Введение настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям 09

• Название: Введение настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям 09
• Дата: 24.12.2020
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• Имя файла: HIGHLIGHTS_ON_IT_2019.docx
• Тип: Учебное пособие; #163850
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COMPUTER LITERACY

Computer literacy is the ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with a range of skills covering levels from elementary use to programming and advanced problem solving. Computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level someone has with using computer programs and other applications that are associated with computers. Another valuable component is understanding how computers work and operate. Computer literacy may be distinguished from computer programming which is design and coding of computer programs rather than familiarity and skill in their use.

Computer literacy is considered to be a very important skill to possess in our information-dependent society. Computers are just as common as pen and paper are for writing, especially among youth. For many applications - especially communicating - computers are preferred over pen, paper, and typewriters because of their ability to duplicate and retain information and ease of editing.

Employers want their workers to have basic computer skills because many companies try to use computers and other technology to improve business efficiency. As a result older workers who do not use the Internet at home and are computer illiterate may be frozen out of the job market even for relatively unskilled jobs such as clerking in an auto parts store.

We should be aware of the potential of computers to influence our everyday life. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process information. When you visit your doctor, your schedules and bills and special services such as laboratory tests, are prepared by computers. Computers have changed almost every aspect of daily life, and people can be sure that the use of computers will only become more prevalent.

While the world continues to advance with smarter, faster technology, the need to be computer literate becomes more imperative. Knowing how to properly use a computer and navigate the digital terrain helps to keep life organized and streamlined. Mobile media devices are becoming increasingly popular, reinforcing the need for being computer literate.
Task 16. Answer the following questions:
1. What does computer literacy refer to?

2. How could we distinguish computer literacy from computer programming?

3. Why are computers preferred in communication?

4. What kind of employees may be frozen out of the job market and why?

5. Why is it imperative to be computer literate today?
Task 17. Find in the text synonyms for the following words:

• 
  precious
  
• 
  to have
  
• 
  capability
  
• 
  usual
  
• 
  shop
  
• 
  prevailing
  
• 
  employee
  

Task 18. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:

1) to influence	a) to move forward or to make progress
2) efficiency	b) the person or organization that you work for
3) skill	c) the ability to read and write
4) to reinforce	d) to have an effect on someone or something
5) employer	e) the knowledge and ability that enables you to do something well
6) to advance	f) to strengthen something or to provide more evidence or support for some idea or point of view
7) literacy	g) the quality of being able to do a task successfully and without wasting time or energy

Task 19. Use the following words to complete the sentences 1-5. Then make up your own sentences 6-9 with the words left.

employ employment employer employee unemployment

literacy literate illiteracy illiterate

1. 
   She told her ………… she was looking for another job
   
2. 
   We engaged six new………….in the last quarter.
   
3. 
   An……… agency is an organization that earns money by helping people to find work.
   
4. 
   Mass……was only possible after the invention of printing.
   
5. 
   At that time most of the country was…… They couldn't read or write.
   
6. 
   …..
   
7. 
   ……
   
8. 
   …….
   
9. 
   ……..
   

Task 20. Phrasal verbs are common in conversational English. They are made up of two words: a verb and a preposition. Look at the part of a sentence from text A: As a result older workers who … are computer illiterate may be frozen out of the job market…. In colloquial speech phrasal verb ‘freeze out’ means ‘exclude a person from business, society, etc by competition, cold behavior, etc’. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings, then complete the sentences changing the form of the verbs if necessary:

back up	to enter a symbol or instruction at the end of computing session to close all files and break the channel between the user’s terminal and the main computer
plug in	to allow a machine to stand idle for a time after switching on, to reach optimum operating conditions
log off	to stop working because of mechanical failure
key in	to make an electrical connection by pushing a plug into a socket
warm up	to enter identification data, such as a password, to access a program or data
break down	to make a copy of a file or data or disk
log on	to enter text or commands via a keyboard

1. No wonder it isn’t working: you haven’t even ……. it ……!

2. They ….. the latest data.

3. You have to give your password in order to ….. to the system.

4. My computer’s ….. again! I need a new machine.

5. Your printout will arrive in a couple of minutes: the laser’s still ……..

6. When you’ve downloaded the information you need, then ….. from the system.

7. If you don’t …… regularly you could lose data.

Unit 2

BIG NAMES IN IT

Task 1. Study the words from text A:

1) founder 2) influential 3) GPD 4) intelligent 5) to enroll 6) opportunity 7) wealth 8) charitable 9) to reduce 10) utility

a) основатель b) влиятельный c)ВВП (валовый внутренний продукт) d) умный e) зачислять f) возможность g) благосостояние h) благотворительный i)сократить j) польза

Task 2. Read and translate text A:
BILL GATES

There isn’t a person in the world who doesn’t know about Bill Gates. He is the founder and co-leader of Microsoft Corporation. His software has literally changed the world. Nowadays nearly everybody uses Microsoft on daily basis.

He is also an American business magnate, who is considered to be one of the richest and most influential people on the planet. William Henry Gates was born on 28 October 1955, Seattle, Washington. Recent estimates of his wealth put it at 84.2 billion US $ (Jan. 2017), this is the equivalent of the combined GDP of several African economies.

Bill Gates comes originally from a rather intelligent family. The family was wealthy, but his parents encouraged their children to work hard and take nothing for granted.

He studied in private and the most privileged school of Seattle. There he taught himself to programming in Basic, making a simple ‘Tic-Tac-Toe’ game.

In 1973 Gates enrolled at Harvard, where he studied mathematics and computer science. However, he was more interested in pursuing his own coding, and when he saw an opportunity to found his own company, he dropped out of Harvard without finishing the course.

In recent years he has retired from working full time at Microsoft and instead has concentrated on working with his charitable foundation “The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.” Gates said that he had no use for money, he would leave only small percentage of wealth to his children. He states “I’m certainly well taken care of in terms of food and clothes,” he says, redundantly. “Money has no utility to me beyond a certain point. Its utility is entirely in building an organization and getting the resources out to the poorest in the world.” His main areas of interest in philanthropy have been improving health, and in particularly helping to reduce diseases, such as polio which affect young children. He has also given more focus to environmental issues. In 2015, he gave $1 billion to a clean energy project, as he sees supporting new ‘greener’ technologies as a way to help deal with global warming. Asked about the motivation of his giving, Gates replies: “It doesn’t relate to any particular religion; it’s about human dignity and equality,” he says. “The golden rule that all lives have equal value and we should treat people as we would like to be treated.”
Task 3. Answer the questions:
1. What is Bill Gates?

2. When and where was he born?

3. Where did Bill Gates study?

4. What did he study?

5. Where does he work full time?

6. What is his attitude to money?

7.What did he do in 2015?
Task 4. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:

to treat to reply philanthropy area green to change foundation

a)an occasion when an organization, state, etc. is established; b) relating to the protection of the environment c) a subject or activity, or a part of it; d) the giving away of money, esp. in large amounts, to organizations that help people; e) to answer  f) to exchange one thing for another thing, especially of a similar type; g) to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way.

Task 5. Find the equivalents in the text:
Практически каждый, оценки благосостояния, совокупный внутренний валовый продукт, программное обеспечение, ничего не принимать на веру, основать собственную компанию, бросить Гарвард, с точки зрения, относиться к людям.
Task 6. Insert the missing words and word combinations into the following sentences:

interested, founder, equal, nowadays, retired, utility, relate.

1. 
   He is the … and co-leader of Microsoft Corporation.
   
2. 
   … nearly everybody uses Microsoft on daily basis.
   
3. 
   He was more … in pursuing his own coding,
   
4. 
   In recent years he has … from working full time at Microsoft.
   
5. 
   Its … is entirely in building an organization and getting the resources out to the poorest in the world.
   
6. 
   It doesn’t … to any particular religion.
   
7. 
   The golden rule that all lives have … value.
   

Task 7. Are the sentences True or False?
1. People use Microsoft from time to time.

2. Bill Gates comes originally from a rich family.

3. He studied in an expensive school.

4. Bill Gates was interested in studying in Harvard.

5. He has only food and clothes.

6. He doesn’t take care of the poorest in the world.

7. He helps to deal with ecology projects.
Task 8. Study the words:

1) to grow up 2) to attend 3) to drop out 4) a manufacturer 5) to pre-sell 6) as-yet 7) to acclaim 8) to release 9) a medical leave 10) surgery

a) расти b) посещать c) покинуть, выбыть d) производитель e) предварительно продать f) пока еще g) приветствовать, одобрять h) выпускать i) отпуск по больничному j) хирургия

Task 9. Read and translate text B:
STEVE JOBS

Steven Paul Jobs was born on 24 February 1955 in San Francisco, California. Two students Abdul Fattah Jandali and Joanne Carole Schieble who were unmarried at the time gave him up for adoption. He was taken in by a working class couple, Paul and Clara Jobs. Steven grew up with them in Mountain View, California.

He attended Homestead High School in Cupertino California and went to Reed College in Portland Oregon in 1972 but dropped out after only one semester, staying on to «drop in» on courses that interested him.

He took a job with video game manufacturer Atari to raise enough money for a trip to India and returned from there a Buddhist. Back in Cupertino he returned to Atari where his old friend Steve Wozniak was still working. Wozniak was building his own computer. In 1976 Jobs pre-sold 50 of the as-yet unmade computers to a local store and managed to buy the components on credit solely on the strength of the order, enabling them to build the Apple the First without any funding at all.

The Apple II followed in 1977 and the company Apple Computer was formed shortly afterwards. In 1985 Jobs was fired from Apple and immediately founded another computer company, NeXT. Its machines were not a commercial success but some of the technology was later used by Apple when Jobs eventually returned there. In the meantime, in 1986, Jobs bought The Computer Graphics Group from Lucasfilm. The group was responsible for making high-end computer graphics hardware but under its new name, Pixar, it began to produce innovative computer animations. Their first title under the Pixar name, Luxo Jr. (1986) won critical and popular acclaim and in 1991 Pixar signed an agreement with Disney, with whom it already had a relationship, to produce a series of feature films, beginning with «Toy Story» (1995).

In 1996 Apple bought NeXT and Jobs returned to Apple, becoming its CEO. With the help of British-born industrial designer Jonathan Stive, Jobs brought his own aesthetic philosophy back to the poor company. He released the iMac in 1998. The company’s MP3 player, the iPod, followed in 2001, with the iPhone launching in 2007 and the iPad in 2010. The company’s software music player, iTunes, evolved into an online music (and eventually also movie and software application) store, helping to popularize the idea of «legally» downloading entertainment content.

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and underwent surgery in 2004. Despite the success of this operation he became increasingly ill and received a liver transplant in 2009.

He returned to work after a six month break but eventually resigned his position in August 2011 after another period of medical leave which began in January 2011. He died on 5 October 2011.
Task 10. Answer the following questions:
1. Where and when was Steven Paul Jobs born?

2. Where did Steve Jobs study?

3. Did he take a job with video game manufacturer?

4. Did Jobs pre-sell 50 of the as-yet unmade computers to a local store in 1976?

5. When was Steve fired?

6. Did Jobs return to Apple, becoming its CEO?

7. When did the company’s MP3 player and the iPod, follow?
Task 11. Find in the text synonyms and antonyms for the following verbs.

SYNONYMS to quit to purchase, to go back to leave a job to keep to start to promote

ANTONYMS to hire to loose to be irresponsible to break to become healthy to be unused to live

Task 12. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:

1) to adopt	a) to copy (data) from one computer system to another;
2) to attend	b) to start an activity or enterprise;
3) to drop out	c) to allow or enable the product to be available for general viewing or purchase;
4) to raise	d) to write one's name on (a letter, card, or similar item) to identify oneself as the writer or sender;
5) to follow	e). to dismiss (an employee) from a job;
6) to fire	f) to go or come after;
7) to sign	g) to increase the amount, level, or strength;
8) to release	h) to quit;
9) to launch	i) to be present at (an event, meeting, or function;
10) to download	j) to take legally another's child and bring it up as one's own.

Task 13. Complete the sentences using the following words or phrases from the text in the correct form:

player, animations, hardware, technology, success, components, game.
1. He took a job with video … manufacturer Atari to raise enough money for a trip to India and returned from there a Buddhist.

2. Jobs pre-sold 50 of the as-yet unmade computers to a local store and managed to buy the … on credit solely on the strength of the order, enabling them to build the Apple.

3. Its machines were not a commercial….

4. Some of the … was later used by Apple when Jobs eventually returned there.

5. The Computer Graphics Group was responsible for making high-end computer graphics….

6. Under its new name, Pixar, it began to produce innovative computer….

7. The company’s software music … iTunes, evolved into an online music.
Task 14. Are the sentences True or False?
1. Steven Paul Jobs was born on 24 February 1955 in Moscow, Russia.

2. Steven grew up in Mountain View, California.

3. He attended Homestead High School in London.

4. In 1986 Jobs bought The Computer Graphics Group from Lucasfilm.

5. After the dismissal, Steve Jobs returned and became CEO of the company.

6. With the help of British-born industrial designer Jonathan Stive, Jobs brought his own aesthetic philosophy back to the poor company.

7. The company’s software music player, iTunes, didn’t evolve into an online music.

Task 15. Study the words from text C:

1) conceptual 2) scholarship 3) during 4) to deprive 5) transaction 6) semblance 7) random 8) to lay (laid) 9) internal 10) feedback

a) концептуальный b) стипендия c) во время d)лишать, отнимать e) сделка f) подобие g) случайный h)зд. положить в основу i) внутренний j) обратная связь, поддержка

Task 16. Read and translate text C:

Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee was born in London (England). His parents, Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, were both mathematicians and worked on the creation of «Manchester Mark I», one of the first computers. Tim went to school in the city of Wandsworth Emanuel, then at King's College in Oxford. There he assembled his first computer with a processor M6800 with a TV as a monitor. Once Tim and his friend were caught during the hacker attack, during which they were deprived of the right to use university computers.

After graduating from Oxford University in 1976, Berners-Lee joined the company «Plessey Telecommunications Ltd» in Dorset, where he worked for two years, working primarily distributed transaction systems.In 1978, Berners-Lee moved to the company «DG Nash. Ltd.», where he focused on software for printers, and created a semblance of multi-tasking operating system.Then he worked for half a year at the European Laboratory for Nuclear Research CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) software consultant. It was there that he wrote for their own needs program "Enkvayr" (Eng. «Enquire», can be translated as "Investigator"), which used random associations and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.From 1981 to 1984, Tim Berners-Lee worked for the company «Image Computer Systems Ltd» System Architect.

In 1984 he received a scholarship at CERN and started there the development of distributed systems for the collection of scientific data. During this time, he worked on the system «FASTBUS» and has developed its own system RPC (Eng. Remote Procedure Call).

In 1989, while working at CERN on the internal system of exchange of documents ENQUIRE, Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, now known as the World Wide Web. The project was approved and implemented. From 1991 to 1993, Tim Berners-Lee continued working on the World Wide Web. He collected feedback from users and coordinated the Web.
Task 17. Answer the questions:
1. Where was Tim Berners-Lee born?

2. What were his parents?

3. Did Tim Berners-Lee assemble his first computer?

4. When did he graduate from Oxford University?

5. When did he join the company “DG Hash Ltd.”?

6. Where did he work after 1981?

7. Did Berners-Lee propose a global hypertext project, known as the World Wide Web?
Task 18. Match the following words from the text with their definitions:

1) a semblance	a) to put into action
2) to graduate	b) officially agree to or accept as satisfactory.
3) to deprive	c) to grow, or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced
4) hypertext	d) a software system that links topics on the screen to related information and graphics, which are typically accessed by a point-and-click method.”
5) to develop	e) to deny (a person or place) the possession or use of something
6) to approve	f) successfully complete an academic degree
7) to implement	g) apparent form of something.

Task 19. Find the equivalents in the text:

Первый компьютер с процессором; создать подобие многозадачной операционной системы; перейти в другую компанию; консультант по программному обеспечению; писать программы для собственных нужд; концептуальная основа, получать стипендию; система сбора научных данных; система обмена документации; глобальный гипертекстовый проект.
Task 20. Insert the missing words and word combinations into the following sentences: web; data; systems; program; company, processor, creation. (Sometimes you should change the form of the words).
1. His parents, Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, worked on the … of «Manchester Mark I», one of the first computers.

2. He assembled his first computer with a … M6800 with a TV as a monitor.

3. After graduating from Oxford University in 1976, Berners-Lee joined the … «Plessey Telecommunications Ltd».

4. He wrote for their own needs … "Enkvayr" (eng. «Enquire»,), which used random associations and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.

5.Berners-Lee worked for two years, working primarily distributed transaction ….

6. In 1984 he started the development of distributed systems for the collection of scientific….

7. In 1989, while working at CERN on the internal system of exchange of documents ENQUIRE, Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, now known as the World Wide….
Task 21. Are the sentences True or False?
1) Tim Berners-Lee was born in London.

2) His parents, Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, were both doctors.

3) Tim went to school in the city of Darlington.

4) He assembled his first computer with a processor M6800 with a TV as a monitor at King's College in Oxford.

5) After graduating from Oxford University in 1976, Berners-Lee joined the company «Plessey Telecommunications Ltd».

6) Tim Berners-Lee collected feedback from users and coordinated the Web.

7) The project “World Wide Web” was not approved and implemented.
Task 22. Read the quotes and comment on them:
1. Technology is so much fun but we can drown in our technology. The fog of information can drive out knowledge.

(Daniel J. Boorstin)