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МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ (УНИВЕРСИТЕТ) МИД РФ Кафедра английского языка № 2 СБОРНИК ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ УПРАЖНЕНИЙ для студентов I курса факультета МЭО (английский язык)
Москва, 2000 г. THE PASSIVE VOICE SECTION I. THE FORMATION OF THE PASSIVE VOICET  o be + Participle 2
MODAL VERBS
The subject of a passive verb corresponds to the object of an active verb SUBJECT SUBJECT Passive: This housewas built in 1486 Germanis spoken in Austria Active: They builtthis house in 1486 Austrians speakGerman OBJECT OBJECT USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE PECULIAR TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Passive sentences describe what happens to people or things, often as a result of action by other people or things. 1. We use the passive when it is not so important (or unknown) who or what did the action. My article was published yesterday. Rome wasn’t built in one day. The origin of the Universe will be explained. In these kinds of context, the person doing the action is often not important, or it is difficult to say who it is. 2. It’s wrong to consider the passive to be another way of expressing a sentence in the active voice. We use it only when we don’t want to say who did it. Helen likes English (But not “English is liked by Helen”. It sounds funny in English). 3. Only the verb which take on object can go into the passive. Intransitive verbs can’t be used in the Passive voice. They are: - to fly, to arrive to be, to become - to have, to lack, to possess, to consist, to belong - to hold, to suit, to resemble, to fit - to appear, to seem, to come ,to go, to last The hall holds 500 people. They have a nice house. My shoes don’t fit me. Sylvia resembles a Greek goddess. My mother lacks the fact. 4. There are sentences in the active having a passive meaning. This shirt irons well. Your book reads well. This coat will wear a lifetime. The door closed and there was silence in the room. 5. If you want to say who did it or what caused the action, use by or with. The house was built by my grandfather. It was destroyed by fire. The room was filled with smoke. The wood can be cut with a knife 6. We use the infinitive after modal verbs and a number of other verbs. The passive infinitive is to be done / to have done. I want to be left alone The music could be heard far away My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen. 7. If it is possible to make two different passive sentences, it is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person. Ann wasn’t offered the job The job wasn’t offered to Ann. STUDY THE PATTERN
8. Some verbs can be used only in the following type of constructions:
The news was announced to everybody. Everything will be explained to you later. 9. Passive constructions with the verb to advise, to allow, to award, to deny, to forbid, to forgive, to grant, to offer, to order, to pay, to promise, to refuse, to show, to teach, to envy present some difficulties. In English the subject of such constructions corresponds to the Russian indirect object. The center of passive construction in English is not changed. Pay attention to the following difference.
He was given a ten days’ leave. Have you been shown the documents? They were told to wait. 10. The verbs which take personal object can form passive construction of the following pattern: ( the list of such verbs is given below).
The film was much spoken about. The doctor was sent for. Mind the place of the preposition in Russian and English
The verbs taking prepositional objects. It should be remembered that not all of them retain this preposition in Russian. A. to agree to/with - соглашаться с чем-то to agree on/upon - прийти к соглашению to arrive at an agreement - прийти к соглашению to arrive at a compromise - прийти к компромиссу to arrive at a conclusion - прийти к заключению to arrive at a decision - прийти к решению to call for, on - зайти за to count on - надеяться, рассчитывать на кого-то to deal with - иметь дело с to hear of - слышать о to insist on/upon - настаивать на to interfere with - вмешиваться в, мешать to laugh at - смеяться над to look after - ухаживать за to look at - смотреть на to put up with - примириться с to refer to - ссылаться на to rely on/upon - полагаться на to send for - посылать за to speak about/of, to - говорить о/с to talk about - говорить о to think of - думать о to write about - писать о to find fault with - придираться к to make fun of - насмехаться над to pay attention to - обращать внимание на to take care of - заботиться о B. to account for - объяснять to comment on - комментировать to listen to - слушать to look for - искать to operate on - оперировать to provide for - снабжать to lose sight of - потерять из виду to make fool of - дурачить to make use of - использовать to put an end to - положить конец to take (no) notice of - (не) замечать The boat was soon lost sight of. The child should be taken care of He remark was taken notice of. 11. The passive is frequently used to describe scientific or mechanical processes, or in formal explanations: The passive is frequently used 12. The passive is often used in news reports: A number of political prisoners have been released. Talks will be held in London next week. It is not essential to repeat the auxiliary verb to be in a list of processes: The cars are washed, cleaned checked, and then given to the ports. SECTION II. 1. RECOGNISE THE PASSIVE Ex. 1. Find the passive verbs in this text. What tenses are they? In Denmark, 24 people were left hanging upside down when a roller coaster car made an unscheduled stop. The passengers were stranded 60 feet in the air for 20 minutes before firemen arrived with ladders. An official for the fairground, at Alborg in Western Denmark, said the riders had been firmly locked in and not been in danger. “They were given their money back”, the official said. Ex. 2. Underline all the passives. Acid rain is caused by burning coal and oil. When either fuel is burned, it releases poisonous gases which are carried up into the atmosphere and sometimes transported long distances. Over 3000 research projects have been carried out to look into acid rain, and a decision to tackle the problem has been taken in most of the western European countries. Measures have been taken in Scandinavia and in Central Europe to stop the pollution before it is dumped on the environment: and a diplomatic campaign has been launched to countries that the problem has to be considered as a major ecological threat. “Five years ago this issue was not being treated seriously,” says one of the leading environmental group, “but now that damage has been reported in large areas of forest and Lakeland our politicians are being forced to take action. This problem must be solved quickly: if governments do nothing, they will be faced in two or three years time with the accusation that they have allowed our forests to die.” A major international initiative to combat acid rain is expected in the near future. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
