методичка. Агрономического профиля
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1. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the correct forms. 1. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 2. I didn’t know that you already (to wind) up the clock. 3. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her. 4. He says that he (to know) the laws of the country. 5. Sarie understood why Lanny (not to come) the previous evening. 6. She asked me whether I (to remember) the legend about a faithful lion. 7. He understood that the soldiers (to arrest) him. 8. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from that well. 9. I suppose they (to send) a dog after the burglar immediately. 10. He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 11. She says she already (to find) the book. 12. He stopped and listened: the clock (to strike) five. 13. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 14. I asked my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 15. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early. 16. The delegates were told that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 2. Correct the mistakes. 1. Mike told the policeman that he lost his identity card. 2. Jane said to Dick that Julia doesn’t live next to her. 3. She told the detective that she sees the thief in the house. 4. He said that he ate nothing since morning. 5. My girlfriend told me that she was ready in a few minutes. 6. Tom’s boss said to him that he hasn’t done the work properly. 7. Anna said that she doesn’t want to wear her old dress. 8. Her brother told her that they will have plenty of time to do their work. Text A Vocabulary list grass family – семейство злаков valuable – ценный humid – влажный area – площадь, область arid – сухой, засушливый to prevail – преобладать favor – способствовать, благоприятствовать destructive – губительный, разрушительный annual – годовой, однолетний rainfall – осадки inch – дюйм moderate – умеренный spring wheat – яровая пшеница winter wheat – озимая пшеница to sow – сеять to mature – созревать joint – узел, сочленение jointed – узловатый hollow – полый node – узел internode – междоузлие fibrous – мочковатый beard – ость beardless – безостый winter hardiness – зимостойкость preceding crop – предшествующая культура stubble – стерня 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian: throughout the world, from time immemorial, a true annual, destructive diseases, a wide range, the early stages of growth, on the other hand, seedbed preparation, winter wheat varieties, annual rainfall, to be of prime importance, fibrous root system, hollow stem, as a rule. 2. Read and translate the text. Wheat Wheat is cultivated throughout the world. It is known to have been grown extensively in Asia, in Europe and in the Northern part of Africa from time immemorial. The farmers of China are believed to have grown this crop at least 3000 years ago. Wheat belongs to the grass family Graminea. It is one of the most valuable plants. We know wheat to have been adapted to a very wide range of both soil and climatic conditions. Only barley, potatoes and a few other crops are known to be grown under colder conditions than wheat. On the other hand, no part of the earth is too hot for the production of wheat if the climate is not too humid. Wheat cannot be grown successfully in areas where both warm and humid conditions prevail, because such conditions favor the rapid development of destructive diseases. There are both humid and arid limits for growing wheat. In the USA most of the crop is grown in regions where the annual rainfall is less than 30 inches, that is, in places where moderate rainfall conditions prevail. Botanical characters The wheat plant is a true annual. There are spring wheat varieties sown early in spring and harvested in the late summer. There are also winter wheat varieties sown in the fall and maturing early the following summer. Both varieties are widely grown throughout the world. The root system of wheat is like that of corn and oats, that is a fibrous one. The numerous fibrous roots grow from the lower joints of the stem and are usually found in the surface soil. Like most of the grasses, the stems of wheat are jointed and hollow. During the early stages of growth they are very short, though they very early develop the entire number of nodes and internodes. Preparation of the land Sufficient moisture should be present to ensure prompt germination and a good growth of the young plants. The time and method of seedbed preparation is determined largely by the prevailing climatic conditions as well as by crop that wheat follows in the rotation. Plowing is usually the first step to make in seedbed preparation especially when wheat follows small grains in the rotation. As a rule, winter wheat is seeded on land that is plowed in the summer or early fall preceding planting. Numerous experiments have shown the value of early preparation in areas of limited rainfall where water conservation is of prime importance. The sooner the field is plowed under after harvesting the preceding crop the better, since it ensures a better preservation of soil moisture and decomposition of stubble is thus encouraged. 3. Find in the text the following word combinations: оба сорта, мочковатая корневая система, сорта озимой пшеницы, годовое количество осадков, сохранение воды, приспособиться к широкому диапазону почвенно-климатических условий, широко возделывается, принадлежать к семейству злаковых, ценное растение.
4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text. Wheat belongs to the … … Graminea. 2. We know that wheat is adapted to a very wide range of both … and … conditions. 3. No part of the earth is too hot for the production of wheat if the climate is not too … . 4. The wheat plant is a true … . 5. The root system of wheat is like that of corn and oats that is a … one. 6. Like most of the grasses, the stems of wheat are … and … . 7. At the early stages of growth the stems of wheat develop a number of … and … . 5. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. Wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, sorghum and millet are the most important sources of food for man and domestic animals. 2. We know that the great number of plant varieties have been adapted to a very wide range of both soil and climatic conditions. 3. The climate of Norway is much colder than that of Egypt. 5. This soil contains less humus than that one. 6. Rye is a hardier plant than wheat and can grow on poorer soils and in colder climates. 7. The oat plant is more resistant than wheat. 8. Winter wheat is seeded on land that is plowed in summer or early fall preceding planting. 6. Find in the text answers to the following questions. 1. In what areas can’t wheat be grown successfully? 2. Where is wheat grown in the USA? 3. What kind of plant is wheat? 4. What is the root system of wheat? 5. What stems has wheat? 6. What is the time and method of seedbed preparation determined by? 7. What is usually the first step in seedbed preparation? 7. Find key sentences in each paragraph of text A and give the short summary of it. Text B 1. Skim text B and say what information was unknown for you? The most Important Grain Crop Neither the geographical, the historical, nor the biological origin of wheat is known. The evidence as exists seem to point to Mesopotamia as the original home of wheat, although there is a belief that the plant once grew wild in the Euphrates and the Tirgis valleys and spread from these regions to the rest of the world. The most ancient languages mention wheat or corn, and the fact that it has been found in the prehistoric habitations of man notably in the earliest Swiss lake dwellings is proof of its antiquity. We also have evidence that wheat was cultivated in China 3,000 years B.C., and that it was the chief crop in ancient Egypt and Palestine. Wheat is the most important grain crop in the world. Most of the wheat that is grown is made into flour. The flour is used for making products such as white bread, macaroni. A small amount of wheat is also used in the manufacture of alcohol. Wheat is an excellent feed for livestock, but because of its importance as a human food, only a small part of it is used for this purpose. By-products of wheat are higher in content of protein than wheat itself and serve a valuable protein supplement in many livestock rations. Wheat can be grown under a wide range of soil conditions, but it is best adapted to fertile, well-drained clay loam soils. Wheat can withstand the cold of northern areas quite well, and yet it grows successfully in hot climates, if the humidity is not too high. When wheat is grown in the condition of high temperatures and high humidity during the summer months the plants grow tall and often lodge, which makes harvesting more difficult and it is often hard to reduce the moisture content of the grain. The quality of wheat is determined largely by the prevailing climatic conditions and to a lesser extent by the type of soil. Wheat grows best if it is sown in a well-prepared seedbed. Early plowing or seedbed preparation often results in increased yields of winter wheat. Importance of selecting the proper variety Choosing the best variety to be grown in a given area is not a simple thing. There is a large number of varieties grown throughout the world. Some of them have white grain, others have red grain. Some have beards, while others are beardless. The varieties are known to differ largely in height, winter hardiness, time of ripening and quality of grain. It is often difficult to select the variety best adapted to any given region. That is why the Agricultural Experiment Stations in many countries are constantly conducting tests in order to determine the varieties to be best suited for various soil and climatic conditions. Before farmers choose a variety to be grown, they usually consult their local experimental stations for information on recommended varieties. The better is a given variety adapted to local conditions, the higher will be its yield. Notes: flour – мука by-products – побочный продукт, отходы supplement – добавка 2. Look through the text once again and define whether the following questions are discussed in it: botanical characters of wheat; soil and climatic conditions of wheat cultivation; dates of sowing; preparation of the soil; the work of the Agricultural Experimental Station. 3. Find information in the text and answer the following questions. 1. What conditions favor the extensive wheat growth and cause lodging? 2. What can you say about waste products of wheat and their application? 3. Under what conditions can wheat grow in hot climate? 4. What factors define the quality of wheat? 4. Enumerate in English the main problems mentioned in text B. Unit 10 Grammar Revision: Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Text A: Crop Breeding and Improvement Text B: Methods of Plant Improvement Абсолютная именительная причастная конструкция (Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) В английском языке существуют так называемые абсолютные причастные конструкции или самостоятельные причастные обороты. Они обозначают действия, которые относятся к объекту (лицу или предмету), выраженному существительным в общем падеже или именительном (для личных местоимений) – эти существительные и местоимения являются как бы собственными подлежащими для абсолютных причастных оборотов + у предложения имеется свое подлежащее. Это те же самые причастные обороты, но в предложении они располагаются непосредственно после объекта. На русский язык данные конструкции переводятся через придаточные или самостоятельные предложения. Самостоятельные причастные обороты выполняют в предложении функцию сложного обстоятельства. 1) обстоятельство времени; The rain having stopped, we got out of our tents. – Дождьпрекратился, имывышлиизсвоихпалаток. После того, как дождь прекратился, мы вышли из своих палаток. В функции обстоятельство времени форма Past Participle используется больше для того, чтобы показать последовательность действий, а не подчеркнуть время их совершения. 2) обстоятельство причины; Her father smoking heavily, it was difficult to breathe in the house. – Егоотецмногокурил, вдомебылотруднодышать. Так как его отец много курил, то в доме было трудно дышать. 3) сопутствующие обстоятельства. В этой функции причастный оборот всегда находится в конце предложения. Помимо Participle I здесь также употребляется Participle II. A man with a bag fell over the stone, the potatoesrolling down the road. – Мужчинассумкойспоткнулсяокамень; картофелины (по)катилисьподороге. 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. 1. Volcanoes are individualistic, each one having its own behavior not shared by others. 2. Destructive volcanic eruptions frequently follow earthquakes, the volcanoes belching forth great masses of molten rock. 3. Air contains traces of ozone and other gases, the greater part of the ozone occurring in a layer from 24 to 40 kilometres above the earth's surface. 4. Canada was one of the earliest of the nations of the world to produce a national atlas, the first edition being produced in 1906. 5. In the past years the earth has been getting warmer, the Northern Hemisphere's temperature having risen about 1°F. 6. Britain being entirely bounded by water, the climate is mild, humid and changeable. 2. Define the sentences with Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and translate them. 1. Plant breeding being the science of changing the heredity of plants, the scientists widely use it in improving crop plants. 2. Many plant sciences are used by plant breeders in selecting new varieties of crops, genetics and cytogenetics being the most important. 3. Many varieties of corn producing good yields of high quality forage and grain are cultivated throughout our country. 4. Such plant has two parts, the roots and the above ground portion, the latter consisting of leaves and stems. 5. The stem of corn varies greatly in length in different varieties, the usual length being 5 to 10 feet. 6. Planting machines being used, a smaller amount of seed is required. 7. Winter wheat having been sown in August, its roots can develop well before winter. 8. The soil containing much plant food, the crops will produce high yields. 9. There are many root crops grown by man the most important being sugar beets, carrots and radishes. Text A Vocabulary List breeding – разведение breeder – селекционер heredity – наследственность to improve – улучшать improvement – улучшение related – связанный to eliminate – уничтожать milling quality – мукомольные качества lodging – полегание drought resistance – устойчивость к засухе commonly – обычно inherited characters – наследуемые признаки to precede – предшествовать to follow – следовать strain – вид to conduct – проводить early maturing – скороспелый crossing – скрещивание inherited – наследуемый investigator – исследователь field-plot tests – испытание на делянках в поле 1. Translate the following word combinations: plant breeding, heredity of plants, inherited characters, scientific knowledge, scheme of selection, early maturity, drought resistant, winter hardiness, disease resistance, later-maturing varieties, heat resistant varieties, resistance to lodging, crossing two or more varieties, successful achievements. 2. Read and translate the text. Crop Breeding and Improvement Plant breeding is the science of changing and improving the heredity of plants. In the past the breeders had no scientific knowledge which is available now. The selection of superior types was the most important method of improving crop plants. Variations between plants of the same species were used as the basis for developing new improved varieties. Now with increased knowledge of genetics and related plant sciences plant breeders are able to influence such plant characteristics as yield, early maturity, drought resistance, winter hardiness, disease resistance, insect resistance and quality. Plant breeding depends on many sciences, genetics and cytogenetics, being the two most important. Other sciences needed by the breeders are plant physiology, plant pathology, entomology, plant biochemistry, agronomy, botany, statistics, and computer science. The most successful achievements in plant breeding are due to the combined work of many specialists. Each crop variety possessing certain desirable and undesirable characteristics, the aim of the plant breeder is the development of a superior variety, by eliminating the undesirable qualities and combining the desirable ones in the same variety. The characteristics desired vary with the crop and the conditions of growing. With wheat, for example, winter hardiness, protein content, milling quality and resistance to lodging are important. In some areas, early-maturing, cold-resistant varieties are needed, while in the others later-maturing heat resistant varieties will do best, yield and resistance to major diseases and insects being important in all cases. Three general methods of crop improvement are commonly used. These are introduction, selection and hybridization, the last one being the method of crossing two or more varieties that differ in some inherited characters. These methods are not wholly distinct because hybridization almost always must be preceded or followed or both preceded and followed by some scheme of selection. Progress in crop breeding can be measured only by experimental tests except when breeding is done for disease resistance, better color or some other character that can be readily seen. Even then the investigator must know how the new strain compares in yield with the variety replaced. That is why field-plot test should be conducted. |