke up the fight – разнял дерущихся backwater – закоулки, глушь, захолустье racist overtones – расистские нотки, намеки, подтекст assault - словесное оскорбление и угроза физическим насилием expressed concern – выразили озабоченность to charge – обвинить trial – судебный процесс to admit – сознаться lesser charges – менее серьезное обвинение manslaughter - непредумышленное убийство sentenced to – приговорен к GBH – grievous bodily harm– тяжкое телесное повреждение 12-month detention and training order – год в исправительном учреждении supervision – нахождение под надзором 2 Case Study: Russian nationalists rally 'against tolerance' and immigrants in Moscow The Independent Monday 04 November 2013 Several thousand nationalists rallied in Moscow on Monday, protesting against the migrants they accuse of pushing up the crime rate and taking their jobs. The protest took place on Unity Day, a national holiday established in 2005 to replace commemorations of the Bolshevik Revolution. Many demonstrators carried Russian imperial flags. One group displayed a banner reading “Young People Against Tolerance”. Animosity against migrants from the former Soviet Central Asian republics and non-Slavs from the largely Muslim Russian Caucasus region is strong among nationalists. Migrants are widely employed in construction and low-paid jobs that Russians are not eager to do. 3 Case study: Armenian student killed in Moscow race attack The Guardian, Monday 24 April 2006 An ethnic Armenian teenager was stabbed to death in a metro station in central Moscow on Saturday night - the latest attack in a growing wave of racist violence in Russia. At least six immigrants have been killed so far this month, and many more have been wounded. Media reports said that a man in black clothing with a shaven head had stabbed the victim several times at Pushkin Square station, not far from the Kremlin, before fleeing. Vagan Abramyants, 17, a student, died on the spot. A friend who was with him at the time was badly wounded in the attack. 4 Case study: Police capture Azerbaijani suspected of Moscow murder BBC news 15 October 2013 Russian police have captured an Azerbaijani man suspected of murdering a young Russian, whose death led to riots targeting migrants in Moscow. Police in Moscow have named Azerbaijani man Orkhan Zeynalov as the suspected murderer of a young Russian whose death sparked major riots targeting migrants. Yegor Shcherbakov, 25, was stabbed to death in front of his girlfriend as the couple were returning home in the Biryulyovo district on Thursday. Ill-feeling has risen towards Moscow's Muslim migrants, thousands of whom gathered for street prayers on Tuesday. On Sunday, in response to Shcherbakov's murder, protesters shouting Russian nationalist slogans attacked businesses in Biryulyovo which employed migrant workers from the Caucasus and Central Asia. Riot police arrested hundreds of protesters while at least 1,200 people were detained in a follow-up raid on suspected illegal migrants in Biryulyovo. District police chief Gennady Kaverin has been sacked. No details were given. An estimated 103,000 Muslims attended mass street prayers outside a mosque in Moscow on Tuesday to celebrate the Islamic feast of Eid al-Adha, police told Russian media. The prayers apparently passed off without incident. Such huge gatherings have become a tradition in recent years in a city with few mosques and a large, often transient, Muslim population.
language or set of symbols that express nationalism?
aggressive nationalism extreme nationalism militant nationalism popular nationalism radical nationalism black nationalism cultural nationalism political nationalism racial nationalism
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