методичка. Агрономического профиля
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3. Find in the text the following word combinations: наследственность растений, желаемые характеристики, устойчивость к засухе, зимостойкость, условия роста, устойчивость к полеганию, устранять нежелательные качества, совместная работа многих специалистов, скрещивание двух или более сортов, наследственные признаки. 4. Fill in the blanks with words from the text. 1. Improving … of crop plants is the aim of the science known as plant breeding. 2. Early … is a highly important plant characteristic in areas where the growing period is short. 3. Winter cereals should withstand fall and spring frosts, that is, they should process … … . 4. The most … breeding work has been done in improving corn. 5. The aim of … or the crossing of two or more varieties is obtaining a hybrid … better inherited characteristics. 6. Very often high yields of good – quality grain can be produced due to … of superior varieties from other regions or other countries. 7. Rye being a … … plant, any class of soil may be used in growing this crop. 5. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Наследственность растений можно изменить и улучшить селекцией. 2. Раньше улучшение растений и выведение новых сортов производилось путем отбора лучших типов. 3. Сейчас многие признаки растений, такие как урожайность, зимостойкость, засухоустойчивость и другие, успешно улучшаются нашими селекционерами. 4. Для выведения новых сортов нужно использовать достижения многих наук. 5. Новый улучшенный сорт можно вывести скрещиванием двух или более сортов, соединяя желательные признаки в одном сорте. 6. Знание генетики необходимо для выведения новых сортов. 7. Цель селекционера – выведение лучшего сорта, путем соединения желательных качеств в одном сорте. 6. Find in the text answers to the following questions. 1. What is plant breeding? 2. What was the most important method of improving crop plants in the past? 3. What was the basis of developing new improved varieties? 4. What sciences does plant breeding depend on? 5. What is the aim of a plant breeder? 6. What are desired characteristics with wheat? 7. What three general methods of crop improvement are most commonly used? 8. What is hybridization? 9. How can progress in crop breeding be measured? 7. Enumerate the plant characteristics which can be varied by selection. 8. Find key sentences in text A and use them for retelling. Text B 1. Skim text B and find in the text answers to the following questions. Use dictionary if necessary. What is plant improvement based on? 2. What are three main ways of the improvement of plants? 3. How many introductions of wheat have been made in the United States? 4. What is selection? 5. What does the method of selection consist of? Methods of Plant Improvement Plant improvement is based on the principles or laws of heredity which are included in the science known as genetics. Many of the principles and techniques used in plant breeding are complex and to understand them fully intensive study and training are required. Thus only the general methods of crop improvement will be presented and discussed here. In general the improvement of plants is brought about in three broadly different ways. They are introduction, selection, and hybridization. Each has been used successfully to provide us with improved varieties. Introduction Many of the important crop plants grown in the USA have been not native to the United States. Actually many thousands of plants have been introduced from other parts of the world, but only a few of the best are grown commercially. Over 8,000 introductions of wheat alone have been made into the United States. These and many others have been valuable not only from the standpoint of providing the farmers with new varieties that could be grown commercially, but, in addition, they have been a source of breeding material for use in the development of new, improved varieties. Selection Selection is a simple, but important method of improving plants. As the name suggests this method consists of selecting the outstanding types and discarding those that are undesirable, because of certain characteristics being possessed by them. For example, in small grains, plants resistant to lodging may be selected; and with alfalfa those capable of surviving in severe winters are to be retained. After a period of testing, during which plants are selected for certain desired traits or characteristics, a superior strain may be developed. Improvement by selection cannot be accomplished, however, unless the variety from which the selections are being made possesses some plants containing the characteristics desired. Moreover, improvement by this method is not possible unless the qualities of the superior types of plants can be readily detected. As a result it is necessary that keen observation based on experience and scientific knowledge should be made in selecting the most desirable plants. 2. Find the paragraph in the text describing the methods of plant improvement. 3. Find key sentences in text B and use them for annotation. Unit 11 Grammar Revision: Complex Subject Text A: Crop Rotation Text B: Beneficial Effects of Proper Rotation Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) Конструкция «сложное подлежащее» (The Complex Subject) в английском языке состоит: – из именной части, выраженной существительным или местоимением в именительном (общем) падеже, которая выступает подлежащим; – глагольной части, которая выражается инфинитивом с частицей to или причастием, которая выступает сказуемым. 1. Сказуемое, которое выражено словами: to happen, to seem, to turn out, to prove, to appear: She seemed to be nice. – Она казалась славным человеком. Глагол to be можно опускать: She seems nice. He seemed to know me. – Казалось, онаменязнает. Следует обратить внимание, что после глаголов to appear, to seem употребляются разные формы инфинитива: He seems/seemed to know English. – Кажется/казалось, он знает английский язык. He seems to be translating something. – Кажется, ончто-топереводит. He seems/seemed to have read his English Book. – Кажется/казалось, онпрочиталсвоюанглийскуюкнигу. Глаголы to turn out, to prove употребляются в сочетании с to be, но глагол to be может опускаться. Употребление глагола to prove характерно для официальной речи, а to turn out – для неофициальной: He turned out to be a nice chap. – Оноказалсянеплохиммалым. В отрицательных предложениях частичка not употребляется вместе с глаголами: to happen, to seem, to turn out, to prove, to appear: He doesn’t seem to be happy in Kiev. – Он не кажется счастливым в Киеве. Иногда частица not может стоять рядом с инфинитивом: He seems not to know how to translate this sentence. – Он, кажется, незнает, какперевестэтопредложение 2. К следующей группе относятся сказуемые, которые выраженные словами: to report, to say, to state, to announce, to suppose, to think, to expect, to understand, to consider и другими глаголами в страдательном залоге: He is said to be in Kiev now. – Говорят, чтоонсейчасв Киеве. Следует заметить, что после этих глаголов употребляются все формы инфинитива: He is known to have been studying English for 5 years. – Известно, чтоонизучает английский язык 5 лет. The Indefinite Infinitive после глагола to expect выражает будущее время: She is expected to be here on time. – Ожидается, чтоонаприедетвовремя. Примечание: Глагол to suppose переводится как «полагается», «быть обязанным»: He is supposed to stay here. – Ондолженостатьсяздесь. 3. К третьей группе относятся сказуемые, выраженные прилагательными: (most) likely, unlikely, sure: She is likely to show up. – Вероятно, онапоявится It's unlikely that she will attend. – Врядлионапридёт. He is sure to come back. – Онточновернется. Примечание: Отрицание после этих прилагательных образуют с помощью частицы not (перед likely, но после sure), а инфинитив после этих прилагательных всегда стоит в форме Indefinite: He is not likely to remember what have happened. – Непохоже, чтобыонпомнил, чтослучилось. 1. Translate the sentences with the construction «Complex Subject» into Russian. 1. Proper crop rotation is sure to help in maintaining soil fertility and producing higher yields. 2. Crop rotation alone is unlikely to increase fertility of this soil. 3. Such rotation does not seem to be suitable for the temperate zone. 4. The alteration of grasses and legumes is likely to increase the organic matter content of the soil. 5. Continuous growth of the same crop is certain to cause the loss of this crop seems to be the result of growing it after a legume crop. 2. Find «Complex Subject» in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. Too much nitrogen in the soil is known to cause lodging of the crop. 2. Top dressing is considered to be the best way of applying fertilizers to this crop. 3. Such fertilizer mixture is believed to be of great use on this soil. 4. This variety was supposed to be more frost-resistant that the one we were growing before. 5. Phosphatic fertilizers are expected to produce rather high increase in yield on this soil. 6. Soils of this area are said to be highly deficient in organic matter. 7. Legumes are known to be grown both for human food and for soil improvement. 10. The method of harvesting used depends on many factors, proper maturity being one of the most important. Text A Vocabulary list crop rotation – севооборот loss – потеря tilth – состояние почвы maintenance – сохранение, поддержание alteration – чередование barnyard manure – навоз, органическое удобрение to follow – следовать penetration – проникновение residents – остатки dry land condition – почва без орошения, богарные условия residual – остаточный sequence – последовательность addition – добавление to contribute – способствовать shallow rooted – поверхностно-укореняемый deep rooted – глубоко-укореняемый 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian: soil productivity, non-leguminous crops, crop rotation, preceding crop, dry land, barnyard manure, fixation of nitrogen, increased yields of crops, deep-rooted legumes, an important influence, shallow-rooted, small grains, organic matter, better root penetration. 2. Read and translate the text. Crop rotation Crop rotation is known to be a system of growing different kinds of crops one after another on the same land. A rotation may be considered good or bad depending on its effect on soil productivity. It should also be measured by its economic returns. Continuous growth of the same crop has been found to result in the loss of organic matter from the soil, which is sure to have a bad effect on its tilth. The growth of grass pasture and deep-rooted legume crops in rotation is likely to correct this situation through maintenance of organic matter. As to nitrogen for non-leguminous crops, it may be provided by legumes included in the rotation. However, it should be mentioned that rotations are unlikely to supply other plant nutrients in which the soil may be deficient. Legumes are more efficient in fixation of nitrogen on soils with low rather than high nitrogen content. For this reason, a legume is considered to be a better nitrogen fixer when two or more crops come between applications of barnyard manure. Naturally, legume crops are usually grown previous to crops that require large amounts of nitrogen. Thus, increased yields of crops that follow alfalfa seem to result from the addition of nitrogen to the soil contributed by alfalfa crop. The preceding crop has an important influence on crop yields. So in case when deep-rooted legumes are followed by corn, the latter may yield more as a result of better root penetration as well as due to nitrogen residents. Crops sequences are very important under dryland conditions because of the difference in residual soil moisture left by various preceding crops. Thus, small grains yield more after corn than after small grains or sorghum. Though the proper rotation is of great importance in farming, this practice alone is unlikely to produce maximum yields. For the highest yields to be obtained both crop rotation and fertilization are to be used. 3. Fill in the blanks with words and word combinations from the text. 1. Continuous growth of the same … results in the … from the … . 2. Crop rotation alone is unlikely to produce maximum … . 3. The … crop has an important influence on crop … . 4. Crop … are very important under … conditions. 5. Proper crop rotation is one of the factors of good farm … . 6. … are more efficient in fixation of … on soil with low than with high … content. 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). 1. Continuous growth of the same crop has been found to result in the loss of organic matter from the soil. 2. Nitrogen in the soil may be provided by legumes included in the rotation. 3. Legume is not considered to be a better nitrogen fixer. 4. Increased yields of crops that follow alfalfa are not the result of nitrogen addition. 5. Proper crop rotation is one of the essential factors of good farm management. 6. The tilth is not improved if grasses and legumes are included in the rotation. 7. The growing of legumes in the rotation does not help to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. 5. Say it in English: a) give the definition of crop rotation; b) what results in loss of organic matter from the soil; c) what crops enrich soil with nitrogen. 6. Translate the sentences into English using new words from the vocabulary list: 1. Севооборот – это чередование различных культур на одной и той же земле. 2. Цель севооборота – повысить почвенное плодородие. 3. Бобовые часто включают в севооборот, так как они, как известно, могут повысить содержание азота в почве. 4. Правильная система севооборота улучшает плодородие почвы. 5. Длительное выращивание одной и той же культуры на одной и той же земле приводит к снижению плодородия. 6. Урожай кукурузы обычно выше, если она следует за бобовыми в севообороте. 7. Чередование культур должно сочетаться с правильной системой применения удобрений. 7. Answer the questions to text A. 1. What is crop rotation? 2. What is crop rotation used for? 3. Why are legumes included in the rotation? 4. What examples of crop rotation can you give? 5. Can the proper rotation alone provide the highest yield? 8. Find the paragraph in text A giving the information about the influence of legumes on the crop following it in rotation. 9. Find key sentences in each paragraph and retell text A. Text B 1. Get acquainted with text B. Use dictionary if necessary. Beneficial Effects of Proper Rotation Proper crop rotation is one of the essential factors of good farm management. Continuous growing of a crop is likely to produce good effect for a few years, but well – planned rotations are best over a long period of time because they conserve and improve the soil. The physical condition of the soil is known to be unfavorably affected by growing cultivated crops for many years. However, if grasses and legumes are included in the rotation, the tilth is considerably improved. Legumes are also valuable because they add organic matter to the soil. Besides, they are able to fix nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form that can be used by all growing crops. Various crops differ in the kind and amount of nutrients they take from the soil that is why crop rotation helps to maintain the proper nutritional balance in the soil. Most weeds and pests are believed to be controlled by crop rotation. Diseases and insect usually attack certain crops, and they cannot develop during the periods when resistant crops are grown. With crop rotation labour is distributed more uniformly, as peak work periods on farms growing different crops come not at the same time. Many grain growers have suffered losses because temporary labour was not available at harvest time. Finally, the risk of poor production is usually greater with one crop than when several crops are grown. |