методичка. Агрономического профиля
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Find key sentences in each paragraph of the text and make up the plan of retelling. Give the short summary of text A using the plan of retelling. Text B 1. Skim text B and answer the following questions. Use dictionary if necessary. 1. What is one of the most important factors affecting crop production? 2. What is soil water needed for? 3. Is the moisture content of the soil always optimum for the highest crop production? 4. What is a very essential factor in cultivation? 5. What makes soil difficult to cultivate? Soil Water Soil water is one of the most important factors affecting crop production. The success of a cropping system may sometimes depend on adequate irrigation and drainage program. Water must be available in the soil to compensate its losses through some natural processes during the growing season. Soil water is needed as it conducts nutrients for growing crops. It also has a great effect on aeration and temperature conditions in the soil. The soil must be able to provide water for maximum yield to be obtained. However, the moisture content of a soil is not always optimum for the highest crop production. Usually there is either a deficiency or too big amount of it, and crop production is reduced. Some soils contain too much water at all times, and to be used for agriculture they require special drainage. There are soils which are always deficient in moisture because of inadequate rainfall, and will produce poor crops unless they are irrigated. Most agricultural soils have enough water to meet plant requirement during a considerable part of the year. Soil water is also a very essential factor in cultivation. It often determines the time and the depth of sowing. Insufficient amount of moisture makes the soil too hard and very difficult to cultivate. 2. Enumerate in English all types of soils known to you. 3. Find in the text the sentence describing the role of water in supplying plants with nutrients. 4. Write out key sentences from text B and use them for retelling it. Unit 7 Grammar Revision: Conditional Clauses Text A: Classification of Field Crops Text B: Botanical classification Условные придаточные предложения (Conditional Clauses) Условные предложения могут выражать реальные, маловероятные (условные предложения I типа) и нереальные условия (условные предложения II типа). Условные предложения I типа Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как реально предполагаемый факт, относящийся к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему временам. Сказуемые главного и придаточного предложений выражаются глаголами в формах изъявительного наклонения. If the weather is nice, we go for a walk.– Еслипогодахорошая, мыходимнапрогулку. If the weather was nice, we went for a walk.– Еслипогодабылахорошая, мыходилинапрогулку. If the weather is nice, we'll go for a walk. – Еслипогодабудетхорошая, мыпойдёмнапрогулку. Условные предложения II типа Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как маловероятное. Для выражения малой вероятности осуществления действия в настоящем или будущем временах сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в форме сослагательного наклонения should / would + Indefinite Infinitive без to, а сказуемое придаточного предложения – в форме сослагательного наклонения, аналогичной Past Indefinite или were для всех лиц от глагола to be. Ifhe were free, he woulddo it. – Если бы он был свободен, он бы это сделал. If we paid more attention to grammar, we should know the language better. – Еслибымыуделялиграмматикебольшевнимания, мыбызналиязыклучше. Условные предложения III типа Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как неосуществимое, так как относится к прошлому времени. Сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в форме сослагательного наклонения should / would + Perfect Infinitive, а сказуемое придаточного предложения в форме сослагательного наклонения, аналогичной Past Perfect. I should not have been late yesterday, if my watch had been write.– Ябынеопоздалвчера, еслибымоичасышлиправильно. Союзы условных придаточных предложений if – если; in case – вслучае, если; suppose (that) – предположим, что; on condition (that) – приусловии, что; provided (that) – приусловии, что; unless – если … не; but for – еслибыне. 1. Complete the sentences. 1. If people (not to drink), they (to die). 2. If you (to eat) bad food, your health (to become) worse. 3. If you (not to feel) well, you (to go) to the doctor. 4. If babies (to be) hungry, they (to cry). 5. If I (to be) thirsty, I always drink fresh water. 6. If Tom (to have) a birthday party, he usually (to invite) a lot of friends. 7. If Mary (to do) her homework well, her teacher always (to praise) her. 8. If I (to have) a headache, my mother usually (to give) me some medicine. 9. If I (to cough), I (to drink) hot milk with honey. 10. If you (to fly) by a budget airline, you (to have) to pay for your drinks and food. 11. If we (to be) late for school, our teacher (to get) angry. 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian. 1. I’ll ask Tom if I see him today. 2. We would go to the party if we had time tomorrow. 3. She would pass her exam next month if she worked harder. 4. She would be happy if she met him at the party next Sunday. 5. We’ll go nowhere tomorrow if it rains. 6. If she knew his phone number, she would call him next week. 7. If J. London had not learned life from his own experience, he could not have written his great works. 8. Had the science of radio not been developed so rapidly, we should not have got such remarkable changes in the technique today. 9. Had he been a young man, he would have taken part in the expedition. 10. If you had applied this method, you would have got better results. 3. Fill in the gaps with the suitable verb form. 1. The trains all (stop) … if it snowed heavily. 2. If you (go out) … in cold weather without a coat, you would catch a cold. 3. If I saw a cheap second- hand car, I (buy) … it. 4. If you ate well and exercised regularly, you (live) … 100 years. 5. You would have had stomach ache if you (eat) … too much of that cake. 6. If it (rain) … this afternoon, I (take)… my umbrella. 7. If you did not drive carefully, you (have) … an accident. 8. If you (study) … for a higher qualification, you (get) … a better job next year. 9. If you sent the letter by first class mail, it (get) … there the following day. 10. If the weather is fine, we (go) for a picnic. Text A Vocabulary list ability – способность growth habit – специфика (особенность) роста annual – однолетний barley – ячмень bean – боб biennial – двухлетний to define – определять edible – съедобный fiber – волокно flax – лен grass – трава, злаковое растение hemp – конопля like – подобный manure – удобрение (органическое) to mention – упоминать nitrogen – азот object – цель perennial – многолетний to raise – выращивать root crop – корнеплод rope – веревка, канат tuber – клубень root crop – корнеплод oats – овес forage crop – кормовая культура cotton – хлопок rye – рожь Translate the following word combinations into Russian: the aim of classification, according to growth habit, cereals raised by man, to improve soil fertility, grain crop, the main object, to fix free nitrogen, field peas, a thickened underground stem, root crop, a specific purpose, forage crops, green manure crops. 2. Read and translate the text using a dictionary. Classification of Field Crops The aim of classification of field crops is to group them either according to their growth habit or according to their use. On the first principle the crops are classified as annuals, biennials and perennials. If you took a text-book of agronomy, you would find there the following classification of crops based on their use. Cereal or Grain Crops If an agronomist were asked to define a cereal, he would say that it is the grass grown for its edible grain. Corn, barley, oats, rice, and rye to be mentioned as the main cereals raised by man. Large-Seeded Legumes The principle legumes grown for seeds are field peas, field beans and soybeans. Sometimes the main object in growing legumes is to improve soil fertility for they are able to fix free nitrogen out of the air through the bacteria living on their roots. Root Crops Unlike cereals, root crops as beets, for instance, are grown because of the food value on their roots. If they had not such an ability, they could not live and produce seeds the second year. Forage Crops If you look for a definition of a forage crops, you will find that it is a crop grown because of its stems and leaves that are to be used in to fix free nitrogen. Forage crops include all grasses cut for hay, legumes cut for forage, sorghum and corn fodder. Tubers A tuber is a thickened underground stem. The most important tuber cultivated throughout the world is potato. We should make a great mistake if we called it a root crop, because its habit of life is quite unlike that of the root crop. Fiber Crops Several plants are grown because of their fiber which is used in making textile, ropes and similar materials. The principle fiber crops are cotton, flax and hemp. Crops for Special Farm Uses A special purpose crop may be any of the other types grown for a specific purpose. For instance, crops, like legumes, are grown to be plowed under for soil improvement and are called green manure crops. 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the text. 1. The main … raised by man are corn, barley, oats, rice, wheat and rye. 2. Unlike cereals … … as beets are grown because of the food value of their root. 3. … … include all grasses cut for hay, legumes, sorghum and corn. 4. The most important … cultivated throughout the world is potato. 5. The principle … crops are cotton, flax and hemp. 6. … … cannot produce seed the first year. 7. Cereal is a grass grown for its … grain. 4. Translate the sentences into Russian. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting crop growing. 2. Botanical classification is one based on the similarity of plant parts. 3. One can group plants according to the duration of their growth. 4. Perennial crops are the ones that grow for more than two years. 5. One should know the crops belonging to grass family. 6. They use traditional cultural practices in corn production but we use improved ones and obtain better results. 7. Most of our field crops belong to one of the two botanical families: the grasses and the legumes. 8. Annual crops are those that complete their life cycle in one season. 5. Find in the text the English sentences equivalent to the Russian sentences. 1. Цель классификации полевых культур – сгруппировать их либо согласно специфике их роста, либо согласно их использованию. 2. Согласно специфике их роста полевые культуры классифицируются как однолетние, двулетние и многолетние. 3. Образ жизни картофеля совершенно отличается от корнеплода. 4. Согласно применению полевые культуры классифицируются как злаки, бобовые, корнеплоды, кормовые культуры, волокнистые культуры и клубни. 5. Корнеплоды выращивают из-за пищевой ценности их корней. 6. Злаки включают кукурузу, пшеницу, овес, ячмень и рис. 7. Наиболее важным клубнем, возделываемым во всем мире, является картофель. 6. Answer the questions, make up the plan of text A and retell it. What is the aim of classification of field crops? 2. According to what principles are crops classified? 3. How are field crops classified according to their growth habit? 4. How are field crops classified according to their use? 5. What are the main cereals raised by man? 6. What are legumes grown for? 7. What is the difference between root crops and tubers? 8. What are the fiber crops used for? 9. What is a forage crop? Text B 1. Get acquainted with text B and answer the questions. How may crops be classified? 2. What is the second principle of grouping crops? 3. What are annual crops? 4. What plants are biennials? 5. How many seasons do perennials grow? 6. What are the most important and most often used classifications of plants? 7. What is botanical classification? 8. What two botanical families do you know? 9. What crops belong to the grass family? 10. Why are forage grasses important? What are they used for? Botanical classification Crops are variously grouped and classified. They may be classified as cultivated or row crops, such as corn, soybeans, and cotton; noncultivated crops, such as wheat and barley; and hay pasture crops, such as clover, alfalfa and many other small-seeded legumes and grasses. Crops are also grouped according to the duration of their growth. Annual crops are those that complete their life cycle in one season. Biennials start their growth in one season but produce seed and die at the end of the second season. Perennials grow for more than two seasons, producing seeds each year. The most important and most often used classifications are botanical classification and agronomic classification. Botanical classification is based upon similarity of plant parts. Most of our field crops belong to one of the two botanical families: the grasses and the legumes. The main food plants are known to belong to the grass family, including all cereal crops and about three fourths of the cultivated forage crops. Cereals are the world’s leading food and feed crops. They are grain-bearing grasses such as wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats etc. Forage grasses are the ones that are highly essential for the economic production of livestock products. Almost all grasses have hollow stems made up of nodes and internodes. The roots are fibrous. Grasses may be either annuals or perennials. The legume family includes such large seeded legumes as field peas, field beans, soybeans and such nutritious forage crops as alfalfa and clovers. The plants of this family are the only ones growing in a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. Multiplying in the nodules on the roots of the legume crops bacteria are able to fix free atmospheric nitrogen in their bodies and in the plant residues. Plowing under these plants residues, one can increase soil fertility. Being high in protein content the legume crops are valued as food for man and farm animals. Legumes may be annual, biennials and perennials. The fruit is a pod containing from one to several seeds. Legumes have tap roots. There are some other botanical families that include crop plants widely used by man. Such crops are potatoes, sugar beets, cotton, flax, buckwheat and others. 2. Read the text again and say what the text is about. 3. Give heading to the 2nd paragraph of the text. 4. Translate the sentences into English. 1. Двулетние культуры не производят семена в первый год. 2. Выращивая бобовые, мы можем повысить плодородие почвы. 3. Азот фиксируется бобовыми культурами. 4. Культуры классифицируются как однолетние, двулетние и многолетние. 5. Сходство частей растений используется как основа для ботанической классификации. 6. Азот фиксируется бактериями, живущими на корнях бобовых. 7. Злаковые растения отличаются от бобовых типом корней 5. Say it in English: – name some annual plants and their life cycles; – characterize biennial crops; – describe perennial crops; – name some crops belonging to cereals and give their botanical characters; – name some pulse crops; – what are legumes grown for? – name the crops used by man for food. |