грамматика. Грамматика и упражнения. Вопрос 1 Неопределенный артикль употребляется
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МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ.Модальные глаголы обозначают не действия, а отношение к ним. С помощью модальных глаголов говорящий показывает, что он считает то или иное действие возможным, обязательным или необязательным, вероятным или маловероятным. К числу модальных глаголов относятся can, must, should, need. Кроме того, модальные значения могут быть выражены глаголами to be и to have. Модальные глаголы считаются дефектными, неполноценными по форме. У них отсутствует ряд грамматических форм. Многие из них употребляются только в настоящем времени, не имеют суффикса -s в 3-м лице единственного числа и не образуют неличных форм (причастия, инфинитива, герундия). После модальных глаголов, как правило, стоит смысловой глагол без частицы to (за исключением to be, to have и ought). Модальные глаголы могут употребляться со всеми формами инфинитива в зависимости от времени совершения действия. Если действие относится к настоящему времени, то употребляется простой инфинитив или инфинитив продолженной формы (Continuous).
Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется перфектный инфинитив.
Вопросительная и отрицательная формы предложений с модальным глаголом образуются без вспомогательных глаголов (за исключением глагола to have). Обычно модальный глагол в вопросе стоит перед подлежащим. Например:
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая стоит после модального глагола.
Can Модальный глагол can имеет следующие формы: can – настоящее время (могу, может, умеет и т.д.); could – прошедшее время (мог, могли), сослагательное наклонение (мог бы), форма вежливости. Словосочетание to be able (быть в состоянии) употребляется вместо недостающей формы глагола can в будущем времени (shall/will be able to), а также вместо can и could (was/were able to). Can может выражать: 1. Умственную и физическую возможность, способность, умение выполнить действие, выраженное инфинитивом стоящего за ним глагола:
2. Разрешение; запрещение (в отрицательных) и неуверенность (в вопросительных предложениях):
May Глагол may имеет следующие формы: may – настоящее время (могу, можешь и т.д.) might – в косвенной речи, после глагола в прошедшем времени; сослагательное наклонение (мог бы, смогли бы). Глагол may может выражать: 1. Разрешение, позволение совершить какое-либо действие, а также предположение (возможно, может быть): You may take my umbrella. – Ты можешь взять мой зонт. May I come in? – Yes, you may. – Можно войти? – Да. He said that we might leave in half an hour. – Он сказал, что мы можем уйти через полчаса. It may rain. – Возможно, будет дождь. To be allowed (to) употребляется для выражения разрешения в прямой речи в прошедшем времени, а также вместо недостающих форм глагола may (has been allowed, will be allowed). He was allowed to stay here. – Ему разрешили остаться здесь. 2. Предположение, основанное на неуверенности: It may start raining. – Вероятно, пойдет дождь. Форма might может выражать упрек или неодобрение: You might have told him about it. – Ты мог бы сказать ему об этом. Must Модальный глагол must имеет только одну форму, которая употребляется в настоящем времени и не изменяется в косвенной речи. В прошедшем и будущем времени для выражения долженствования вместо must употребляется глагол to have с частицей to (had to, shall/will have to), например: I must do it. – Я должен это сделать. I had to do it. – Я должен был это сделать. I'll have to do it. – Я должен буду это сделать. Must может выражать: 1. Необходимость, обязанность, долг: Every young man must serve in the army. – Каждый молодой человек должен служить в армии. 2. Запрещение (в отрицательных предложениях): You must not disturb him. – Вы не должны мешать ему. 3. Настойчивый совет, приказание, предположение: You must speak to him. He must be in trouble. – Ты должен поговорить с ним. У него, вероятно, неприятности. To have (to) может употребляться в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем временах, образуя вопросительную и отрицательную формы по общему правилу (с помощью вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did). После него следует инфинитив с частицей to.
To have выражает обязанность и необходимость, обусловленную обстоятельствами: I didn't want to go there but I had to. – Я не хотел идти туда, но мне пришлось. I have to cook dinner myself because my mother is out. – Я должен (мне приходится) готовить обед сам, потому что мамы нет дома. To be (to) Модальный глагол to be употребляется в двух формах – the Present и Past Indefinite и всегда с частицей to: We are to meet on Friday. – Мы встретимся (должны встретиться) в пятницу. We were to meet yesterday. – Мы должны были встретиться вчера. To be может выражать: 1. Предварительную договоренность, планируемое действие: Mary and John are to marry in June. – Мери и Джон поженятся в июле. He was to come and see me last week. – Он должен был навестить меня на прошлой неделе. 2. Приказы, распоряжения: The Principal says that I am to arrange the meeting. – Директор говорит, что я должен организовать встречу. Should, ought (to) Модальные глаголы should и ought имеют только одну форму, которая употребляется в настоящем времени и не изменяется в косвенной речи. Глаголы should и ought практически имеют одно и то же значение и различаются лишь тем, что ought употребляется с частицей to, а should – без нее. Они могут выражать: 1. Совет или рекомендацию (следует, должен): You ought to be more attentive. – Вы должны быть более внимательны. You shouldn't go to bed so late. – Вам не следует ложиться спать так поздно. 2. Недоумение, удивление, возмущение. В этом случае should придает эмоциональную окраску высказыванию, не выражая модальности: Why should I go there? – С какой стати мне туда идти? How should I know? – Откуда мне знать? Need Модальный глагол need имеет только одну форму. Он употребляется преимущественно в отрицательных предложениях и выражает ненужность совершения действия: You needn't come so early. – Вам незачем приходить так рано. Need может употребляться и как смысловой глагол со значением "нуждаться в чем-либо": He needs a long rest. – Ему нужен продолжительный отдых. Упражнение1. Поставьтевместоточек: can (not)/could (not), be able (to): 1. … you show me that umbrella, please? 2. At the end of the month the Post office will send us a bill which we … (not to pay) as you are talking on the telephone for hours every day. 3. When I was a child I … understand adults. 4. When I first went to England I … neither read nor speak English. 5. I know the town well so I … advise you where to go. 6. … I speak to Mr. Green, please? – He is out at the moment. … you ring back later? 7. At the age of five I … read but I … write. 8. I lost my key yesterday … open the door. 9. When the Sun rises we … to continue our way. 10. … you show me the way to the station? 11. Excuse me, how … I get to the nearest supermarket? 12. The boy was very tired but he … reach the opposite shore of the river. 13. If you don't help me I … fix this shelf on the wall. 14. What … help people live through a difficult time? Упражнение 2. Поставьте вместо точек один из следующих модальных глаголов: must, have to, be to, need в отрицательной или утвердительной форме: 1. You … explain anything. I know everything. 2. Tom … get up early yesterday. 3. You … send for the doctor. 4. I … finish the work yesterday, but I didn't have enough time. 5. My friend is ill and I … visit him today. 6. I … make a report so I … go to the library this week. 7. The car … be parked on the pavement. 8. The students … do the whole exercise. Ten sentences are enough. 9. I … go shopping today. There is enough food in the house. Упражнение3. Употребите may/might или be allowed to: You … find this book at any library. … I speak to you for a moment? … I see your passport, please? I … never be able to see you again. You ought to buy it now; prices … go up. When he was a child he … do exactly as he liked. Warning: No part of this book … be reproduced without the publisher's permission. The teacher said to the students that they … find this book at the library. He has refused but he … change his mind if you ask him again. She … not … to drive since the accident. … I come in? – Please do. It … rain, you'd better take an umbrella. He said that it … rain. He … not believe you. Упражнение 4. Дополните предложения, употребляя модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты: 1. … you remember the address? – I … not even remember the street. 2. The sick man had a restless night, but he … sleep for an hour or two. 3. He was very strong, he … ski all day and dance all night. 4. When they buy a car, they … visit their friends more often. 5. You … ring the bell, I have the key. 6. You … drink this: it is a poison. 7. The buses are all full, I … get a taxi. 8. What were your instructions about phoning, Bill? – I … phone him at 6.00. 9. That hat doesn't suit you, you … buy another one. 10. Tom was often late and his father told him that he … wake up earlier. 11. The policeman told the driver that he … drive more carefully. 12. The woman is looking ill. She … see a doctor. ВОПРОС 5 МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ SOME, ANY, NO И ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ:
Примеры:
Упражнение 1. Вместо точек вставьте местоимение some/ any/ no: 1. Did you buy ... stamps? 2. He gave me ... postcards. 3. Are there ... illustrations in that book? Yes, there are ... 4. He wants … pudding. You can take it away. 5. Is there… soap in the box? No, there isn't ... 6. Take ... jam, please. 7. Is there ... paper in the drawer? 8. Put... sugar in my tea, please. 9. He never puts ... sugar in his coffee. 10. Please give me ... more pudding. - I am sorry, but there isn't ... 11. There is ... butter on the table, but there isn't ... milk. 12. I asked him for ... ink, and he gave me ... 13. Did you buy ... blue ink? 14. Do you want ... apples? Here are ... ripe ones. 15. Have you ... more books? 16. I want to buy ... flowers. We haven't... in our garden now. 17. Put... salt on your meat. 18. There aren't... matches left; we must buy ... 19. He wants more milk. Give him ... 20. Have you read ... good books lately? 21. Can you give me ... more information? 22. Will you buy ... stamps for me, please? 23. If you find ... money on the floor, it is mine. I dropped ... this morning. 24. Here are ... letters for you. 25. … news is good news. 26. There are …people in the park because it is cold. 27. Phone me … time you like tomorrow. I’ll be at home all day. Упражнение2. Вместоточеквставьтеодноизместоимений somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, nobody, no one, nothing: 1. I saw ... at the window. 2. Is there ... new? 3. There is ... in the next room who wants to speak to you. 4. Has ... called? 5. I want ... to copy this text. 6. We have not told ... about it. 7. Give me ... to eat, I am hungry. 8. If ... calls while I am out, ask him to wait. 9. If there is ... else you want, please let me know. 10. I have not … more money with me, so I cannot buy ... else. 11. Was there … absent? 12. … left the light on all night. 13. Where can I get ... to drink? 14. ... here who can give me ... information on this question? 15. Let me know if... happens.16. It was quiet in the room. … said anything. 17. I know … at all. 18. The question was so difficult that …could answer it. Упражнение3. Вместо no, nothing, nobody употребите not ... any, not... anything, not ... anybody: 1. I saw nobody in the library. 2. There has been no rain for several days. 3 He said nothing about it in his last letter. 4. I have received no letters from him lately. 5. He gave me no ink. 6. I have no dictionary. 7. He said nothing. 8. I shall give the book to nobody else. 9. I have heard nothing about it. ВОПРОС 6 ВРЕМЕНА АКТИВНОГО ЗАЛОГА. ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ INDEFINITE. Present Indefinite Tense. Употребляется для выражения обычных действий в настоящем времени и определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени: often, usually, seldom, sometimes, always, as a rule, every day (morning, evening, month, week), once a week.
Спряжение глагола to be (быть) в Present Indefinite Tense.
Упражнение1. Вставьтеглагол to be в Present Indefinite: 1. I … a pupil. 2. My father ... not a teacher, he ... a scientist. 3. ... your aunt a doctor? – Yes, she.... 4. ... they at home? – No, they ... not at home, they ... at work. 5. My brother ... a worker. He … at work. 6.... you an engineer? – Yes, I.... 7. ... your sister a typist? – No, she ... not a typist, she ... a student. 8. ... your brother at school? – Yes, he.... 9. ... your sister at school? – No, she ... not at school. 10. My sister... at home. 11.... this your watch? – Yes, it.... 12. She ... an actress. 13. This ... my bag. 14. My uncle ... an office-worker. 15. He ... at work. Упражнение 2. Употребите глаголы в скобках в PresentIndefinite: My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. My father and I (to leave) home at eight o'clock. He (to take) a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o'clock. In the evening we (to gather) in the living room. We (to watch) TV and (to talk). My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock. She (to be) a schoolgirl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. After breakfast she (to go) to school. It (to take) him two hours to do his homework. She (to speak) French well. Past Indefinite Tense. Употребляется для выражения действий, которые происходили или произошли в прошлом и определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени: yesterday, last week (month, year, night), last time, two days (hours, years) ago, in 1917.
Спряжение глагола to be (быть) в Past Indefinite Tense.
Упражнение3. Употребитеглаголывскобкахв Past Indefinite: 1. What your neighbours (to do) yesterday? 2. Mr. Smith (to fix) his car yesterday morning. 3. His wife (to water) plants in the garden. 4. Their children (to clean) the yard and then they (to play) basketball. 5. In the evening their boys (to listen) to loud music and (to watch) TV. 6. Their little girl (to cry) a little and then (to smile). 7. Her brothers (to shout) at her. 8. Mrs. Smith (to work) in the kitchen. 9. She (to bake) a delicious apple pie. 10. She (to cook) a good dinner. 11. She (to wash) the dishes and (to look) very tired. 12. The children (to brush) their teeth, (to yawn) a little and (to go) to bed. 13. Their mother (to change) her clothes and (to brush) her hair. Then she (to talk) on the phone. 14. Her husband (to smoke) a cigarette and (to talk) to his wife. 15. They (to wait) for the bus. The bus (to arrive) at 9 o'clock. 16. They (to visit) their friends. 17. They (to dance) a lot there. 18. Mr. and Mrs. Smith (to rest) very well last night. They really (to have) a wonderful time at their friends. Упражнение 4. Употребите глаголы в скобках в PastorPresentIndefinite: 1. His sister (to study) English every day. 2. She (to study) English two hours ago. 3. You (to come) home at six o'clock yesterday? – No, I ... Yesterday I (to come) home from school at half past eight. I (to be) very tired. I (to have) dinner with my family. After dinner I (to be) very thirsty. I (to drink) two cups of tea. Then I (to rest). 4. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 5. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 6. My brother (to wash) his face every morning. 7. Yesterday he (to wash) his face at a quarter past seven. 8. I (not to have) history lessons every day. 9. We (not to rest) yesterday. 10. My brother (not to drink) coffee yesterday. 11. My mother always (to take) a bus to get to work, but yesterday she (not to take) a bus. Yesterday she (to walk) to her off ice. 12. You (to talk) to the members of your family every day? – Yes, I.... But yesterday I (not to talk) to them: I (to be) very busy yesterday. Future Indefinite Tense. Употребляется для выражения действия, которое совершится или будет совершаться в будущем и определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a week (month, year),next year.
Спряжение глагола to be (быть) в Future Indefinite Tense.
Упражнение 5. Употребите глаголы в FutureIndefinite: 1. I want to get a medical checkup. I (to go) to my doctor tomorrow. 2. He (to give) me a complete examination. 3. The nurse (to lead) me into one of the examination rooms. 4.1 (to take) off my clothes and (to put) on a hospital gown. 5. Dr. Setton (to come) in, (to shake) my hand, and (to say) "hello". 6. I (to stand) on his scale so he can measure my height and my weight. 7. He (to take) my pulse. 8. Then he (to take) my blood pressure. 9. After he takes my blood pressure, he (to take) some blood for a blood analysis. 10. He (to examine) my eyes, ears, nose and throat. 11. He (to listen) to my heart with a stethoscope. 12. Then he (to take) a chest X-ray and (to do) a cardiogram (EKG). 13. After the checkup I (to go) home and (to wait) for Dr. Setton's call. 14. Dr. Setton (to call) me tomorrow afternoon and (to say) to me: "Stop worrying! Your blood analysis is excellent." He is a very good doctor. ВОПРОС 7 ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ CONTINUOUS. Present Continuous Tense. Употребляется для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в момент речи и определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени: now, at the moment, at present, just now, right now, still. am Образование: is + Ving are
Во временах группы Continuous не употребляются глаголы чувства, восприятия и умственные состояния, а также некоторые другие глаголы. Эти глаголы не могут выражать действие или состояние как процесс, совершающийся в определенный момент. К числу этих глаголов относятся: to be, to know, to understand, to think, to recognize, to want, to like, to see, to hear, to feel ,to believe, to seem, to appear, to consist и некоторые другие. Эти глаголы употребляются в Present Indefinite, даже если действие совершается в момент речи. Past Continuous Tense. Употребляется для выражения длительного действия, происходившего в определенный момент в прошлом и определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени:at 5 o'clock (at 5 p.m.), at that time yesterday, from 5 till 6, between three and four, all the morning, the whole day. Образование: was + Ving were
Future Continuous Tense. Употребляется для выражения будущего действия в процессе его совершения и определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени: at that moment (at five o'clock, at noon, at midnight) tomorrow, all day tomorrow, the whole evening, from 5 till 6 tomorrow. Образование: shall + Ving will be
Упражнение 1. Употребите глаголы в PresentContinuous: 1. Timothy (to feed) his dog. 2. Mr. Jones (to clean) his yard. 3. Nancy (to paint) her kitchen. 4. Our neighbours (to wash) their car. 5. I (to wash) my hair. 6. Who (to fix) your sink? 7. What she (to do) now? — She (to dance). 8. The children (to brush) their teeth. 9. What he (do) at the moment? — He (to fix) his bicycle. 10. They (to have) a big dinner together. 11. The boys (to run) about in the garden. 12. I (to do) my homework. 13. John and his friends (to go) to the library. 14. Ann (to sit) at her desk. She (to study) geography. 15. A young man (to stand) at the window. He (to smoke) a cigarette. 16. The old man (to walk) about the room. 17. The dog (to lie) on the floor. 18. You (to have) a break? 19. What language you (to study)? 20. Who (to lie) on the sofa? 21. What they (to talk) about? 22. It still (to rain). 23. I (to open) an umbrella. 24. John (to play) computer games. Упражнение2. Употребитеглаголывскобкахв Present Continuous или Present Indefinite: 1. He (to work) in the centre of Chicago. 2. He (to work) in the centre of Chicago? 3. He (not to work) in the centre of Chicago. 4. They (to read) many books. 5. They (to read) many books? 6. They (not to read) many books. 7. The children (to eat) soup now. 8. The children (to eat) soup now? 9. The children (not to eat) soup now. 10. You (to play) volleyball well? 11. When you (to play) volleyball? 12. What Nick (to do) in the evening? 13. He (to go) to the cinema in the evening? 14. We (not to dance) every day. 15. Look! Kate (to dance). 16. Kate (to sing) well? 17. Where he (to go) in the morning? 18. He (not to sleep) after dinner. 19. My granny (to sleep) after dinner. 20. When you (to sleep)? 21. Nina (not to sleep) now. 22. Where John (to live)? – He (to live) in England. 23. My friends from Switzerland (to speak) four languages. 24. Elvira (to speak) English, German and French? 25. She only (not to speak) Italian. Упражнение3. Употребитеглаголывскобкахв Past Continuous: 1. I (read) in bed when I heard a scream. 2. She (put) a pair of gloves into her bag when the shop-girl caught her at it. 3. You (wait) for your friend when I saw you. It (get) colder when the sun set. 4. The children (play) quietly on the floor when their mother came back. 5. I (walk) slowly down the street when somebody called me. 6. The woman didn't see that the girl (look) at her. 7. Fred (not/drive) very fast when the accident happened. Упражнение 4. Употребитеглаголывскобкахв Past Continuous или Past Indefinite: 1. I (to go) to the cinema yesterday. 2. I (to go) to the cinema at four o'clock yesterday. 3.I (to go) to the cinema when you met me. 4.I (to do) my homework the whole evening yesterday. 5. I (to do) my homework when mother came home. 6.I (to do) my homework yesterday. 7. I (to do) my homework from five till eight yesterday. 8. I (to do) my homework at six o'clock yesterday. 9: I (not to play) the piano yesterday. I (to write) a letter to my friend. 10. I (not to play) the piano at four o'clock yesterday. I (to read) a book. 11. He (not to sleep) when father came home. He (to do) his homework. 12. When I (to go) to school the day before yesterday, I met Mike and Pete. They (to talk) and (to laugh). They told me a funny story. Soon I (to laugh), too. I still (to laugh) when we came to school. After school I (to tell) this story at home. My father and mother (to like) it very much. Упражнение 5. Употребите глаголы в скобках в FutureContinuous: 1. At 9.30 this evening he (watch) television. 2. At this time tomorrow we (clean) our flat. 3. He (study) at 8 o'clock this evening. 4. At 10 o'clock tomorrow they (play) football. 5. I (look) through these magazines at 4.30 tonight. 6. She (read) a new detective story at 11 o'clock this evening. 7. I (wait) for you at the theatre at 7 o'clock. 8. They (reach) the top of the mountain at this time tomorrow. ВОПРОС 8 ВРЕМЕНАГРУППЫ PERFECT. Present Perfect Tense. Это время употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к настоящему моменту и связанного с ним своим результатом. Определяется следующими обстоятельствами времени: already, not yet, just, ever, never, just, lately, since. Образование: have + V3 has
Сравните: — / have bought a book today (this week, this month) неистекший отрезок времени – Present Perfect. — I bought a book yesterday (last week, last month) истекший отрезок времени – Past Indefinite. |