Введение настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям 09
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Present Simple 1. The present simple form: I/we/you/they work He/she/it works The present simple negative form: I/we/you/ they don’t work He/she/it doesn’t work We use do/does to make questions: Do I/we/you/they work? Does he/she/it work? 2. We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking: Output devices allow us to enter information into the computer. 3. We use the present simple when we say how often we do things: People often use programming languages. Present Continuous 1. The present continuous form: I am (=I’m) surfing the Web He/she/it is (=he’s etc.) surfing the Web We/they/you are (=we’re etc.) surfing the Web The negative form: I am not (=I’m not) surfing the Web He/she/it is not (=he isn’t etc.) surfing the Web We/they/you are not (=we aren’t etc.) surfing the Web The question form: Am I surfing the Web? Is he/she/it surfing the Web? Are we/they/you surfing the Web? 2. We use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking: -Where is James? -He is installing his new computer system at the moment. 3. We also use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking: Silvia is working hard this term because she has plans to enter the University. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous Remember: we use the present continuous to talk about something which is happening at or around the time of speaking (Tom is working on a new computer program); we use the present simple to talk about things in general or things which happen repeatedly (Tom works as a programmer). The present continuous is used for temporary situations (Mike is doing a two-year course in Computer Sciences); the present simple is used for permanent situations (Mike works for a big computer company. He lives in Boston.) Some verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses: want, need, prefer, like, love, hate, belong, see, hear, know, realize, believe, suppose, mean, understand, remember, forget, seem. But there are exceptions: have, think. For example: What do you think about WikiLeaks ? (=What is your opinion?) What are you thinking about? (=What is going in your mind?) Task 1. Choose the correct tense form: present simple or present continuous: 1. When I …………… (work) on a computer more than two hours, my eyes …………. (get) tired. 2. A computer system ………………….. (consist) of two parts: the software and the hardware. 3. At the moment the CPU …………………… (process) the instructions and data contained in the main memory. 4. The CPU ………………. (be) a microprocessor which ………………………… (execute) program instructions and ………………………………..(coordinate) the activities of all other components. 5. How do you see anything? Look! That lamp ………………….. (reflect) off the screen and this one …………………….. (shine) directly into your eyes? 6.Virus writers now……(look) for methods to create more complicated and more inconspicuous viruses. Task 2. Use the verbs in brackets in the Present Simple tense: 1. John……..(browse) on the Internet and ……..(download) anything that looks interesting. 2. …..the company……(design) high specification workstations? 3. Call me on this number if your machine……(crash) again. 4. This utility…..(not/detect) and…..(not/eliminate) all viruses. 5. Using this procedure ……(ensure) that unauthorized users cannot enter the system. 6. When you…..(install) this program it automatically ……(check) the specifications of the PC and …….(adapt) to them. 7. …the program……(access) the information on the hard disk and ….(output) it to the screen? Task 3. Use the verbs in brackets in the Present Continuous tense: 1. Listen to those people. What program.................................(they/ speak) about? 2. Excuse me, I....................(look) for a computer shop. Is there one near here? 3. Listen! Can you hear those students at the front desk? They............................(discuss) a new make of plotters. 4. I....................................(not/ work) this week. Our computer network has been damaged by an unknown virus. 5. Liz wants to work as a sales manager, so she................................(learn) how to deal with computers. UNIT 4 Past Simple 1. The past simple form often ends in –ed: to install- installed But many important verbs are irregular and the past simple does not end in -ed: to buy – bought Remember: the past of the verb to be is was/were! 2. In past simple questions and negative forms we use did/didn’t + the infinitive: it performed Did it perform? It didn’t perform. 3. We don’t use did with the verb to be: it was out of order was it out of order? it wasn’t out of order 4. We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past. We often say when it happened (yesterday, a week ago, last month etc.): Chris phoned me yesterday. He wanted to discuss something with me. Past Continuous The past continuous form: I/he/she/it was playing We/they/you were playing The past continuous negative form: I/he/she/it was not (wasn’t) playing We/they/you were not (weren’t) playing The past continuous question form: Was I/he/she/it playing? Were we/they/you playing? We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished: What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night? The past continuous doesn’t tell us whether an action was finished or not: Margaret was playing computer games . (We don’t know whether she finished playing or not). The past continuous and the past simple are often used together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: While I was surfing the Internet, I burnt my dinner. Past Continuous vs. Past Simple We use the past continuous for incomplete or continuing actions in the past (I was writing e-mails for most of the morning); we use the past simple for a single and complete action in the past (I sent him an e-mail two hours ago). We use the past continuous for an interrupted action in the past (When Sue came home, Sally was downloading the movie); we use the past simple to say that one thing happened one after another (When Sue came home, Sally downloaded the movie). Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple tense: 1. He……(reconfigure) the field structure in the file. 2. …. you……(download) any information about this subject? 3. I…….(find) the problem when I…….(launch) this program. 4. We…….(not/dump) the information onto the hard disk of the server. 5. She …..(type) the password but….(fail) to open the file. Task 2. Use the following verbs in the Past Simple tense: Upgrade update disable contain crash 1. The file that was lost…..important documents. 2. To prevent anyone changing the data he……the keyboard. 3. The electricity was cut off and the computers…….. . 4. We …….our printer. 5. He………his files. Task 3. Choose the correct tense form: Past Simple or Past Continuous: When he…………………….(buy) the laptop, he …………………..(leave) his driver’s license on the counter. When Alice …………………..(come) home, her husband ……………………(watch) online videos . 3. I ………………(work) in Photoshop when Alex …………… (call) me. 4. She …….(access) the employee’s file stored on the computer without his consent. 5. Where ............ you (repair) your scanner? 6. The technical staff……. (try) to correct a programming fault when the light ..........(switch off). UNIT 5 Present Perfect 1. We form the Present Perfect with have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in –ed, if the verb is regular (installed, performed). The negative form: I (we, you, they) have not (haven't) lost the file. She (he) has not (hasn't) got the message. The question form: Have I (we, you, they) lost the file? Has she (he) got the message? 2. When we use the Present Perfect tense there is a connection with the present. This tense is used to relate the past to the present. I (we, you, they) have lost the file! (= I have not got it now) 3.We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening. She (he) has just got the message. 4. We often use just, already, never, ever, not yet, today, for, since, this (week, month) with the present perfect. 5. Remember: we use the Past Simple for situations or actions during a period of time that ended in the past (He studied Computer Science for 3 years.= He finished his studies). We use the Present Perfect for situations or actions in a period of time from the past until now (He has studied Computer Science for two years. = He still studies it). Past Perfect 1. We form the Past Perfect tense with had + past participle: I had (‘d) already gone out when you called the office. (positive form) The negative form: He had not (hadn’t) finished the installation when I got to work. The question form: Had you made a mistake? 2. You use the Past Perfect tense when you are looking back from a point in past time, and you are concerned with the effects of something which happened at an earlier time in the past: He had already had his own business when he turned 20. He felt much happier once he had found a new job. 3. We use the following expressions with the Past Perfect tense: after, already, as soon as, before, by the time, just, till/until, when, yet: When he arrived at the office, the boss had already left. Remember: If before or after is used, the Past Perfect tense is optional: After they discussed the current project, the train arrived, they went on to talk about future plans. Compare the use of Past Perfect and Past Simple: - When Alex got home, Dylan installed a new program. (First Alex got home, then Dylan installed a new program). - When Alex got home, Dylan had installed a new program. (Dylan did it before Alex got home) Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect tense: 1. Jim........................... (detect/ just) a boot virus. 2. Many organizations..................................(lose/ already) a lot of time and money dealing with intruder activity in the past few years. 3. Computers and microchips....................... (become) part of our everyday life by now. 4. - (you/ visit) the computer exhibition yet? - No, I................... . But I'd like to. What about you? - I (be/ just) there. 6. He (not/ work) as a system administrator since last winter. Task 2.Choose the correct tense form: Past Simple or Present Perfect: He ................................... (describe/ just) the way of compiling the program. Peter: ……you (play) this game before? Philip: Yes, I…… I……(play) it when I was a student. I ..........(not/ see) our leading programmer today. I wonder where he is. Oh no! I………(delete) all the client records!. He ............... (not work) in IT department since December. First, he …… (install) anti-virus software, then he …………(connect) to the Internet. Task 3. Make sentences with the Present Perfect and for or since 1. I / not / play / the World of Tanks / Sunday. 2. she / work / in this department / more than five years. 3. you / see / Jack / the meeting last week? 4. these machines / not / service / a year. 5. we / be / good friends / we studied at University. Task 4. Choose the correct variant: 1. I saw/had seen her presentation before so I didn’t want/hadn’t wanted to see it again. 2. By the end of the week she deleted/had deleted some messages from the server. 3. I received /had received an e-mail from the boss and sent/had sent it to my colleague. 4. The teacher wanted/had wanted to know if I ever had/had had any problems with viruses. 5. He couldn’t use the ISP as he didn’t pay/ hadn’t paid for his online time. UNIT 6 Future Simple 1. We form the Future Simple Tense with the help of will In spoken English we normally use the short forms I'll and we'll. We use it when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. Oh, I have left my computer on! I will go and switch it off. 2. We also use it when we are making predictions about the future based on the general beliefs, opinions or attitudes. I am sure you will get that job! Remember: for talking about the future we can also use be going to. We use it for actions that we decided to do before we speak (I’m going to clean my desktop) and when there is something in the present situation that shows what will happen in the future (in a game: Look at her! She is going to kill my soldier!). Task 1.Use will or be going to and the verbs in bracket: 1. Have you decided what to do with your old mobile? – Yes, I……… (give) it to my kid. 2. I know you are good at computers. …… you (help) me to install an antivirus program? 3. I’ve lost a very important file! – Oh, don’t worry! I……(think of) something . 4. Make a back-up copy or…….(lose) all your information. 5. Have you checked the spelling in this document? – Not yet, I………..(do) it tonight. 6. I’m sure robots………..(do) the housework for people in the near future. 7. Do you think new technologies …….(allow) us to live longer? 8. Your son likes writing programs. …….he (be) a programmer? 9. Is it likely or unlikely that in ten years we……(work) in virtual offices? 10. Your Internet is working so slowly! – I know, I………(change) the provider. Task 2. How likely is that these predictions will come true in the next 50 years? Make up your own sentences: 1. Scientists/build/factories/ in space. 2. People/learn/to control/the weather. 3. Newspapers / disappear. 4. Virtual reality/ change/ our lifestyles. 5. Ordinary people/travel/to Mars. 6. Humans/live/beyond 150 years. 7. Doctors/ use/ electronic instruments/in surgery. 8. Scientists/discover/cure for cancer. 9. Humans/marry/robots. 10. Writing skills/ be needed. UNIT 7 Present and Past Simple Passive 1. The present simple passive form: am/is/are + past participle Active: The device controls the copy flow. Passive: The copy flow is controlled by the device. 2. We use the passive voice to describe an action when we don’t know who does (or did) the action, when it is not important who does (or did) the action and when we are more interested in the action than in the person who does (or did) something: The “bold” attribute is toggled on and off by pressing this function key. 3. The past simple passive form: was/were + past participle Active: The traced the fault to a faulty cable. Passive: The fault was traced to a faulty cable. You may use by if you want to say who did or what caused the action. This program was installed by our programmer. 4. When changing a sentence from the active to the passive: • the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. • the active verb changes into a passive form. • the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent and is either introduced with the preposition by or omitted. • only transitive verbs (i.e. verbs which take an object) can be changed into the passive. Active: Steve found some defects in the equipment.(transitive verb) Passive: Some defects in the equipment were found by Steve. But: All the customers come from the local area. (The verb “come” is intransitive so the sentence cannot be changed into the passive.) Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple (active or passive): 1. Hardware is the physical parts the computer … (to make). 2. Computer programs … computer programmers (to design). 3. Most programs …using a programming language like Java and Python (to write). 4. A few programmers … programs in the computer's own language called machine code (to write). 5. A computer is only useful if it … both hardware and software (to have). 6. Computers … billions of calculations per second (to do). Task 2.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct formPast Simple (active or passive): 1. The earliest computer, the abacus, …….to perform basic arithmetic operations (to use). 2. First electronic computers … vacuum tubes (to use). 3. The second generation of computers … about thanks to the invention of the transistor (to come). 4. The first transistor computer … at the University of Manchester in 1953 (to create). 5. First microchips-based central processing units … of multiple microchips for different CPU components (to consist). 6. Lights and switches … by screens and keyboards (to replace). 7. The nature of the underlying electronic components … (not to change). 8. Steve Jobs … what Xerox PARC team had developed (to show). Task 3. Change the sentences below from active into passive: 1. The compiler automatically corrects the syntax errors. Passive: …………………………………………………… 2. This company developed a new brand of screen cleaner. Passive: …………………………………………………… 3. The operating system uses a metafile to hold data that defines where each file is stored on disk. Passive: …………………………………………………………….. 4. They modified the keyboard for European users. Passive: ………………………………………………………….. 5. You launch the word processor by double clicking on this icon. Passive: …………………………………………………………... 6. We checked the validity of the password. Passive:…………………………………………………………… 7. This procedure sorts all the files into alphabetical order. Passive: …………………………………………………………. 8. The sales department keeps the information about the company’s clients in a database. Passive: …………………………………………………………….. 9. The machine monitors each signal as it is sent out. Passive: ……………………………………………………………. 10. We completely computerized our stock control. Passive: …………………………………………………………… UNIT 8 Modal verbs 1. Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, ought to, should) are used to talk about ability, possibility, obligation, permission, necessity, advice etc. 2. Modals are always the first word in a verb group. All modals except for “ought” are followed by the base form of the verb: I must leave soon. But: She ought to go back to Russia. 3. To make a clause negative, you put a negative word immediately after the modal: You must not worry. “Not” is often shortened to “n’t”: We couldn’t leave earlier. The negative of can is cannot (can’t). 4. To make a question, you put the modal in front of the subject: Could you give me an example? 5. Instead of some modal verbs we can use other verbs and expressions: be able to instead of can (They will be able to work from home), have to instead of must (I always have to do the checking) 6. We use can to talk about ability in the present (She can speak English), to ask for smth. (Can you pass me the documents, please?), to talk about permission (You cannot access these files!) 7. We use could to talk about past ability (He couldn’t launch a program when he was child), to ask for permission (Could I use your laptop?), to ask for smth. politely (Could you say your name again, please?) 8.We use must to talk about obligation and necessity in the present or future (You must switch off computers before leaving) . We use mustn’t to talk about prohibition (You mustn’t touch this switch!) 9. We use should or ought to to give advice and to ask for advice (You should study harder if you want to pass the exam.) 10. We use may or might to talk about things that are possible now or in the future (I might not go to work tomorrow) Task 1.Translate into Russian paying attention to modal verbs and similar structures. 1. Psychologists now recognize Internet Addiction Syndrome (IAS) as a new illness that might cause serious problems. 2. This illness is not fake, and it must be taken seriously 3. Nowadays you can hardly find an office without a computer. 4. Computer addicts should consult specialists. 5. The problems may increase dramatically. 6. If your PC is infected with a virus, your data can be at risk. 7. I’ll have to start again! – I’ve just erased the only clean copy. 8. The user cannot gain access to the confidential information in the file without a password. 9. Computers can be classified according to their size and complexity. 10. You can’t decrypt the message because you don’t know the key. Task 2. Choose the correct variant: 1. You don’t have to/ mustn’t touch that. You’ll get electrocuted. 2. You have to/must visit this website. It’s really interesting. 3. You have to/should try this new version – it’s much more reliable. 4. You may/must find all the documents by the time the meeting starts! 5. To be able to work with this new software you can/should learn more. UNIT 9 Conditionals 1. Conditional sentences consist of if-clause (real or unreal condition) and the main clause. We use conditional clauses to talk about a situation and its results. 2. There are three basic types of conditionals: Type 1 (real condition) (If + present tense), [will+ bare infinitive] If you study harder, you will pass the test. We use this type to talk about things that may happen in the future. Type 2 (unreal condition in the present or future) (If + past tense), [would+ bare infinitive] If you studied harder, you would pass the test. We use this type to talk about things that are untrue in the present or unlikely to happen in the future. Type 3 (unreal condition in the past) (If+ past perfect), [would+ have+ past participle] If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam. We use this type to talk about something in the past that could have happened, but did not or should not have happened, but did. 3. Conditionals can also be introduced by: unless, providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), otherwise, what if, supposing, even if 4. Note the structure: If I were you, I would(n’t) do smth. It has were instead of was and is used to give advice. If I were you, I wouldn’t buy the latest Apple model. 5. The conditional clause can come before or after the main clause. When the clause with the conditional linking word (if, unless,etc.) is at the beginning of the sentence, there is a comma. When the main clause begins the sentence, there is no comma. [You will get an electric shock] _( if you touch that)! Task 1. Put the verbs into correct form: 1. If I had access to the Internet, I………(do) this work easily. 2. If something…… (go) wrong, the computer will signal you. 3. If I were you, I……..(not/choose) a complex password. 4. If we had known the results beforehand, we……..(not/start) out research. 5. He would have got access to the network if he……..(use) the right password. 6. If I don’t finish this work by lunchtime, the boss ……(not/be) pleased. 7. If you press the “delete” key, you……(delete) the data. 8. If I…….(be) you, I would sent him an e-mail straight away. Task 2. Make up your own sentences: 1. If I had to spend a week without any gadgets, …………. 2. If I have more time, …………………… 3. If he hadn’t forgotten the password, …………………….. 4. If I had a well-paid job, ………………………………….. 5. If my boss asks me to work overtime, …………………… 6. I would be very upset if…………………………. 7. If I didn’t live in Russia, ……………………….. 8. If I didn’t study English, …………….. 9. If the Internet hadn’t been invented, …………… 10. If I were Bill Gates, …………………………… UNIT 10 The Gerund and The Infinitive 1. The Gerund is the non-finite form of the Verb. It is formed from the Verb and ends in –ing. The Gerund can behave like a Verb and a Noun. 2.The Gerund as a Noun can perform the following functions in a sentence: the subject (Reading is her favorite pastime), the direct object (I suggest postponing the meeting), the prepositional object (after certain prepositions: of, in, for, by, after, without etc… I am proud of working for this company), the predicate noun (Your task is dealing with complaints) 3. The Gerund is used after certain verbs and phrases: avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, forgive, give up, keep on, go on, mention, miss, mind, put off, postpone, spend, waste, prevent, recall, quit, suggest, understand, save, stand, admit, consider, appreciate, be busy, can’t help, it’s no use etc. 4. The Gerund as a Verb can take a direct and an indirect object, can be modified by an Adverb (One of his responsibilities is maintaining equipment regularly) 5. As a Verb the Gerund can be used in the Indefinite (Active and Passive) and the Perfect (Active and Passive) forms:
6.The to Infinitive is used: as the subject of a sentence (To know foreign languages is important) to express purpose (She went to Spain to study Spanish) after certain verbs (advise, agree, decide, expect, promise, refuse etc) (She promised to solve the problem) after certain adjectives, nouns (I’m very glad to be here. She made an effort to fix it.) after question words where, how, what, who, when, which (but not why!) (He doesn’t know how to play this game) with too and enough (He is too young to study at University. You are skilled enough to do this job) 7.The Infinitive without to is used: after modal verbs (You must be at work before 8) after make/let/see/hear/feel+object (They don’t let him play computer games every day) Task 1. Fill in the gaps using the correct gerund: sending, waiting, signing, buying, reading, going, meeting, arriving. Translate the sentences: 1. I will call you after …(прибытие) at the university. 2. I am looking forward to… (встреча) you. 3. Students always dream about …(пойти) on holiday. 4. My favorite occupation is… (чтение) scientific news. 5. We are interested in …(покупка) these textbooks. 6. This contract requires…. (подписание). 7. We thank you for……. (пересылка) us new information about your company. Task 2. Complete the sentences using either to-Infinitive or Infinitive without to: 1. First computing machines were used only…..mathematical problems (solve). 2. The help desk technician advised me ….. a new program (install). 3. This option lets you……text messages (edit). 4. If you don’t want to lose all your data you should… the files (save). 5. We are here……recent developments in computer science (discuss). 6. Has she told you what… …. such mistakes (do, avoid)? 7. Students must be able …. their time in an effective way (organize) 8. She said she was happy…..the news (hear). 9. He showed me what button…… (press). 10. They decided ……..part in this experiment (not take). ABBREVIATIONS LIST ACID – Automated Classification and Interpretation of Data ATM – Automatic Teller Machines B2B – Business-to Business B2C – Business-to-Consumer B2G – Business-to-Government CCTV – Close Circuit Television CEO – исполнительный директор GDP – ВВП (внутренний валовый продукт) CIA – Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability CPU – Central Processing Unit CSS – Cascading Style Sheets CTO – Chief technical officer/Chief technology officer CU – Control Unit DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency GPS – Global Positioning System HP - Hewlett-Packard IAS – Internet Addiction Syndrome IВМ- International Business Machines ICT – Information and Communication Technology IS – Information System IS - information services IT – Information Technology JS – JavaScript LCD – Liquid-Crystal Display MIS - management information services MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology MS - Microsoft Corporation MSP - managed service providers PC – Personal Computer PDA – Personal Digital Assistant PIN – Personal Identification Number TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol UI – User Interface URI – Universal Resource Identifier UX – User Experience WEEE – Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity WWW – World Wide Web Appendix 1:  SIMPLE TENSES (Active Voice)
Appendix 2:  PROGRESSIVE TENSES (Active Voice)
Appendix 3: PERFECT TENSES (Active Voice)
Appendix 4: PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES (Active Voice)
Appendix 5: PASSIVE VOICE
Appendix 6: MODAL VERBS
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК 1. Английский язык для специалистов в области компьютерной техники и технологий. Квасова Л.В., Подвальный С.Л., Сафонова О.Е. Учебн. Пособие для аспирантов и магистров по направлениям «Информационные технологии» и «Вычислительная техника» / Л.В. Квасова, С.Л. Подвальный, О.Е. Сафонова. Воронеж, ВГТУ, 2005. 2. Борковский А.Б. Англо-русский словарь по программированию и информатике (с толкованиями) / А.Б. Борковский. – М.: Московская международная школа переводчиков, 1992. – 335 с. 3. Мюллер В. К. Новый англо-русский словарь/ В. К. Мюллер. – М.: Рус. яз.-Медиа, 2005, – 945 с. 4. Abbyy Lingvo 12 (электронный словарь) 5. A. S. Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. – OUP, 2007. – 1041 p. 6. B. Mascull. Business Vocabulary in Use. – CUP, 2014. – 172 p. 7. Check your Vocabulary for Computing. – Peter Collin Publishing, 2012. – 57 p. 8. English grammar for computer science students // Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов и аспирантов, под ред. О.Н. Коноваловой и Л.Б. Саратовской. - Москва, 2010 (режим доступа: http://warmland.ru/direct/english_grammar_new.pdf) 9. Eric H. Glendinning, John McEwan. Basic English for computing. OUP, 2010. – 128 p. 10. Harrison M. Grammar Spectrum 2 / M. Harrison. – Oxford University Press, 2000. – 120 p. 11. M. Swan, C. Walter. How English Works. A grammar practice book. - OUP, 2009. – 358 p. 12. Tom Ricca-McCarthy, Michael Duckworth. English for Telecoms and information Technology. – Oxford University Press, 2009. – 95 p. 13. Oxford Essential Dictionary - OUP, 2009. – 488 p. 14. www.robot-davinci.ru 15. www.wikipedia.org 16.https://www.realitytechnologies.com/virtual-reality/ 17.www. learningenglish.voanews.com/a/augmented-reality-versus-virtual-reality/3844772.html ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисловие……………………………………………3 Part 1. Unit 1. Digitized world………………………………….5 Unit 2. Big names in IT……………………….…….....18 Unit 3. IT giants………………………….…….………31 Unit 4. IT specialists………………………….….….....42 Unit 5. Artificial intelligence: its impact on society…..54 Unit 6. Virtual reality vs Augmented reality…………..64 Unit 7. Aspects of information security………………..74 Part 2. Grammar revision…………………………......86 Unit 1………………………………………………......86 Unit 2…………………………………………………..88 Unit 3…………………………………………………..95 Unit 4…………………………………………………..98 Unit 5…………………………….……...……………100 Unit 6…………………………………………………103 Unit7………………………………………………….104 Unit 8…………………………………………………107 Unit 9…………………………………………………109 Unit 10……………………………………………..…110 Abbreviation list……………………………………...114 Appendices 1-6……………………………………….116 Библиографический список………………………...123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||