Lesson 1 Грамматика. Различные значения it
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LESSON 1 Грамматика. Различные значения it. Различные значения глагола to have. Придаточные определительные предложения. Предтекстовые упражнения Определите значения it и глагола to have. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. Chemistry is a science; it deals with the properties, composition and structure of matter. 2. It is necessary to know foreign languages. 3. It was Mendeleev who gave the world the periodic table of elements. 4. We find it necessary to translate this article. 5. It is known that titanium is widely used in industry. 6. We have many laboratories at our University. 7. Many inventions have brought fame to Russian science. 8. Our scientists have to solve many vital problems. 9. We shall have to do many experiments. Найдите определительные придаточные предложения и переведите их. 1. Toriccelli was the first who discovered how to measure air pressure. 2. The distance that light travels in one second is 300 thousand kilometers. 3. Rubber is a durable material which is very important in industry. 4. Water dissolves very many substances, which makes it a universal solvent. 5. There are many Russian scientists whose names are famous all over the world. 6. The process which oxygen takes part in is known as oxidation. 7. The molecules which every substance is composed of are in a state of constant motion. 8. The facts that the article referred to were very interesting. 9. This is the laboratory where we work. 10. September is the month when the academic year begins. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение следующих слов и словосочетаний: to make contribution to – вносить вклад Niels Bohr made great contribution to theoretical physics. as early as – еще The art of producing glass was known as early as the first century of our era. rank among – занимать достойное место Many inventions of our scientists rank among the greatest achievements of the world science. give birth to – положить начало Rutherford gave birth to the theory of atomic structure. lay the foundation – заложить основу M.V. Lomonosov laid the foundation of research in Russia in very many fields of science. far and wide – повсюду The name of Yuri Gagarin is known far and wide. in order to – для того чтобы In order to get acquainted with scientific achievements abroad we must know foreign languages. instead of – вместо Instead of using ordinary water for cooling purposes, its place has been taken by ethylene glycol. only – только I have only one sister. the only – единственный Your brother was the only person I met there. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: academician [əˌkædə'mɪʃn], astronomy [əs'trnəmɪ], atom ['ætəm], chemist ['kemɪst], chemistry ['kemɪstrɪ], electricity [ɪlek'trɪsɪtɪ], electric lamp [ɪ'lektrɪk 'læmp], element ['elɪmənt], engineer [ˌenʤɪ'nɪə], isotope ['aɪstp], machine [mə'ʃi:n], mathematician [ˌmæθɪmə'tɪʃən], periodic [ˌpɪərɪ'dɪk], production [prə'dʌkʃən], radio ['reɪdɪ], radioactive [ˌreɪdɪ'æktɪv], radiation [ˌreɪdɪ'eɪʃn], rocket ['rkɪt], structure ['strʌkʧə], technique[tek'ni:k], technology [tek'nləʤɪ], terror ['terə], problem ['prbləm] Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание: а) на изменение чтения гласной под влиянием согласной: all, almost, glass, after, branch, want, eight, weight, flight, light, right, kind, work, world, other, above, among, month, rule; б) на чтение буквосочетаний ck, qu, ci + гл.: black, rocket, quite, quick, question, quarter, social, academician, mathematician, artificial TEXT 1 A Science in Russia The Russians made a great contribution to world science. Peter I founded the St. Petersburg academy of Science as early as 1724. It is there that the great scientist Lomonosov worked in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, and laid the foundation of the Russian literary language. The peoples of our country produced many geniuses such as D.I. Mendeleev who gave the world the periodic table of Elements, mathematicians like N.I. Lobachevsky who is known all over the world as «Copernicus in Geometry» and many others. The peoples of Russia are rightly proud of scientists like A.S. Popov, who invented the radio, A.N. Lodygin, who produced the electric lamp, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who was the founder of the modern theory of space rockets. Among our prominent scientists we must also mention the names of I.I. Mechnikov, N.I. Zinin, S.V. Lebedev, I.Z. Kondakov, Academician I.P. Pavlov and many others whose names are known far and wide. Russian scientists and inventors have enriched science and technology with many outstanding achievements which enable them to solve the most complex problems. Many inventions have not only brought fame to Russian science but also rank among the greatest achievements of mankind. The development of the theory of chain reaction is linked with the name of Russian scientist N.N. Semenov, a Nobel Prize winner. N.D. Zelinsky’s works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds. Russian space research has opened a new era of scientific knowledge. It is in our country that the first artificial satellite for the research in outer space was launched. It was created by Academician S.P. Korolev, and it was Yury Gagarin who accomplished the first space flight. Academicians I.V. Koorchatov and G.N. Flerov made a great contribution to the development of the theory of the construction of the atom. It was in Russia that the first atomic power station in the world was built and the first atom-powered ice-breaker «Lenin» was launched. Russian scientists, engineers and workers have done a lot in order to ensure that the energy of the atom should bring people well-being and prosperity instead of terror and death. The peaceful atom gave birth to a new branch of industry – the production of radioactive isotopes. A lot of modern scientific inventions have laid the foundation of new branches of science such as bio technology; information technology; nano technology as well as they are widely used in medicine and everyday life. Примечания к тексту in orderto ensure that the energy of the atom should bring people – для обеспечения того, чтобы энергия атома принесла людям Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: all over, a lot, as early as, complex, far and wide, in order to, instead of, give birth to, lay the foundation, make a contribution, not only … but also, outstanding, physics, prominent, rank among Упражнения Выпишите из текста: а) эмфатические предложения, начинающиеся с it, и переведите их на русский язык; б) определительные придаточные предложения; в) предложения, в которых встречается глагол tohave, определите его значение и переведите эти предложения на русский язык. Определите значения it и переведите следующие предложения: 1. It was not easy to translate this article. 2. The students study foreign languages; they find it useful to know them well. 3. It was in Russia that the first atomic station in the world was built. 4. It is known that oxygen makes up one half of the earth’s crust. 5. It was in Russia that the large scale production of synthetic rubber was established. 6. It was the Russian scientist Popov who invented the radio. 7. It is often necessary to determine what weight of a substance is required or produced in a given reaction. 8. It is the laboratory where we will do our experiments. 9. It is often convenient to divide the elements into two groups: metals and non-metals. 10. Chemistry is a very interesting science; we study it at school and at university. Определите по суффиксу, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык: Science, scientific, scientist, development, contribution, literary, chemistry, mathematician, rightly, founder, accessible, inventor, technology, radioactive, particular Заполнитепропускиследующимисловамиилисловосочетаниями:rank among, very, have made a great contribution, as early as, the very, the foundation, far and wide, in order to, instead of, such as. 1. From … beginning students must work systematically. 2. I am … fond of reading. 3. Russian investigators … to world science. 4. The art of producing glass was known … the first century of our era. 5. M.V. Lomonosov laid … of the Russian literary language. 6. In recent years many natural recourses … coal, natural gas and others have been discovered in our country. 7. The names of many Russian scientists and inventors are known … . 8. Many outstanding discoveries of Russian scientists … the greatest achievements of mankind. 9. Large sums of money were spent … train many thousands of researchers. 10. In an electric lamp, the efficient use of electricity requires that the largest part of energy should be converted into light … heat. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What contribution did the Russians make to world science? 2. Who established the St. Petersburg Academy of science? 3. When was the academy of science established in St. Petersburg? 4. Who founded this Academy? 5. What field of science did M.V. Lomonosov worked in? 6. What did D.I. Mendeleev give the world? 7. What scientists are Russian people proud of? 8. Who was the founder of modern theory of space rockets? 9. Who accomplished the first space flight? 10. What new branches of science have appeared recently? Дайте недостающие основные формы следующих глаголов: to make, to know, to become, to bring, to build, to give. Переведите на английский язык, пользуясь словами и словосочетаниями из текста: 1. М.В. Ломоносов, Д.И. Менделеев, Н.И. Лобачевский, так же как и другие русские ученые, внесли большой вклад в мировую науку. 2. Весь мир признает достижения русских ученых во всех областях науки. 3. Еще в 1724 году Петр I основал академию наук в Петербурге. Прочитайте текст 1 В не пользуясь словарем. TEXT 1 B Science Serves Man In the 20th century science has become a force of tremendous social and economic significance.1 It is becoming a branch of economy serving as the foundation and source2 of economic and engineering3 progress. Important historic events such as the Russian revolutions and World Wars I and II exerted a tremendous influence4 on scientific progress. Many advanced countries regarded science as an important part of industrial development. Russia took one of the leading positions in scientific researches in the world. A lot of research institutions and higher schools were established in our country in the 20th century. They carry out investigations in all the main branches of science from the study of the structure of matter to space exploration. Примечания к тексту significance - значение source - источник engineering - технический exerted a tremendous influence - оказали огромное влияние LESSON 2 Грамматика. Бессоюзные определительные придаточные предложения. Предтекстовые упражнения Переведите следующие предложения, определив границы придаточных предложений: 1. The radio Russian scientist A.S. Popov invented was a great contribution to world science. 2. The prominent scientists’ names you mentioned are known far and wide. 3. The atomic power station built in our country was the first in the world. 4. Russian Academy of Science our Government established in our country carries out research in all the main branches of science. 5. K.E. Tsiolkovsky is the man we call the father of space flights. Найдите придаточные предложения и поставьте в начале их союзное слово с относящимся к нему предлогом. Предложения переведите на русский язык: 1. The Academy M.V. Lomonosov worked in was established by Peter I. 2. The outstanding inventions Russian scientists have enriched science with rank among the greatest achievements of mankind. 3. A new branch of industry the peaceful atom gave birth to is the production of radioactive isotopes. 4. Any mineral a metal can be obtained from is called ore. 5. Water is one of the things man cannot live without. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: absorption [əb'sɔ:pʃən], analytical [ˌænə'lɪtɪkəl], automation [ˌɔ:tə'meɪʃən], colloidal [kə'lɔɪdəl], electrochemistry [ɪˌlektr'kemɪstrɪ], electronics [ɪlek'trnɪks], form (n) [fɔ:m], insulator ['ɪnsjleɪtə], magnet ['mægnɪt], material [mə'tɪərɪəl], metal ['metl], method ['meθəd], mineral ['mɪnɪrəl], organic [ɔ:'gænɪk], plastics ['plæstɪks], polymer ['plɪmə], synthesis ['sɪnθɪsɪs], transistor [træn'zɪstə], typical ['tɪpɪkəl] Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение следующих слов и словосочетаний: deal with – иметь дело с Both chemistry and physics deal with matter and energy. aswellas – так же, как и Chemistry as well as physics are our key subjects. beconcernedwith – касаться, иметь отношение к Physics is concerned with the production, nature and effects of different forms of energy. have to do with – иметь отношение к… Many of the most interesting and important things in nature have to do with solutions. in part – частично Organic chemistry deals with substances which are composed in part of carbon. result in – приводить к… A physical change may result in a change of the properties of a substance. on the one hand – с одной стороны on the other hand – с другой стороны On the one hand chemistry is connected with biology, on the other hand – with physics. so far – до настоящего времени So far no chemical reaction has ever converted one element into another. such as – такой как Some metals, such as gold, platinum and silver do not combine with oxygen directly. since – так как Since oxygen in living plants and animals is chemically combined with other elements, it is difficult or impossible to obtain it from them in a pure condition. whereby – посредством чего Distillation is a process whereby liquids are purified. insomeway – в некотором отношении Organic chemistry is concerned with substances which are connected in some way with living nature. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквосочетаний:
TEXT 2 A The Science of the Chemistry Chemistry deals with the properties, composition and structure of the materials our world and all that it contains are composed of, with the changes by which these materials are converted into other materials and the accompanying energy changes. On the one hand chemistry is linked with biology through biochemistry, and on the other with physics through physical chemistry. Chemistry is concerned with different forms of matter, such as water, salt, iron, sugar, oxygen, etc. The connection of chemistry with energy has to do with the energy changes that accompany chemical transformations of matter from one form to another. All changes of one kind into another are accompanied by the absorption or liberation of energy, usually in the form of heat. Now there are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. Some of them are: inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, colloidal chemistry and electrochemistry. Inorganic chemistry deals with substances obtained directly or indirectly from minerals, ores and similar sources. Organic chemistry deals with substances which are composed in part of carbon, and many of which are associated in some ways with living bodies, plants, and animals. Physical chemistry is concerned with those parts of chemistry which are closely linked with physics. Physical chemistry includes many of the principles of physics as well as those of chemistry. The knowledge of this division of the science is particularly important in all fields of chemistry, since its fundamental laws are the basis all the different divisions are established upon. Analytical chemistry is concerned with the identification, separation and quantitative measurements of the composition of different substances that occur in nature. Nuclear chemistry deals with the transformations of atomic nuclei and with the reactions which take place between them. Colloidal chemistry is concerned with special properties of substances in a finely dispersed condition. Electrochemistry is concerned with the relation between electrical energy and chemical change. Electrolysis is a process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change in the conducting medium, which usually is a solution or a molten substance. The process is generally used as a method of deposition of metals from a solution. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: be concerned (with), deal with, directly, form, have to do with, in part, in some ways, on the one hand, on the other hand, particularly, solution, such as, transformation, whereby |