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Give the short summary of text B. Unit 8 Grammar Revision: Complex Object Text A: Corn Text B: Corn Requirements Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) В английским языке существуют так называемые синтаксические комплексы, т. е. сочетания двух или нескольких слов, представляющие собой единое синтаксическое целое (один член предложения). Наиболее распространенным синтаксическим комплексом является сложное дополнение (the Complex Object). Каждый синтаксический комплекс состоит из именной части (существительного или местоимения) и глагольной части (инфинитива, герундия или причастия) и может быть развернут в целое придаточное предложение, где именная часть комплекса будет подлежащим, а глагольная 3.Азот фиксируется бобовыми культурами – сказуемым. Сложное дополнение может состоять из прямого дополнения и инфинитива: I want you to visit me in the evening. – Яхочу, чтобывынавестилименявечером. Peter wants me to write the letter. – Петя хочет, чтобыянаписалэтописьмо. После глаголов see, hear, watch, make, feel, let в сложном дополнении инфинитив употребляется без частицы to: I saw him come into the house.– Я видел, что он вошел в дом. He heard me open the door. – Он слышал, что я открыла дверь. Сложное дополнение может также состоять из прямого дополнения и причастия: IheardhersinginganEnglishsong.– Я слышал, как она пела английскую песню. Hewatchedthemplayinginthegarden.– Он наблюдал за тем, как они играли в саду. Разница между ними заключается в следующем: Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом обозначает однократное действие: Iheardhersaythesewords.– Я слышал, что она сказала эти слова. Wesawherrunintothehouse. – Мы видели, что она вбежала в дом. Сложное дополнение с причастием настоящего времени подчеркивает процесс протекания действия: Isawhercrossingthestreet.– Я видел, как она переходила улицу. Iwatchedthechildrenplayingwithaball. – Я наблюдал за тем, как дети играли в мяч. Сложное дополнение не имеет точного соответствия в русском языке и переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы (если в сложное дополнение входит инфинитив) и как (если в сложное дополнение входит причастие настоящего времени). 1. Make up sentences using the Complex Object with Participle. E.g. Не was reading in the garden. She saw him. She saw him reading in the garden. 1. We noticed a man. The man was cleaning his shoes. 2. He saw two girls. They were dancing on the stage. 3. She watched the children. They were running and playing in the garden. 4. I saw her. She was arranging her hair. 5. We saw our neighbour. Неwas listening to the latest news on the radio. 6. The cat was rubbing against my legs. I felt it. 7. They were fishing. We saw it. 8. The pupils were writing a paper. The teacher watched them. 9. A caterpillar was crawling on my arm. I felt it. 2. Make up sentences using the Complex Object with Infinitive. E.g. Не dropped his bag. I saw it. I saw him drop his bag. 1. The boy noticed a bird. It flew on to the bush near the window. 2. Jane saw her neighbour. He opened the door of his flat and went in. 3. I saw him. He pointed to a picture on the wall. 4. I heard him. He shut the door of the study. 5. We saw that the children climbed to the tops of the trees. 6. I noticed that Henry went up and spoke to the stranger.7. He slipped and fell. I saw it. 8. I heard that she suddenly cried out loudly. 9. She bent and picked up something from the floor. The policeman saw it. 10. I saw that he opened the door and left the room. 3. Read and translate the following sentences paying special attention to the use of the Objective Constructions. 1. Не felt her arm slipping through his. 2. She felt her hands tremble. 3. Now and then he could hear a car passing. 4. He felt his heart beat with joy. 5. He felt his heart beating with joy. 6. She could hear her father walking up and down the picture gallery. 7. We saw him cross the street looking to the left and to the right. 8. I felt the wind blowing through a crack in the wall. 9. We stood on deck and watched the sun going down. 10. I heard him playing the piano in the house. 11. It is nice to see people enjoying themselves. 12. We watched the planes circling above us. 13. Nobody noticed himcome in and sit down. Text A Vocabulary list abundance – обилие, изобилие character – особенность, свойство to do well – расти (развиваться) хорошо to drain – осушать, дренировать essential – существенный, важный fibrous – мочковатый, волокнистый generous – обильный growing period – вегетационный период height – высота hollow – полый to introduce – вводить, ввозить node – узел internode – междоузлие length – длина variety – сорт fertility – плодородие loam – суглинок to mature – созревать be a native of – быть родом из to penetrate – проникать pith – мякоть, сердцевина rainfall – осадки to retain – удерживать, сдерживать to spread – распространять spongy – губчатый, пористый temperate – умеренный timothy – тимофеевка Translate the following word combinations from English into Russian: tropical plant, well distributed rainfall, temperate zone, leading countries, to reach the best development, total yield, different varieties, to be used for silage, to retain moisture, fibrous roots, to penetrate the soil, hard fibrous coat, a soft spongy pith, hollow stem, a growing season, securing good results, silage cereals, soil fertility, early maturing hybrids, well-drained loam soils. 2. Read and translate the text using the dictionary. Corn Corn is known to belong to the tropical plants. However, it has been found that it is well adapted to the Temperate Zone where it reaches its best development. The leading countries in the production of this crop are the United States, Russia, Argentina and Egypt. Corn is thought to be a native of America. It is said that it was introduced into Europe by Columbus. Botanically corn is a grass, that is, it belongs to the same family of plants as timothy and wheat. Its roots are fibrous and spread several feet in the ground in all directions. The stem, like that of all the grasses, is made up of nodes and internodes, varying greatly in length in different varieties. The corn stem is known to have a hard fibrous coat and a soft spongy pith, differing from the hollow stem of most grasses. The height of the plant varies from 5 to 20 feet. The usual height is considered to be from 5 to 10 feet. Climatic Requirements Corn requires a generous, well distributed rainfall, a frost-free growing period of sufficient length and an abundance of warm weather. A good distribution of rainfall is essential during the critical months of July and August. During this period of rapid growth corn is found to require a large amount of water. A growing season from 80 to 160 days is necessary to mature the various corn varieties. Production of corn in the northern regions has been increased as a result of the development of very early maturing hybrids. Most of the earlier maturing varieties grown in these areas are used for silage. Soil Corn is known to produce a larger total yield than that of the other cereals. It does best in warm, rich, moist, well-drained loam soils. It would also grow, if the land were light and poor, but it makes really good growth only on deep rich soils. Everybody knows soil fertility to be more important with corn than in the growing of many other cereals. The soil must be compact enough to retain moisture, yet should be fine and mellow enough so that the roots may easily penetrate it. Planting The time of planting varies with the location as well as the condition of the soil. To choose a proper time for planting corn is very important for securing good results. It is useless to plant corn until the soil becomes warm enough; the farmer cannot expect corn to do well if it is planted in cold wet ground. Seed that would normally germinate would be lost if it were planted under improper conditions. The most convenient time to start planting corn in the northern parts of the USA is thought to be that of planting potatoes. The depth of planting is known to vary with the condition of the soil. The seed must be planted deep enough to get sufficient moisture for its germination, but it is not necessary to plant it deeper. 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the text. Corn is well adapted to the … … where it reaches its best development. 2. Corn … to a tropical plant. 3. Corn was … into Europe by Columbus. 4. The corn stem has a hard … coat and a soft … pith. 5. Most of the early … varieties are used for … . 6. The seed must be planted deep enough to get sufficient … for its … . 7. Soil … is more important for corn than for other … . 8. Great … in the size of corn plant and the time of its … is mainly due to the … in which the crop is grown. 9. The depth of corn seeding … … 1 to 3 inches depending on the soil temperature. 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). The main aim of cultivating corn is to conserve moisture in the soil and to aerate it. 2. Cold weather is known to be favorable for the production of corn. 3. Water requirements of corn are the highest at the beginning of the growing season. 4. Corn is grown primarily for the production of corn. 5. Corn reaches its best development in the temperate zone. 6. The usual height of the plant is 20 feet. 7. Corn does best on cold, poor and light soils. 8. Soil fertility is not very important for corn. 9. It is not very important to choose proper time for planting corn for obtaining good results. 10. The most convenient time to start planting corn is that of planting potato. 5. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. If planted too deeply, the seedlings of this crop will have some difficulty in reaching the surface of the soil. 2. When present in great amount in the soil, nitrogen is known to cause lodging of most cereals. 3. When young, weeds are easily controlled by proper cultivation. 4. Being of the same variety, the seeds may differ greatly in size and quality. 5. This plant is said to be affected by cold weather until well-rooted. 6. Though not sufficiently fertile for growing wheat, this soil can be used successfully for growing rye. 7. Unless planted deep enough, the corn seeds will not have sufficient moisture for rapid germination. 8. Though not so important as climatic conditions, soil properties must be also taken into consideration when choosing the crop to be grown. 6. Translate the following sentences into English using vocabulary list. Кукуруза используется на корм скоту. 2. Сорта кукурузы сильно различаются по форме, размеру и урожайности. 3. Кукуруза требует высокой температуры, обилие солнечного света и много влаги. 4. Кукуруза выращивается для многих целей. 5. Лучше всего кукуруза растёт на плодородных суглинках. 6. Прохладная погода приводит к низким урожаям этой культуры. 7. Почвенные и климатические условия определяют глубину посева. Обычная глубина – 2–3 дюйма. 8. Каковы главные цели выращивания кукурузы? 9. В течение периода быстрого роста кукуруза требует большого количества воды. 10. Производство кукурузы в северных регионах увеличилось в результате выведения скороспелых гибридов. 7. Answer the following questions. What plants does corn belong to? 2. What are the leading countries in the production of corn? 3. Where is corn a native of? 4. Who introduced corn into Europe? 5. What is corn botanically? 6. What plant family does corn belong to? 7. What are corn roots? 8. Describe corn stems. 9. What are climatic requirements of corn? 10. How many days does the growing season of corn last? 11. What corn varieties are grown in the northern regions? 12. What soils does corn grow best on? 8. Find key sentences in each paragraph. Make up the plan of retelling. 9. Give the short summary of text A. Text B 1. Skim text B and find in it answers to the following questions. What is the origin of corn? 2. What family of plants does corn belong to? 3. Is corn a warm weather plant? 4. Does it require much water? 5. On what soils does corn do best? 6. What does corn planting depth vary with? 7. What is corn grown for? Corn Requirements Corn is believed to have been a highly developed cultivated crop in the New World long before its discovery. The origin of corn is unknown since the plant has been found only under cultivation. Now corn is more widely distributed over the world than any other cereal crop. Corn is a member of the grass family. It is an extremely variable plant and there exist a large number of varieties that differ widely in size and shape. Corn is a warm-weather plant that requires high temperatures day and night during the growing season. It has been found to be highly susceptible to frost injury at the time of its growth. Actually corn requires a relatively small amount of water for each pound of dry matter produced, its high water requirement being due to the potential high acre production. When growing rapidly in July and August, corn needs much water because of the high rate of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from the leaves. Corn makes its best growth if planted in a fertile, well-drained, loam soil. Besides, soils of high inorganic matter are ideal for this crop, for they have a high water-holding capacity. In addition to fertile soil and adequate moisture an abundance of sunshine is necessary for the plants to manufacture large quantities of food to be stored in the grain. Cool, cloudy weather results in heavy vegetative growth and low yields of grain. The object is to plant corn at the depth that will provide optimum soil temperature and water and result in rapid germination. Corn planting depth varies widely with the soil conditions and climate. As corn should be planted deep enough to place the seed in contact with warm moist soil, the usual depth is 2 to 3 inches in rows from 30 to 40 inches apart. The soil being rather cold, the depth of 1 to 1 ½ inches may be advisable. Corn is cultivated primarily to control weeds and to a less extent to conserve moisture and aerate the soil. Corn is grown principally for grain, fodder, silage, pasturing. Nearly 90% of the corn grain is used directly as livestock feed. When cut for silage or harvested for fodder, corn does not usually leave the farm on which it is produced. Corn has numerous industrial uses. Its stems and leaves seem to have been used for making paper from the ancient times. Notes: the New World – Новый Свет from the ancient times – с давних времен water-holding capacity – способность удерживать влагу, влагоемкость inch – дюйм fodder – зеленый корм 2. Find in the text and read the sentence about the aim of corn cultivation. 3. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). There is a great number of corn varieties differing in certain characteristics. 2. Corn is grown primarily for the production of grain. 3. Corn is usually planted to the depth of 1 to 1½ inches if the soil is rather cold. 4. Corn does not need much moisture, as a relatively small amount of water is required to produce one pound of dry matter of this plant. 5. For feeding livestock corn is usually produced on the same farm. 4. Choose 5–7 key sentences from text B and use them as plan for retelling. Unit 9 Grammar Revision: Sequence of Tenses Text A: Wheat Text B: The most Important Grain Crop Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses) В английском языке употребление времени глагола-сказуемого в придаточном предложении зависит от времени глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении. Это называется правилом согласования времен. Правило согласования времен заключается в следующем: Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в одной из форм настоящего или будущего времени, то глагол-сказуемое в придаточном предложении может стоять в любой временной форме, которая требуется по смыслу: Не says that he was busy yesterday. – Он говорит, что был занят вчера. Не says that he will be busy tomorrow. – Он говорит, что будет занят завтра. Не says that he is busy. – Он говорит, что занят. Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в одной из форм прошедшего времени, то в придаточном предложении глагол-сказуемое нужно употреблять также в одной из форм прошедшего, а именно: 1. Если действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляется глагол в одной из форм Past Simple or Past Continuous: Не told me that he studied here. – Он сказал мне, что учится здесь. She said she was preparing for a report. – Она сказала, что готовится к докладу. 2. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляется глагол в одной из форм Past Perfect: The rector said that the Moscow Higher Women's Courses had been reorganised into the Second Moscow State University. – Ректор сказал, что Московские высшие женские курсы были преобразованы во Второй Московский Государственный Университет. 3. Если действие придаточного предложения относится к будущему времени, а в главном действие относится к прошедшему, то глагол-сказуемое должен стоять в Future-in-the-Past. Форма Future-in-the-Past образуется от соответствующей формы Future Simple, но вместо вспомогательного глагола will употребляется would: I thought I would know the way this time, but I was wrong. – Ядумал, чтонаэтотразяузнаюдорогу, нояошибся. В следующих случаях правило согласования времен не соблюдается, т.е. независимо от временной формы глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении в придаточном предложении глагол-сказуемое употребляется в любой временной форме, которая требуется по смыслу: 1. Если в состав сказуемого в придаточном предложении входит один из следующих модальных глаголов: must, ought, should: I knew that he must come to the Academy by 3 o'clock. – Язнал, чтоондолженприйтивакадемиюк 3 часам. 2. Если в придаточном предложении сообщается об общеизвестном факте или неопровержимой истине: The teacher told the pupils that Novosibirsk stands on the both banks of the river Ob. – Учительрассказалученикам, чтоНовосибирскрасположеннаобоихберегахрекиОбь. 3. В придаточных определительных предложениях и в предложениях, вводимых союзными словами as как, в качестве, than чем: It was not so cold yesterday as it is today. – Вчеранебылотакхолодно, каксегодня. 4. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного предложения, и время действия придаточного предложения указано точно: I knew that she left Moscow in 1945. – Я знала, что она уехала из Москвы в 1945 году. Но: I knew that she had left Moscow some years ago. – Я знала, что она уехала из Москвы несколько лет назад. |