методичка. Агрономического профиля
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Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И. Т. Трубилина» И. C. Криворучко, Е. В. Чуйкова КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ АГРОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ПРОФИЛЯ Учебное пособие Краснодар КубГАУ 2017 УДК 811.111:631.9(075.8) ББК 81.432.1 К82 Рецензенты: З. И. Гурьева – зав. кафедрой английского языка в профессиональной сфере, профессор, д-р филол. наук (Кубанский государственный университет); М. А. Батурьян – доцент кафедры иностранных языков, канд. филол. наук (Кубанский государственный аграрный университет) Криворучко И. С. К82 Курс английского языка для специальностей агрономического профиля : учеб. пособие / И. С. Криворучко, Е. В. Чуйкова. – Краснодар : КубГАУ, 2017. – 110 с. ISBN Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с программой по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов. В пособии представлен грамматический материал и задания, способствующие закреплению таких тем, как страдательный залог, неличные формы глагола, согласование времен, а также тексты по специальности для перевода и развития навыков устной речи. Предназначено для студентов-бакалавров агрономических специальностей. УДК 811.111:631.5(075.8) ББК 81.432.1 © Криворучко И. С., Е. В. Чуйкова, 2017 © ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени ISBN И. Т. Трубилина», 2017 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Учебное пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов-бакалавров агрономического факультета, обучающихся по специальности «Агрономия», владеющих английским языком в объеме средней школы и продолжающих изучение языка в вузе. Целью пособия является развитие речевой профессиональной деятельности на английском языке, а именно, научить обучающихся читать, понимать без словаря тексты на английском языке по специальности, привить навыки перевода текстов со словарем, не испытывая трудностей при встрече со сложными грамматическими явлениями (страдательным залогом, неличными формами глаголов, модальными конструкциями и т. д.), и подготовить к устному сообщению по изученной теме. Учебное пособие состоит из 12 уроков, в каждом из которых имеется грамматический материал с упражнениями для закрепления, основной текст с лексическими упражнениями, словарь-минимум, текст для дополнительной работы по указанной теме. Лексические и речевые упражнения ориентированы на подготовку кратких сообщений по темам, их обсуждение, переводы. Unit 1 Grammar Revision: Modal verbs Text A: Nature and Importance of Plants Text B: Life is impossible without plants Модальные глаголы (Modal verbs) Глаголы can (could), may (might), must, ought, need относятся к группе так называемых модальных глаголов (Modal Verbs). Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого: Не can do it himself. Он может это сделать сам.They may come tonight. Они, может быть, придут сегодня вечером. Модальные глаголы не выражают конкретных процессов (действий), а показывают лишь отношение говорящего к действию, оценку действия, т. е. возможность, необходимость, предположительность, долженствование, разрешение и т. д. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами (Defective Verbs), так как они не имеют всех форм, какие есть у других глаголов. Глаголы сап и may имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени: can – could, may – might, глаголы must, ought и need – только форму настоящего времени. Модальные глаголы имеют ряд формальных отличительных особенностей. Сочетание модального глагола с неперфектным инфинитивом относит действие к настоящему или будущему времени либо свидетельствует о его одновременности с моментом речи, и, напротив, сочетание с перфектным инфинитивом либо относит действие к прошлому, либо выражает предшествование действия относительно момента речи: I could do it. Я мог бы сделать это (в настоящем или будущем). I could have done it. Я мог бы сделать это(но уже не сделал). Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится непосредственно после модального глагола, в результате чего значение меняется на противоположное: must должен– must notне должен. В настоящем времени can пишется слитно с not: He cannot do it. You may not take it. He must not go there. В разговорной речи в отрицательной форме обычно употребляются следующие сокращения: cannot – can't, could not – couldn't, may not – mayn't, might not –mightn't, must not – mustn't, ought not – oughtn't, need not – needn’t. В вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол стоит на первом месте либо сразу после вспомогательного слова: Who can do it? Кто может сделать это? Основные значения модальных глаголов – необходимость (долженствование), возможность и предположение. Некоторые глаголы имеют формы прошедшего времени: can – could, may – might (иногда называют и will – would, shall – should), тем не менее, все эти формы могут иметь самостоятельные, присущие только им оттенки значения. Вместо недостающих неличных и аналитических форм модальных глаголов используют их эквиваленты: tohave, tobe (=must), tobeable (=can), tobeallowed, tobepermitted (=may). Отличительные свойства модальных глаголов 1. Не имеют окончания -s в 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего времени. He can do it. He may take it. He must go there. Heoughttohelphim. Needhedoit? 2. Не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, герундия и причастия). 3. Не употребляются как отдельный член предложения – простое глагольное сказуемое, но только в сочетании с еще одним, не модальным, глаголом в форме инфинитива без частицы to (кроме ought и иногда need), образуя составное глагольное сказуемое. I must go there. Ядолженпойтитуда. You needn't do it. Вам не нужно делать этого. Но: You ought to help him. Вам следовало бы помочь ему. 4. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модальных глаголов образуются без вспомогательного глагола: в вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, в отрицательных – после него ставится отрицание not.Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need he do it? He ought not to help him. He need not do it. 5. Не имеют формы прошедшего времени (кроме can – could, may – might) и аналитических форм (будущего времени, продолженного вида, перфектных форм и форм страдательного залога). В случае необходимости вместо отсутствующих форм используются эквиваленты модальных глаголов. 1. Use the modal verbs must (должен), can (могу, умею), may (можно, разрешено), should (следует /совет/), ought to (следует /упрек/) to complete the sentences. There may be more than one possible answer. 1. It’s too far to walk from here to the station.. You ... take a taxi. 2. Sarah got the job because she ... speak five languages. 3. The windows are dirty. I ... clean them. 4. You ... use a dictionary. 5. I like this hotel room. You ... see the lake from the window. 6. It’s a good film. You ... see it. 7. He ... take my book. 8. We ... go to the bank today. We have no money. 9. When you are driving, you…wear a seat belt. 10. We…see the lake from our window. 11. If you have time, you ... visit the museum. It’s very interesting. 12. I ... come and see you tomorrow. 13. She ... use this "computer program. 14. Your salary is very low. You ... look for another job. 15. Mary is a very interesting person. You ... meet her. 16. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It ... rain later. 17. Sandra ... drive but she hasn’t got a car. 18. Tomorrow the game is very important for us. We ... win. 19. Students ... bring textbooks into the examination room. 20. It’s late and you’re very tired. You ... go to bed. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs and their equivalents. 1. Man can use plants for food. 2. We must know how a plant grows. 3. The farmers can grow a new corn variety on their farm. 4. All parts of a plant must be developed well. 5. They had to resow this crop because of bad weather. 6. The farmers are to increase wheat yield. 7. Some plants are so small that they can be distinguished only under microscope. 8. There are very large trees growing in California that may be 350 feet high with a diameter of 20 feet at the base. 9. Plants may be used for many different purposes. 10. Farm crops may be classified according to their use. 3. Translate the sentences into Russian. Name the sentences with the verbs «to be» and «to have» as modals. Farmers will have to cultivate this soil when it is dry. 2. The farm is to increase yield of corn. 3. They had to grow some new grain crops this year. 4. The plants have very many uses. 5. These crops are very important for men. 6. Crop plants are to be classified on the basis of their use. 7. The farmer will have to plant corn later this year. Text A Vocabulary list importance – важность, значение to be dependent (upon) – зависеть от size – размер, величина either … or – или … или directly (indirectly) – прямо, косвенно to exist – существовать species – вид to expect – ожидать to vary (in) – изменяться, различаться variable – изменчивый to require – требовать(ся) requirement – требование, потребность usefulness – польза as to – что касается for instance – например as well as – также как и low – низкий, нижний to distinguish – различать according to – согласно, в соответствии similar – подобный similarity – сходство, подобие source – источник in turn– в свою очередь value – ценность valuable – ценный 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian: either directly or indirectly, plant kingdom, variable forms, usefulness to man, to be made up of only one cell, with the aid of a microscope, for instance, redwood trees, the lowest forms of plant life, according to similarity of parts, valuable food products. 2. Read and translate the text. Nature and Importance of Plants Man has always lived with plants but most of us probably do not realize how important plants are in our daily life and that we are still as dependent upon plants as primitive man was thousands of years ago. All our food and clothing are produced either directly or indirectly by plants. There exist more than 250000 species of plants on the Earth. When grouped together they are known as plant kingdom. As may be expected in so large a number many variable forms exist. Plants vary in size, structure, form, reproduction, in their requirements and their usefulness to man. As to the size, some plants such as bacteria are made up of only one cell and are so small that they can be distinguished only with the aid of a microscope. Others are very large, as for instance, redwood trees growing in California that may be 350 feet high with a diameter of 20 feet at the base. Fungi as well as algae are the lowest forms of plant life. Because of the large number of widely differing forms of plants, it has been necessary to place them into groups according to similarity of parts. The plant forms best known to most people are those that are useful to man. Many of the farm crops are fed by animals which in turn produce valuable food products used by man. Certainly there may be plants the value of which has not been yet discovered. We do not yet know all the uses of plants, but as scientists continue their work many new uses will be found. As farm crops may be used for so many different purposes they were also classified agronomically according to their use rather than according to similarity of parts. 3. Find in the text the English equivalents of Russian word combinations: зависеть от растений, прямо или косвенно, царство растений, при помощи микроскопа, первобытный человек, согласно сходству частей, продукты питания, использование растений, различные цели. 4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the text. All our … and … are produced either directly or indirectly by plants. 2. Plants vary in size, …, form, … and their usefulness to man. 3. The lowest forms of life are … and … . 4. Plants must be placed into groups according to ... of parts. 5. There are plants the … of which has not been yet discovered. 6. Plants are also classified agronomically according to their … . 7. There … very many … of plants. 5. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). 1. Our food and clothing are produced directly or indirectly by plants. 2. Bacteria are made up of many cells and can be distinguished without a microscope. 3. Fungi as well as algae are the highest forms of plant life. 4. We do not yet know all the uses of plants. 5. Farm crops may be used for so many different purposes that’s why they were classified agronomically. 6. The scientists continue their work and we can expect new uses of plants to be found. 6. Find in the text answers to the following questions. 1. Are we still dependent upon plants as primitive man was thousands of years ago? 2. What is our food and clothing produced by? 3. How many plant species are there on the earth? 4. What do plants vary in? 5. What can you say about plant size? 6. What are the lowest forms of plant life? 7. What are plants used for? 8. How are field crops classified agronomically? 9. Why aren't farm crops classified according to similarity of parts? 7. Find key sentences in each paragraph of the text and use them for retelling the text. 8. Give the short summary of text A Text B 1. Skim text B and say what the text is about. Life is impossible without plants From earliest times plants play an important part in everyday life of man. Plants provide us with food, clothing and many other necessary things. The cultivation of plants is connected with man’s progress. Man’s food and clothing are produced directly or indirectly by plants. Without plant life neither animals nor men will be able to live. There exist very many species of plants. Some of them are grown and cultivated by farmers and are called farm crops. Some plants are used directly by man, some are consumed by animals. The scientists continue their work and we can expect new uses of plants to be found and the value of other plants to be discovered. Great progress has been made in breeding suitable plants and animals that grow best in the given environment. Life is impossible without plants. We breathe with oxygen which comes from plants, we eat the food which also comes from plants. Man began to change plants about 10000 years ago, when he began to grow the first food plants. Plants use sunlight and make their food; they give off oxygen into the air during this process. Many elements make up a plant’s environment. Sunlight, temperature, rain and snow affect the growth of plants. 2. Answer the following questions. 1. What do plants provide man with? 2. What plants are called farm crops? 3. What can we expect from scientists? 4. Is life possible without plants? 5. When did man begin to change plants? 6. What do plants give off into air? 3. Find in the text the paragraph describing the role of plants in our daily life. 4. What are the factors affecting the growth of plants? 5. Enumerate the main items covered in text В. Unit 2 Grammar Revision: Comparatives and Superlatives Text A: Crop Plants and Environment Text B: Plants and Nature Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Comparatives and Superlatives) Все английские прилагательные (кроме относительных) имеют сравнительную и превосходную степени сравнения. Особая категория английских наречий может также иметь степени сравнения. Таблица 1 – Образование степеней сравнения в английском языке
Продолжение таблицы 1
Таблица 2 – Особенности употребления прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степени
Продолжение таблицы 2
Для сравнения качества предметов используют также следующие формулы: than – чем: Moscow is larger than St.-Petersburg. as … as – так(ой)же … как: He is as young as my brother. not so … as – нетак(ой)… как: This train goes not so quickly as that one. the more … the better – чем … тем: The more you work the better you know the language. much, far – намного,гораздо: The husband was much older than the wife. a bit, a little – немного: Could you speak a bit louder? 1. Open the brackets using Comparatives. 1. I don’t get what you mean. Could you please talk (slowly)? 2.You should have thought about buying the dress (early). It is two days left before the prom and we will not be able to find something special. 3. Arabella laughs (loud) than before. Is everything (good) now? 4. Her mother knows the history (accurately) than her teacher. 5. All of a sudden John turned out to run (fast). 6. The situation on the labor market is getting (bad). It is getting (hard) to find an appropriate job. 7. The group of old friend arrived to the station (late) than everyone else. 8. I used to go to the swimming pool (often) than I do right now. 9. This test was very difficult. I know you can do much (good). 10. They moved (far) than they’d planned. 2. Open the brackets using Comparatives or Superlatives. 1. The Trans-Siberian railway is (long) in the world. 2. The 22nd of December is the (short) day of the year. 3. Iron is (useful) of all metals. 4. The Volga is (wide) and (deep) than the Neva River. 5. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian Mountains. 6. His theory is (practical) than yours. 7. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia. 8. Yesterday was the (cold) day we have had this winter. 3. Fill in the gaps with as … as or so … as. 1 The temperature today is … high … it was yesterday. 2. He is not … old … he looks. 3. He is … strong … his brother. 4. This street is … wide … the next one. 5. The luggage is not … heavy … I expected. 6. His TV set is not … powerful … mine. 7. She is … tall … her mother. 8. In Novgorod it is not … hot … in Rostov. Text A Vocabulary list under conditions – при условиях, в условиях to do well (do best) – растут хорошо (лучше всего) a frost-free period – безморозный период moderate – умеренный cotton – хлопок sorghum – сорго, просо soybean – соя favorable (unfavorable) – благоприятный, неблагоприятный rye – рожь humidity – влажность long-day plants – растения длинного дня short-day plants – растения короткого дня to belong to – принадлежать к millet – просо sunflower – подсолнечник buckwheat – гречиха respiration – дыхание carbon dioxide – углекислый газ 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russia: crops well adapted to the region, to produce high yields, to grow under cool or moderate conditions, to differ in the length of the growing season, a frost-free period, average annual rainfall, favorable environmental conditions, short-day plants, a very essential factor, a factor influencing the growth, to be affected by the length of the day, small grains. 2. Read and translate the text. Crop Plants and Environment The conditions in which an organism lives are known as environment. All plants require favorable environmental conditions for their better growth and development. Crops that are not well adapted to the region where they are cultivated will not produce high yields. In crop selection climate is the most important environmental factor. The crops which grow best under relatively cool or moderate conditions include wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, sugar beets, red clover, and many grasses. Corn, cotton, sorghum, rice, soybeans do best and differ in the length of the growing season required for the optimum development. A frost-free period less than 125 days is unfavorable for most crops. Another factor influencing the growth of plants is humidity that is why the average annual rainfall is a very essential characteristic of an area. Light is necessary for photosynthesis – the process by which plant food is manufactured. Life processes of many plants are influenced by the relative length of day and night. Long-day plants require long days for their better growth, while short-day plants produce flowers and fruit when the days are short. Most small grains belong to the group of long-day crops, among short-day crops are corn, sorghum, rice, millet and soybeans. There are also crops which are not affected by the length of day, these are cotton, sunflower and buckwheat. Air is an important environmental factor too. It supplies carbon dioxide for plant growth and oxygen for respiration as well as for chemical and biological processes in the soil. 3. Find in the text the following word combinations: окружающая среда, расти лучше всего при прохладных условиях, продолжительность вегетационного периода, среднегодовые осадки, растения длинного дня, растения короткого дня, образовывать цветки и плоды, кислород для дыхания, относительная продолжительность дня и ночи. 4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. 1. Environmental … are very important factors for good plant growth. 2. Soil humidity is influenced by the average annual … . 3. Most small grains belong to … crops. 4. Such crops as … and … do not require high temperature for their growth. 5. Plants obtain … and … from the air. 6. The growth of cotton is not … by the length of the day. 7. Cotton grows best under … climatic conditions. 8. Crops should be well … to environmental conditions. 5. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). All plants require favorable environmental conditions for their better growth and development. 2. A frost-free growing period more than 150 days is unfavorable for most crops. 3. Light is not necessary for the process of photosynthesis. 4. Relative length of day and night influences life processes of many plants. 5. Most small grains belong to long-day crops. 6. Cotton, sunflower and buckwheat are not affected by the length of day. 7. Air supplies carbon dioxide for plant growth and oxygen for respiration as well as for chemical and biological processes in the soil. 8. Environment is the condition in which an organism lives. 6. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the words from the vocabulary list. 1. Растения хорошо развиваются в благоприятных условиях. 2. На рост растений влияют условия окружающей среды. 3. Климат – важнейший фактор окружающей среды. 4. Растения не могут хорошо расти в неблагоприятных условиях. 5. С/х культуры хорошо растут, если они приспособились к окружающей среде. 6. Свекла, картофель, овес, ячмень, рожь и пшеница растут лучше в прохладном климате. 7. Кукуруза, рис, соя и хлопок требуют более теплых условий. 8. Свет влияет на важные процессы в жизни растений. 7. Lay out the questions in such an order, that they were a plan for text A and answer them. 1. Why is air necessary for plants? 2. What is environment? 3. Which environmental factors are important for plant growth? 4. Do all crops require much light for their growth? 5. What crops develop well under cool climatic conditions? Text B 1. Get acquainted with text B and determine the main idea of the text. Plants and Nature Nature has always served to man. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase. The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature. Environmental protection is a problem of global concern. Plant formations and their environment are natural resources which man always used and uses now. Animals and man will not live without plants because the cycle of nature links them. Plants also play a very important part in conservation and protection of soil, water and animals. Crop plants have not always been productive and useful as they are today. Long ago they were growing wild. As civilization progressed, man began studying plants more carefully. He discovered many of the new functions of plants, their structure and requirements for growth. Soon plant science appeared and great progress in the improvement and growing of plants followed. Compared to the long history of plants on the Earth the plant breeders have improved plants for only short time, but in this short period they have contributed much to agriculture. By selecting the best types, man is able to bring about improvements in a few years that would require thousands of years if left to nature. 2. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the result of man's careless interaction with nature? 2. What is the problem of global concern? 3. What are natural resources which man always used and uses now? 4. What do plants play a very important part in? 5. Have crop plants always been as productive as they are today? 6. What did man discover? 7. Due to what is man able to bring about improvements in a few years? 3. Find in the text the English equivalents of the Russian word combinations. вмешательство человека в природу, взаимодействие с природой, защита окружающей среды, растительные сообщества, природные ресурсы, дикий, сохранение и защита, функции растений, селекционер 4. Find in each paragraph the key sentences and make up the plan of retelling the text. 5. Give the short summary of text B. Unit 3 Grammar revision: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||