грамматика. Грамматика и упражнения. Вопрос 1 Неопределенный артикль употребляется
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Participle I употребляется в функции: а) определения a running boy – бегущий мальчик The boy playing in the garden is my son. – Мальчик, играющий в саду, мой сын. б) обстоятельства с) входит в состав сказуемого (Present Continuous) Jam reading a book. Crying e ran out of the room. – Плача, он выбежал из комнаты. Smiling he came into the room. – Улыбаясь, он вошёл в комнату. Если Participle I выражает действие, одновременное действию глагола-сказуемого, оно переводится русскими деепричастиями несовершенного вида с суффиксами -а, -я и выражается Present Participle. Smiling he was going to school. – Улыбаясь, он шёл в школу. Если Participle I выражает действие, предшествовавшее действию глагола-сказуемого, оно переводится русским деепричастием совершенного вида, чаще всего с суффиксами –в, -вши и выражается через Perfect Participle. Having smiled he began to explain the task. – Улыбнувшись, он начал объяснять задание. Причастия вместе с относящимися к ним словами образуют причастные обороты, которые в зависимости от функции в предложении переводятся на русский язык причастными или деепричастными оборотами. The boys playing in the yard were our students. – Ребята, играющие во дворе, были нашими студентами. Translating the text the students consulted the dictionary. – Переводя текст, студенты пользовались словарём. Причастие II (Past Participle) Причастие II у правильных глаголов образуется при помощи суффикса -ed, который прибавляется к основе глагола: asked - спрошенный, translated - переведенный, washed - вымытый, у неправильных глаголов – по таблице. В функции определения Participle II отвечает на вопрос what? и переводится на русский язык причастием страдательного залога совершенного и несовершенного вида с окончанием на –мый, -нный, -тый, -вшийся, -щийся. discussed – обсуждаемый, обсуждающийся, обсуждённый, обсуждавшийся. The book discussed by our students is very interesting. – Книга, обсуждаемая нашими студентами, очень интересная. The books written by Simonov are translated into many languages. – Книги, написанные Симоновым, переведены на многие языки. The broken glass was beautiful. – Разбитый стакан был красивым. В функции обстоятельства перед Participle II иногда могут стоять союзы when, if, unless (когда, если, до тех пор). В этих случаях Participle II переводится на русский язык чаще всего безличным обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. When asked to help he agreed at once. – Когда его попросили помочь, он тотчас же согласился. Причастие II входит в состав сказуемого. I was asked a guestion. Упражнение 1. Обратите внимание на образование причастий a) listen – listening speak – speaking read – reading b) sit – sitting run – running begin – beginning c) write – writing come – coming give – giving d) see – seeing do – doing fly – flying e) lie – lying tie – tying (завязывать) die – dying Упражнение 2. Образуйте причастия I от следующих глаголов
Упражнение 3. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие причастие в функции определения A smiling girl, a writing boy, a laughing baby, playing children, a falling tree, a sleeping man, people waiting for you, a walking couple, a developing country, an increasing proportion, reading audience, a trading nation, a flying bird, a dancing child. Упражнение 4. Переведите слова, стоящие в скобках на русский язык A (спящий) child. A (работающая) woman. The (растущий) child. The (открывающиеся) gate. The man (смотрящий) at me. Workers, (начинающие) their work. The boy, (ловящий) birds. The animal, (пьющие) water. The bridge, (соединяющий) the two sides of the river. Упражнение 5. Прочтите предложения, определите функцию причастия. Переведите на русский язык. 1. The dean of our faculty is speaking to the students. 2. He is coming in ten days. 3. I came up to the students discussing their time-table. 4. Applying fertilizers, farmers increase crop yields. 5. Do you know the man speaking to the children? 6. They are discussing an important problem now. 7. Belarus is developing its economic contacts. Упражнение 6. Образуйте причастие II от следующих глаголов. a) to hope, to stop, to produce, to listen, to open, to study, to concentrate, to determine, to start, to develop, to play b) to be, to have, to do, to get, to come, to meet, to know, to make, to cut, to go, to see, to buy, to begin, to choose, to say, to sell Упражнение 7. Сравните перевод причастия I и II
Упражнение 8. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие причастие II a) a broken cup, an unanswered letter, an opened window, a closed door, a written exercise, a developed country , a mixed economy, a discussed problem, produced goods, satisfied needs, privately owned firms, a translated text, widely used irrigation b) Knowledge acquired by the students, the questions put to the teacher, the subjects studied by the first-year students, economic system based on private ownership, specialists trained at our university, the house built in our street Упражнение 9. Определите функцию причастия II; предложения переведите 1. The main subject studied at our university is economics. 2. Here is a latter addressed to you. 3. The machines made at our plant are exported to several countries. 4. If invited, he will come. 5. We have used the book taken from the library. 6. The contract signed last year was soon broken. 7. Have you answered all the questions asked? 8. She was always well dressed. 9. He has travelled a lot. 10. When asked, he always helped me. 11. My sweater is made in England. 12. You have made a mistake. 13. Used economically, these food supplies could last for a month. Упражнение 10. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие I и причастие II 1. A letter sent from Minsk will be in Moscow tomorrow. 2. In the post-office he saw some people sending telegrams. 3. Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important. 4. The girl putting the book on the shelf is a new teacher. 5. A person taking a sunbath must be very careful. 6. The word said by the student was not correct. 7. Standing at the window, she was waving her hand. 8. A word spoken in time may have very important results. Упражнение 11. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия 1. We listened to the girls (singing, sung) folk songs. 2. We listened to the folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls. 3. The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister. 4. The floor (washing, washed) by Ann looked very clean. 5. Who is the boy (doing, done) his homework at the table? 6. The exercises (doing, done) by the students were easy. 7. The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil. 8. Everything (writing, written) here is quite right. Упражнение 12. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle 1. (to talk) to her neighbour in the street, she did not notice her friend. 2. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shells. 3. (to buy) some juice and cakes, we went home. 4. (to sit) near the fire, he felt very warm. 5. (to do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 6. (to do) his homework, he went for a walk. 7. (to eat) all the potatoes, she drank a cup of tea. 8. (to look) through some magazines, I came across an interesting article. ВОПРОС 12. УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ. Условные придаточные предложения обычно соединяются с главным предложением союзами if – если, unless – если не. I тип условного придаточного предложения выражает осуществимое реальное условие. В главном предложении употребляется Future Indefinite, в придаточном – Present Indefinite. If I have time, I shall go to the cinema. – Если у меня будет время, я пойду в кино. II тип выражает маловероятное условие. В главном предложении употребляется should (would) и инфинитив смыслового глагола, в придаточном – Past Indefinite. If I had time, I should go to the cinema. – Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошел в кино. III тип выражает нереальное условие. В главном предложении употребляется should (would) и перфектный инфинитив, в придаточном – Past Perfect. If they had known her address they would have written to her. – Если бы они знали ее адрес, они написали бы ей. Упражнение 1. Определите тип условных придаточных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык: If he works hard, he will pass the exams well. If they finish their work quickly, they will go home early. If you don't listen to the teacher, you will learn nothing. If I had time, I should help you. He would have taken the bus if he had not been late. We should play football if it were not raining. If he had not been worrying about being late, he would have closed the door properly. If he had not seen the door was open, he would not have got out of the car to close it. If she were a true actress, she would play her part better. If he had not had to work so late, there would have been places in his usual car park. Упражнение 2. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму: If you (bring) me the book, I should have read it. If he didn't ring me up, I (not to come). If he (not to write) to me, I shouldn't have answered him. If I (be) you, I should have apologized to her. If I see him, I (tell) him everything. If he were in, he (answer) the phone. We (stay) at home, if we had known he was coming. He would have been the best student in the group, if he (work) harder. If you (pass) your examination, we should have a celebration. If I (have) time, I shall help you. ВОПРОС 13 ИНФИНИТИВ
TO-INFINITIVE ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ
INFINITIVE БЕЗ TO ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ
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