методичка. Агрономического профиля
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Participle I–II Text A: Plant, its Parts and their Functions Text B: Plant Причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени (Present Participle, Past Participle) В английском языке причастие (the Participle) — это одна из неличных форм глагола, наряду с инфинитивом (the Infinitive) и герундием (the Gerund). В английском языке причастие одновременно выполняет функции таких частей речи, как прилагательного, глагола и наречия. В нашем родном языке функции Participle I выполняет деепричастие и отвечает на вопрос: «Что делая?». Английскому языку не известно деепричастие, поэтому английское причастие совмещает в себе русское причастие и деепричастие. Например: Причастие: Мальчик, листающий журнал…– The boy flipping magazine… Деепричастие: Просматривая книгу, мальчик нашел много интересных фактов. – Looking through the book, the boy found a lot of interesting facts. В английском языке известно 2 вида причастия: причастие настоящего времени (Participle I или Present Participle) и причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II или Past Participle). Причастие настоящего времени образуется путем добавления к основе глагола (инфинитиву, но без частицы to) окончания -ing. Например: to work – работать, working – работая. Чтобы выразить отрицание, перед причастием ставится частица not. Например: not paying attention – не обращая внимание. Причастие настоящего времени в английском языке имеет 4 формы: Simple Active (простое длящееся, действительный залог): surprising – удивляющий, удивляя; Simple Passive (простое длящееся, страдательный залог): being surprised – удивляемый, будучи удивленным; Perfect Active (завершенное, действительный залог): having surprised – удививший, удивив; Perfect Passive (завершенное, страдательный залог): having been surprised – был удивлен, будучи удивленным. Для образования причастия прошедшего времени необходимо: 1) у правильных глаголов (Regular Verbs) к основной инфинитивной форме без частицы to добавить окончание -ed. improved – улучшенный; 2) у неправильных глаголов (Irregular Verbs) причастие прошедшего времени соответствует 3 форме неправильного глагола. taken – взятый. Причастие II в английском языке выполняет в предложении функции определения к существительному (cooked dinner – приготовленный ужин либо обстоятельства: when asked he did not answer – когда его спрашивали, он не отвечал. Translate the following word combinations paying attention to Participle I–II: сrops adapted to the conditions of the region, collective farms growing wheat, some crops grown by our farm, soil supplied with nitrogen, one of the cereal crops raised, wheat varieties best known to people, crop producing high yields 2. Choose the appropriate form of Participles and translate the sentences. In our region there are some farms (grown, growing) wheat. 2. These are the crops (grown, growing) by our farm at present. 3. Small grains are the crops (harvesting, harvested) with combines. 4. This crop will grow well on the soil (supplying, supplied) with nitrogen. 5. The environmental conditions (required, requiring) by crops for their best development should be favorable. 6. Crops such as wheat, oats, rye and barley are the ones (required, requiring) relatively cool conditions for their growth. 7. Humidity is one of the most important factors (influenced, influencing) the crops growth. 8. Plants (producing, produced) flowers and fruit when days are short are known as short – day plants. 9. The crops (including, included) in the grass family are all cereals and most of forage grasses. 3. Identify the type of Participle, define its function. Translate the sentences into Russian. The roots growing in the soil have two main functions. 2. The food used in growth by green plants is manufactured in the leaves. 3. Plant nutrients absorbed by the roots are transferred to the other parts of the growing plant. 4. The food used in growth by green plants is manufactured in the leaves. 5. Varying greatly with the species leaves have different shape. 6. When grown, the farm crops remove nutrients from the soil. 7. Supplying man with food and clothing plants are very important in everyday life. 8. Improving the quality of crop plant breeders increase yields. Text A Vocabulary list reproductive part – органы размножения vascular tubes – сосудистые канальцы extent – степень, мера to a considerable extent – в значительной степени (мере) clover – клевер embryo – зародыш root – корень stem – стебель leaf (leaves) – лист, листья to anchor – закреплять, удерживать to manufacture – производить, образовывать vein – жилка shape – форма compound – сложный poplar tree – тополь seed – семя flower – цветок raw materials – сырьё 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian: food supply, new uses of plants, principal parts of the plant, root system, a considerable extent, the shape of leaves, reproductive part, the process of photosynthesis, typical leaf, species of plants, to produce seeds, raw materials, to absorb plant nutrients, to function properly. 2. Read and translate the text. Plant, its Parts and their Functions Plants are highly important sources of food for man. They supply us with food clothing and many other things as well. Plants are grown and used for many purposes and as scientists continue their work new uses of plants will be found. The principle parts of the plant are: 1) the root system, 2) the stems and leaves, 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers, fruits and seeds. The roots grow downward into the soil and have two main functions – to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil and to anchor the plant. As to stem and leaves, they are usually above the ground. The food used in growth by green plants is manufactured in the leaves from the raw materials taken from the soil and air. This process is known as photosynthesis. To support the leaves and to connect them with the roots are the main functions of the stem. Each flowering plant has leaves. A typical leaf consists of a green, broad, thin portion, which contains a system of vascular tubes called veins. The latter serve as channels for the distribution of water and dissolved substances and for removing a part of the food which is manufactured in the leaves for the use by the plant. The shape and the position of the leaves vary to a considerable extent with the species. Leaves may be born on a leaf stem, or attached directly to the plant. They may be compound as with clover and potatoes, or simple as in the case of the poplar tree. A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced. Thus, to produce seeds the plant must have flowers. A seed consists of an embryo and one or more seed coats. All parts of the plant must be developed well and proportionally enough to function properly. If conditions for plant growth are bad, the plant will be too weak to develop its parts well. 3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. Plants are important … of food for man. 2. The principle parts of the plant are …, … and … . 3. A typical leaf consists of … 4. A flower is the … of the plant where … are produced. 5. The food used in growth by green plants is … in the … from the raw materials taken from the soil and air. 6. To … the leaves and to … them with the roots are the main functions of the … . 7. Leaves may be compound as with … or simple as in the case of … tree. 8. A seed consists of an … and one or more seed … . 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). 1. Stems and leaves are usually under the ground. 2. Seed is the part of the plant where flowers are produced. 3. Plants are very important sources of food for man. 4. Plants supply us with food, clothing and many other things as well. 5. To absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil and to produce seeds are the main functions of the root. 6. Each flowering plant has leaves. 7. The plant will be too weak to develop its parts well, if conditions for plant growth are bad. 5. Translate the following sentences into English using the vocabulary list. Кислород необходим для прорастания семян. 2. Используемый метод дает хорошие результаты. 3. Растения могут различаться по форме и величине. 4. Некоторые растения не имеют ни листьев, ни цветов. 5. Корни этого растения могут быть очень длинными. 6. Растения снабжают нас пищей и одеждой. 7. Цветок – это часть растения, где образуются семена. 8. Семя состоит из зародыша и одной или двух семенных оболочек. 9. Корни имеют две основные функции – поглощать питательные вещества и воду из почвы и удерживать растение. 10. Растения выращивают и используют для многих целей. 6. Answer the following questions. What sources of food are most important for man? 2. Is the root system as important as stems and leaves? 3. What are the main functions of roots? 4. Where is the food necessary for the growth of the plant manufactured? 5. What do leaf veins serve as? 6. How do the shape and the position of leaves vary? 7. What is the main function of leaves? 8. What is the function of flowers? 9. Where are seeds produced? 10. What does a seed consist of? 7. Make up the plan of text A and retell it. Text B 1. Get acquainted with text B and find in the text answers to the following questions. What organism do plants include? 2. How many plant species has botany identified? 3. Where do green plants obtain their energy from? 4. Describe the process of photosynthesis. 5. What is chlorophyll? 6. What do the majority of plants require to grow successfully? 7. What is the growth of plants determined by? 2. Skim the text and determine what the text is about. Plant Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include such organisms as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses and algae. The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350 000 species of plants. Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis. About 350 000 species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns exist currently. Some 287 655 species had been identified, of which 258 650 are flowering plant, 16 000 bryophytes, 11 000 ferns and 8 000 green algae. Most of the solid material in plant is taken from the atmosphere. Through a process known as photosynthesis, most plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plus water into simple sugars. Parasitic plants, on the other hand, use the resources of its host to grow. Chlorophyll, a green-colored, magnesium-containing pigment is essential to this process; it is generally present in plant leaves, and often in other plant parts as well. For the majority of plants to grow successfully they also require oxygen in the atmosphere and around their roots for respiration. The genotype of a plant affects its growth. Growth is also determined by environmental factors, such as temperature, available light, and available nutrients in the soil. Human cultivation of plants of agriculture is the bases of human civilization. Much of human nutrition depends on land plants either directly or indirectly. Notes: lifespan – продолжительность жизни bryophytes – бриофиты ferns – папоротники mosses – мхи host – растение-хозяин 3. In what paragraph of the text can you find the information about the environmental factors determining plant growth? 4. Find in the text the English equivalent to the sentence: «Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis». 5. Summarize all the problems covered in text В in 5–6 sentences. . Unit 4 Grammar Revision: Passive Voice Text A: Flower Text B: Functions of Flowers Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) Форма залога показывает, является ли подлежащее в предложении (лицо или предмет) производителем или объектом действия, выраженного сказуемым. Пассивный залог (Passive Voice) показывает, что лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим, испытывает действие на себе: The big cake was baked by Sam. Большой пирог был испечен Сэмом. Пассивный залог употребляется, когда исполнитель действия очевиден или несуществен, или когда действие или его результат более интересны, чем исполнитель. Образование пассивного залога Для того, чтобы получить форму глагола в пассивном залоге, необходим вспомогательный глагол to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II) значимого глагола: This building will be demolished next month. – Этозданиебудетснесеновследующеммесяце. My dog has been stolen. – Моюсобакуукрали. В отрицательных предложениях частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола, а если их несколько, то после первого из них: He has not been seen anywhere. – Егонигденевидели. В вопросительных предложениях вспомогательный глагол (или первый из них) выносится на место перед подлежащим: Was your wallet stolen? – Вашбумажникбылукраден? Таблица 3 – Временные формы глагола в страдательном залоге (Passive Form) To be + Participle II
Пассивный залог не может быть использован во временах группы Perfect Continuous и времени Future Continuous. Употребление и перевод глаголов в пассивном залоге Значение и употребление времен глагола в пассивном залоге такое же, как и времен глагола в активном залоге. В английском языке в пассивном залоге употребляются переходные глаголы, а также некоторые непереходные глаголы. Примеры предложений с переходными глаголами в пассивном залоге: By the middle of the nineteenth century about sixty different elements had been discovered. – Ксередине XIX столетиябылобнаруженооколо 60 различныхэлементов. The delegates will be met at the station. –Делегатоввстретятнавокзале. While a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated. –Когдатокпроходитпопроволоке, последняянагревается. Как видно из приведенных примеров, глагол в пассивном залоге в английском языке можно переводить на русский язык несколькими способами: а) глаголом, оканчивающимся на -ся, -сь; б) сочетанием глагола быть с краткой формой причастия пассивного залога (в русском языке в этом сочетании глагол быть в настоящем времени не употребляется); в) глаголом в активном залоге в 3-м лице множественного числа в составе неопределенно-личного предложения. Дополнение в предложении с глаголом-сказуемым в пассивном залоге употребляется с предлогом by или with. Это дополнение соответствует русскому дополнению в творительном падеже без предлога. Дополнение с предлогом by выражает действующее лицо или действующую силу: The fish was caught by the seagull. –Рыбабылапойманачайкой. Дополнение с предлогом with выражает орудие действия: Shafts are turned with cutters. –Валыобтачиваютсярезцами. 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to Passive Constructions. 1. We were given this valuable advice by the experimenter himself. 2. Plants bearing seeds are spoken of as seed plants. 3. The delegation was shown various species of useful plants. 4. The end of the root is referred to as the root cap. 5. The endosperm should be looked upon as a food supply stored in the seed for some future use. 6. All the plants that were dealt with in this experiment are cross pollinated. 7. At first wild plants were cared for by man in a very primitive way. 8. All the roots and root branches of a plant are referred to as the root system. 9. The quality of the stored seeds is highly influenced by the storage condition. 10. This method of cultivation in not paid much attention to. 2. Put the following sentences in Perfect Passive. Example: We have found a new variety of wheat. A new wheat variety has been found by us. 1. This scientist has developed a new drought resistant variety. 2. We have grown perfect crops of wheat on heavy loams and clays. 3. Our experimental station has developed a new frost resistant variety of wheat. 4. This winter wheat variety has produced a high yield. 5. The farmers of China have grown wheat at least 3000 years ago.6. Roots are known to be classified into several types. 7. This scientist is said to have developed a new drought resistant variety of wheat. 8. The seeds of wheat are known to be planted much deeper than that of clover. 9. Wheat is said to have been grown in China 3000 years ago. 10. Wheat is believed to have been grown in Asia and Northern part of Africa from time immemorial. 11. No part of the world is considered too hot for the production of wheat. 3. Fill in the gaps with by or with. The hall was decorated … pink balloons. 2. The roof of the church will be repaired … local people. 3. This material has been already published … Cambridge University Press. 4. The house was built … money that he had borrowed from the bank. 5. When the accident happened, the car was brought … police. Text A Vocabulary list to precede – предшествовать to assure – обеспечить, гарантировать yield of seeds – урожай семян sepal – чашелистик petal – лепесток stamen – тычинка pistil – пестик floral parts – части цветка complete flower – полный цветок incomplete flower – неполный цветок to lack – отсутствовать, недоставать to involve (in) – вовлекать, участвовать to comprise – составлять leaflike – листоподобный, похожий на лист are alike in that – похожи в том, что unlike – в отличие corolla – венчик, корона pollen – пыльца pollination – опыление essential – важный, существенный fertilization – оплодотворение style – столбик stigma – рыльце ovary – завязь egg-cell – яйцеклетка self-pollinated – самоопыляемый proximity – близость cross-pollinated – перекрестноопыляемый 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian: to produce flowers, seed production, in addition, reproduction process, a complete flower, an incomplete flower, common cereals, a swollen base, self-pollinated flowers, pollen grains, reproductive organs, to be necessary for fertilization, close proximity of stamens and stigma. 2. Read and translate the text. Flower All seed plants are alike in that they all produce flowers. The flower is the part of the plant which is formed for seed production. A seed is always preceded by a flower. The seeds are the means by which most plants reproduce and in addition they are sources of food for man and feed for livestock. Consequently, it is highly important that the flower develop and function properly so as to assure a good yield of seeds. If you want to understand how plants produce seeds, it is necessary that you be familiar with the parts of the flower and the role of each in the reproduction process. |