Учебное пособие. А. Н. Туполева (каи) кафедра восточных и европейских языков (вея) engineering английский язык для студентов технических специальностей учебное пособие
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Part II1. MATERIALSRead the text and fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box below.
Material is synonymous with substance. It is anything that is (1) __________ of matter – hydrogen, air and water are all examples of materials. Sometimes the word "material" is used more narrowly and refers to substances or (2) __________ with certain physical (3) __________ that are used in production or (4) __________ . In this sense, materials are the components that we need when we want to make something else (from buildings to computers). A material can be anything: a finished product or a raw material. Raw (5) __________ are materials that are taken from the earth and (6) _________ into a form that can be easily transported and stored. Then they are processed into semi-finished materials. These can be input into a new cycle of (7) _________ to create final products. The examples of raw materials are: cotton, coal, (8) __________ , etc. In chemistry materials can be divided into metals and non-metals. Different materials have different (9) __________ . Materials and their properties are studied by a special (10) __________ that is called – Materials Science. 2. MATERIALS SCIENCE Read the text a part by part. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the boxes below.
Materials science is a (1) __________ that studies the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and (2) __________ . This science study the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It includes elements of applied physics and (3)__________ . Nowadays scientists (4) __________ their attention on nanoscience and nanotechnology, so materials science has been introduced to many universities. It is also an (5) __________ part of forensic engineering and failure analysis. Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and (6) _________ of materials.
Materials (7) __________ is a very old scientific discipline. In ancient times the choice of the material gave the name to the era – for example the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Steel Age. Materials science is one of the oldest forms of (8) _________ and applied science, deriving from the manufacture of ceramics. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself had evolved from mining. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the American (9) __________ Josiah Willard Gibbs demonstrated that the thermodynamic properties related to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical (10) _________ of a material. Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles. Materials science is driven by the development of revolutionary (11) __________ such as plastics, semiconductors, and biomaterials.
Before the 1960s many (12) __________ of materials science at universities were named “metallurgy” departments. It was because of the fact that from the 19th and to early 20th century scientists put emphasis on metals. Since that the field has broadened and now includes every class of (13) __________ - ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials (materiomics). In materials science, the main aim is to (14) __________ materials in order to be able to create new materials with the desired (15) __________ . Materials science divides materials into various classes. Each of this class may form a separate field. Materials are sometimes (16) _________ by the type of bonding between the atoms: Ionic crystals, Covalent crystals, Metals, Intermetallics, Semiconductors, Polymers, Composite materials, Vitreous materials.
Materials science can be (17) _________ into different disciplines that study different materials and their properties. For example:
Materials science also study:
3. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Read the following text quickly and match the headings from the box below to its parts (A, B, … H).
Read the text again and fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the boxes in each part. A. ___________________
This (1) __________ element is a good conductor of both electricity and heat. In chemistry, this (Ancient Greek métallon, μέταλλον) is an element or alloy that (2) __________ electricity. In this element, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions. Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. Metals occupy most of the periodic table, while non-metallic (3) __________ can only be found on the right-hand-side of the (4) __________ Table of the Elements. A diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals from the non-metals. Most elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semiconductors. This is due to the fact that these elements have electrical (5) __________ common to both conductors and insulators (elements that don’t carry electricity). Elements to the lower left of this division line are called metals, while elements to the upper right of the division line are called (6)__________ . Metals are very corrosive – they (7) __________ in contact with water. Painting (or any other form of covering) is a good way to prevent their corrosion. Metals in general have high electrical conductivity, the ability to be deformed under stress. Optically speaking, metals are (8) __________ (that means ‘not clear’), shiny and lustrous. The large number of free electrons in any typical metallic element or alloy is responsible for the fact that they can never be categorized as transparent (9) __________ . B. ____________________
This is a metallic chemical (10) __________ with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a group 8 and period 4 element of the Periodic Table of the Elements and is therefore classified as a transition metal. This element and its alloys (steels) are the most common metals and the most common ferromagnetic materials in everyday (11) __________ . Pure iron is a metal but is rarely found in this form on the surface of the earth because it oxidizes in the presence of (12) __________ and moisture. Fresh iron surfaces are silvery-grey in color, but oxidize in air to form a red or brown coating of ferric oxide or (13) __________. Pure single crystals of iron are soft (softer than aluminium). The (14) __________ of iron can be modified by alloying it with various other (15) __________ to form steels. Alloying iron with appropriate small amounts (up to a few per cent) of other metals produces steel, which can be 1,000 times (16) __________ than pure iron. Iron is a necessary element used by almost all living organisms. C. ___________________
This is a mixture of two or more (17) __________ in which the major component is a metal. Most pure metals are too soft or chemically reactive for (18) __________ use. Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable (19) __________ . The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, (20) __________ , resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable colour. Of all the metallic (21) __________ in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest (22) __________ both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. The addition of silicon will produce cast irons. Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known since prehistory—bronze gave the Bronze Age its name—and have many applications today, most importantly in (23) __________ wiring. The (24) __________ of the other three metals have been developed relatively recently; due to their chemical reactivity they require electrolytic extraction processes. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios; magnesium can also (25) __________ electromagnetic protection. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications. Alloys specially designed for highly-demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements. D. ____________________
This is an alloy of copper and zinc. The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied; this creates a range of brasses with various (26) __________ . In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. Brass is a substitutional alloy. It is used for (27) __________ for its bright gold-like appearance; for applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears, bearings, doorknobs, ammunition, and valves; for plumbing and electrical applications; and extensively in musical (28) __________ such as horns and bells for its acoustic (29) __________ . It is also used in zippers. Because it is softer than most other metals in general use, brass is often used in situations where it is important that sparks not be struck, as in fittings and tools around explosive gases. Brass has a yellow (30) __________ , somewhat similar to gold. It is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and is often used as decoration and for coins. In antiquity, polished brass was often used as a (31) __________ . Forms of brass have been in use since prehistory. But the direct alloying of (32) __________ and zinc metal was introduced to Europe in the (33) __________ century. Brass has good malleability (it means it is easy to shape) and acoustic properties, as it was mentioned above. It is used in many musical instruments, such as trombone, tuba, trumpet, cornet, euphonium, tenor horn, and the French horn. Even though the saxophone is classified as a woodwind instrument and the harmonica is a free reed aerophone, both are also often made from brass. In organ pipes of the reed family, brass strips (called tongues) are used as the reeds, which beat against the shallot (or beat "through" the shallot in the case of a "free" reed). Brass has higher malleability than copper or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940°C, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to (34) __________ . By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the (35) __________ can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. Today almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled. Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent and self healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use especially in sea water applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and tear resistant. E. ____________________
This (from the ancient Greek αδάμας – adámas "unbreakable") is an allotrope of carbon. It is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at ambient conditions. (36) __________ has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material. Those properties determine the major (37) __________ application of diamond in cutting and polishing (38) __________ . This material has remarkable optical (39) __________ . Combined with wide transparency, this results in the clear, colorless appearance of most natural diamonds. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion, that is ability to disperse light of different colors, which results in its characteristic luster. Excellent optical and mechanical (40) __________ , combined with efficient marketing, make diamond the most popular gemstone. Diamond is the hardest (41) __________ material known, where hardness is defined as resistance to scratching and is graded between 1 (softest) and 10 (hardest) using the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Diamond has a hardness of 10 (hardest) on this scale. Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. Diamond hardness depends on its purity. Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent (42) __________ insulators. F. ____________________
This is a substance which can be (43) __________ with water and become hard after drying. The term ‘cement’ refers only to the dry powder substance. After the addition of water the cement mixture is referred to as ‘concrete’. Cement (mixed with water) can (44) __________ other materials together. The word ‘cement’ traces to the Romans, who used the term "opus caementicium" to describe (45) __________ which was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. Cements used in construction are characterized as hydraulic or (46) __________. The most (47) __________ use of cement is the (48) __________ of a strong (49) __________ material. G. ____________________
This is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material. It (50) _________ easily, and often optically transparent (or clear). It is commonly used for (51) __________ , bottles, modern hard drives, eyewear, etc. The word ‘glass’ developed in the late Roman Empire. It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier (now it is in modern Germany), that the late-Latin word glesum reffered to a transparent substance. Glass plays an (52) __________ role in science and (53) __________ . The (54) __________ and physical properties of glass make it (55) __________ for applications such as flat glass, container glass, optics and optoelectronics material, (56) __________ equipment, etc. H. ____________________
It is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic amorphous solid materials used in the manufacture of industrial (57) __________ . This material is typically a polymer of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to (58) __________ production, the quality of products and/or reduce costs. Monomers of Plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. The word is derived from the Greek πλαστικός (plastikos) meaning ‘suitable for moulding’, and πλαστός (plastos) meaning ‘moulded’. The first human-made (59) __________ was invented by Alexander Parkes in 1855; he called this plastic Parkesine (later called celluloid). It was demonstrated at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in (60) __________. The common word ‘plastic’(as a noun) should not be confused with the technical adjective ‘plastic’, which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (plastic deformation) when strained beyond a certain point. Aluminium, for instance, is plastic in this sense, but not a plastic in the common sense; in contrast, in their finished forms, some plastics will break before deforming and therefore are not plastic in the technical sense. Plastics can be classified by (61) __________ structure. Some important groups in these (62) __________ are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical (63) __________ used in their synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking.
Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for (64) __________ or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, and electrically conductive. Plastics can also be (65) __________ by various physical (66) __________ , such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to various chemical products. Plastics show good plasticity during manufacture; that allows them to be pressed, or shaped into a variety of forms — such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, (67) __________ , boxes, and much more. Plastic has relatively low cost; it is easy to (68) __________ ; it doesn’t (69) __________ in contact with water. That is why plastics are used in different products - from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many (70) __________ materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, metal, (71) __________ and ceramic (in most of their former uses). But plastics are still too expensive to replace items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, and railroad ties. Make a summary of this text. (List the materials mentioned and their main properties). Try to make your own small text about properties of wood, gold (or any other material of your choice). PartIII (… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
(02:17) PRE-LISTENING 1. What do material engineers do in their career? 2. What do you think is the aim of a Material Science Centre? 3. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words: “research”, “equipment”, “capability”. WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video a part by part and answer the following questions: 00:05 – 00:24 4. What is Material Science Centre? 5. What does the Centre do? 00:25 – 00:37 6. What is the equipment the speaker is talking about used for? 00:38 – 00:45 7. What kind of equipment does the Centre have? 00:46 – 01:00 8. How many Universities in America have special equipment (or instruments for research) that the speaker is talking about? 01:11 – 01:41 9. What capabilities do these special instruments have? POST-LISTENING__13._Who_do_you_think_will_be_interested_in_being_a_student_at_this_school_Why__MATERIALS_SCIENCE_AND_ENGINEERING'>POST-LISTENING__10._Do_you_think_that_people_need_to_have_such_Scientific_Centers_Why__MATERIALS_SCIENCE_AND_ENGINEERING'>POST-LISTENING 10. Do you think that people need to have such Scientific Centers? Why?
AT CLEMSON GRADUATE SCHOOL (02:50) PRE-LISTENING 1. What does materials science deal with? 2. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words: “to direct (= to be the head of)”, “faculty”, “equipment”, “microscope”, “to depend on”. WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video a part by part and answer the following questions: 00:00 – 01:36 3. What is the speaker’s name? 4. What is the speaker? 5. What is studied at this school? 6. What practical things do they do at this school? 8. What faculty is mentioned in the track? 01:37 – end 9. Where is the speaker? 10. What equipment is the speaker talking about? 11. Does the school have only one microscope? 12. What does the usage of different microscopes depend on? POST-LISTENING 13. Who do you think will be interested in being a student at this school? Why?
AT PENN STATE (08:40) PRE-LISTENING 1. What does materials science deal with? 2. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words: “simplified”, “to apply something”, “to manipulate”, “impact”. WHILE-LISTENING Watch the video a part by part and answer the following questions: 00:00 – 00:27 3. What is the main idea of this short introduction? 00:28 - 00:52 4. What is the most simplified definition of ‘materials science’? 5. Who and what is the speaker? 6. What does the Materials Science study according to the speakers? the 1 speaker: __________ the 2 speaker: ___________ the 3 speaker: ___________ 00:53 – 04:33 7. What are the spheres of usage of Materials Science research that are mentioned in this part of video? 8. What do they study and do on practice at Penn State? 04:34 – 05:10 9. What is the idea of interdisciplinary learning? POST-LISTENING 10. Summarize the ideas of what materials science is, what it deals with, what it studies and why. 5. SMART MATERIALS Part I 1. Read the following sentences below (1-3). What does the word ‘smart’ mean in each one (clever, fashionable, formal)? 1. He wore a smart suit to the meeting. 2. She’s the smartest girl in the class. 3. They stayed in a smart hotel in New York. (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 6, pg.7, ex.1) 2. a) Look at the title of the text. Do you think the materials are clever, fashionable, or formal? b) Read the text and check.
3. Find in the text:
- …дорогостоящая (смесь)… - …изначальная форма… - …температура человеческого тела… - …помещать внутрь…
- …возможные способы использования…
- …незначительное повреждение… 4. Read the text again and choose the correct answers for questions (1–4) below.
(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 6, pg.7, ex.3) 5. Complete the definitions (1-8) below with the highlighted words in the text.
(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 6, pg.7, ex.4) 6. Answer the following questions to the text:
7. Match the following words:
8. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with a suitable word: 1. Brass is an ______________ of copper and zinc. 2. Brass doesn’t _____________ to water. 3. Smart materials can return to their ________________ shape. 4. Metals ______________ when they are heated. 5. ____________________ is the ability to create pictures in your mind. 6. Smart materials are called so, because they react to changes in their ________________. 7. Medical ______________ is usually _______________ and put inside the patient’s body. 8. Bricks are hold together with the help of a __________________ of cement and water. 9. Smart materials have good shape ________________ . 10. “Smart materials” is the human _________________ of the twentieth century. Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this part with the help of “ACTIVE VOCABULARY” section. Part II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||