Lesson 1 Грамматика. Различные значения it
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Примечания к тексту wire [waɪə(r)] – проволока when heated – при нагревании emit [ɪ'mɪt] – испускать retain [rɪ'teɪn] – сохранять Поставьте три вопроса к каждому абзацу текста. Переведите, пользуясь словами и словосочетаниями из текстов А и В: Плавление, кипение веществ, изменение их формы, нагревание или охлаждение – все эти явления (phenomena) называются физическими. В результате физических изменений состав вещества не меняется. Такие изменения веществ, в результате которых из одних веществ получаются другие, называются химическими явлениями или химическими реакциями. В природе химические реакции иногда протекают весьма медленно, поэтому мы их не всегда замечаем. Расскажите на английском языке, в чем заключается разница между физическими и химическими изменениями. LESSON 7 Грамматика. Условные предложения. Предтекстовые упражнения Определите тип условного предложения в следующих сложных предложениях и переведите их на русский язык: If a substance cannot be decomposed or produced by combination of other substances, it is called an element. 2. If a gas were colourless, we would not notice its formation. 3. We should have obtained better results if we had used some other materials. 4. Unless the achievements of the scientists of our research Institute had been so great, many of the complex problems would not have been solved. 5. If a substance changes from one state into another, its energy content will change too. 6. If a substance passed from the solid state directly to the vapour state, this change would be called sublimation. 7. You will see a great variety of apparatus if you visit some laboratory. 8. The liquid in the test-tube would change its colour if they raised the temperature. 9. They would have measured the weight of a substance more accurately provided they had taken an analytical balance. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: due to – благодаря Due to Russian scientist D. I. Mendeleyev elements have been arranged in the order of their atomic weights. be due to – объясняться, обуславливаться The change of colour is due to heating. slightly – слегка The colour of this liquid changes slightly on heating. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: component [kəmˈpənənt], gas [gæs], distillation [ˌdɪstɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n], analyse [ˈænəlaɪz], temperature [ˈtemprtʃə], proportion [prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n], apparatus [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs], nitrate [ˈnaɪtreɪt], barium peroxide [ˈbɛərɪəm pəˈrɒksaɪd] Запомните чтение следующих слов: air [ɛə], nitrogen [ˈnaɪtrdʒən], physical [ˈfɪzɪkl], occur [əˈk:], infer [ɪnˈf:], vary [ˈvɛərɪ], precisely [prɪˈsaɪslɪ] Text 7 A Air One can prove in several ways that air is not a chemical compound, but a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with small amounts of other gases. The composition of air varies slightly with elevation, being a little¹ richer in oxygen and poorer in nitrogen at sea level than at elevations of a few miles. If it were a single² compound, it would have a definite composition by weight. Air is readily separated into its components by fractional distillation of liquid air. If it were a compound, it would all distil over in a single fraction³ at a definite temperature. The air that surrounds us is about one fifth oxygen by volume. When cold water is slowly warmed, we see bubbles of “dissolved air” coming out of the solution. If we analyse such bubbles, we shall find that they are about one third oxygen by volume. The change in composition is due to the difference in the solubility of the gases that make up the mixture known as air. If air were a single compound, the bubbles that escape from the solution would have the same composition as those of the undissolved air. The density and physical properties of air are precisely those that would be inferred from the proportions and physical properties of its component gases. If a chemical change occurred in mixing these gases to form air, there would be either a change in properties or a change in volume. No chemical formula can be written that would exactly show the proportions in which nitrogen and oxygen are present in air. The nearest simple formula would be N4O, but this would indicate far too great a density4 for air, and the proportion of oxygen in air is slightly greater than this formula indicates. Примечания к тексту a little – немного single – зд. простой distil over in a single fraction – перегоняются в одну фракцию far too great a density – слишком большая плотность Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: air, be due to, bubble, component, density, either … or, elevation, exactly, if, in several ways, make up, mix, occur, poor, precisely, prove, readily, (the) same, sea level, slightly, slowly, solubility, weight Упражнения Определите тип условного предложения в следующих сложных предложениях и переведите их на русский язык: 1. If water had been poured into concentrated sulphuric acid, an explosion would have occurred. 2. If an aqueous solution of chlorine yellow in colour is exposed to light, the yellow colour will gradually disappear. 3. The volume the gas would occupy provided it were dry, is less than that which it occupies when water vapour is present. 4. The study of any substance would be incomplete unless we investigated the properties of that substance and the methods of obtaining its components. 5. If a solution of barium peroxide in water were concentrated by boiling, the hydrogen peroxide would be decomposed by heating. 6. The gas would have occupied much smaller volume if it had been compressed enough. 7. If the oxides of antimony were even moderately basic in character, they would react with nitric acid to form the nitrate of antimony. 8. The low density of ice is an important property, for our climate would certainly be quite different unless ice floated. 9. If ozone were suddenly withdrawn from the atmosphere, we should all be killed within a few minutes by the sun’s ultra-violet light. 10. If petroleum suddenly disappeared, we would find ourselves without any gasoline for our machines. Выпишите из текста условные предложения II типа, переведите их на русский язык. Закончите следующие предложения, пользуясь русским текстом: 1. If we analysed the bubbles of dissolved air, (мы бы увидели, что они по объему состоят на 1/3 из кислорода). 2. If we wrote the formula N4O for air, (она не показала бы точных соотношений, в которых кислород и азот присутствуют в воздухе). 3. If the composition of air were analysed at sea level, (можно было бы видеть, что он немного богаче кислородом и беднее азотом, чем на высоте в несколько миль). 4. If we separated air into its components, (мы бы получили кислород, азот и небольшое количество других газов). Выпишите из текста существительные, соответствующие следующим глаголам, подчеркните их суффиксы и переведите их на русский язык: distil, differ, compose, dissolve, elevate, mix Дайте антонимы к следующим словам: cold, large, rich, different, absent, complex, far Заполните пропуски данными словами или словосочетаниями: components, amounts, to separate, escape, mixture, chemical compound, bubbles, density 1. We know that air is not a … . 2. When water boils we see … of “dissolved air” … from the solution. 3. Air is a … of nitrogen and oxygen with small … of other gases. 4. Fractional distillation is used … air into its … . 5. The formula N4O indicates far too great a … for air. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: несколькими способами, дробная перегонка, примерно на одну пятую, никакая химическая формула, слишком большая плотность Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: 1. Due to its greater energy content ozone is more reactive than oxygen. 2. Oxygen is slightly denser than air and slightly soluble in water. 3. The bleaching effects of sulphurous acid are due to its reducing properties. 4. The composition of water varies slightly with elevation. 5. The energies due to Van der Vaals’ forces seldom exceed a few Kcal/mole. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What is air? 2. Under what conditions is air richer in oxygen and poorer in nitrogen? 3. In what way is air separated into its components? 4. How much oxygen does air generally contain? Прочитайте текст 7 В, не пользуясь словарем: Text 7 B Some Physical Properties of Air The physical properties of air were studied long before its chemical properties. Aristotle1 (384 B. C.2) in spite of his confused ideas3 on the nature of gases considered that air was a material substance which possessed weight; another Greek scientist (117 B. C.) described some experiments which were made in order to prove that air is a material substance. For instance he said: «If we invert4 the open end of a vessel, having only one opening, in water, the water will not enter; if a hole be made in the upper part of the vessel, water comes in and air comes out. If we placed our hand over the opening we should feel a stream of wind which is moving air.» In 1774 the French scientist Lavoisier made a large number of experiments in order to prove the hypothesis that when metals are heated in air, the increase in weight is due to fixation5 of the air by the metal. However it was the gifted6 Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov who had come to the same conclusion7 in 1756, i.e. eighteen years before Lavoisier. Примечания к тексту Aristotle [ˈrsttl] – Аристотель (384–322) B. C. (before Christ) – до нашей эры confused ideas – сбивчивые представления invert [nˈv:t] – переворачивать fixation [fkˈse()n] – зд. поглощение gifted [ˈgftd] – талантливый to come to the conclusion – прийти к заключению Расскажите о свойствах воздуха, пользуясь текстами 7 А и 7 В. LESSON 8 Грамматика. Формы инфинитива.Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сочетание глагола-сказуемого в страдательном залоге с инфинитивом). Предтекстовые упражнения Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык: 1. The composition of air is found to vary slightly with elevation. 2. The air is known to contain one fifth oxygen by volume. 3. Most substances have been found to expand as the temperature rises. 4. The temperature lower than -273° is not known to exist. 5. Water can be said to be a universal solvent. 6. Ground water has been stated to contain a great deal of impurities. 7. Water was believed by the ancients to be an element. 8. Oxygen can be said to represent the most widely distributed element on the Earth. 9. Hydrogen peroxide has been shown to resemble ozone in many ways. 10. Hydrogen peroxide is found to act both as a vigorous oxidizing agent and as a reducing agent. 11. Phosphorus and nitrogen have been proved by many experiments to differ radically in many respects. 12. Silicon is said to play an important part in the inorganic world. 13. The importance of carbon in organic chemistry is considered to result from its possessing the ability to form carbon-carbon bonds. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: as compared (to, with) – по сравнению The electrons and the nucleus are very small as compared with the size of the atom. except (for) – за исключением The chemical properties of ozone are similar to those of oxygen except for its greater chemical activity. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова без словаря: portion [ˈpɔːʃ(ə)n], proton ['prətn], neutron [ˈnjuːtrn], electricity [ɪlekˈtrɪsɪtɪ], neutral [ˈnjuːtrəl], equal [ˈiːkwəl], mass [mæs], opposite ['pəzɪt], plus [plʌs], minus ['maɪnəs], diameter [daɪ'æmɪtə], centimeter (cm) [ˌsentɪ'miːtə] Запомните чтение следующих слов: indivisible [ˌɪndɪ'vɪzəbl], impenetrable [ɪm'penɪtrəbl], negligible ['neglɪʤəbl], sign [saɪn], whole [həl] TEXT 8 A Structure of Atoms All kinds of matter are now known to consist of little particles called molecules; these molecules in turn are discovered to consist of still smaller particles called atoms. The name “atom” comes from the Greek word meaning “indivisible” because atoms were supposed to be completely indivisible. Until the end of the nineteenth century an atom was considered to be a “simple, solid, hard, impenetrable particle”. Now it is believed to contain (except for hydrogen) three kinds of particles, these occupying only a portion of the whole space of the atom. The particles are electrons, protons, and neutrons. The existence of these particles in the atoms of the elements is fully established. Electrons are negatively charged. They are thought to lie in different groups about the nucleus of the atom. If atoms of matter contain negative electricity it is evident that they must contain also positive electricity in an equal amount; otherwise they would not be electrically neutral. The positively charged atom of hydrogen is a proton. The hydrogen atom is stated to contain only one electron and one proton, and when the electron is removed from the atom, only the proton remains. Since the electron’s weight is considered to be almost negligible, the mass of the proton is very nearly equal1 to the mass of the hydrogen atom. The mass of the proton is found to be 1836 times greater than that of the electron. The electrical charge of the proton is equal in magnitude to the charge of the electron, but it has the opposite sign (+ instead of ˗ 2 ). The neutron has no charge at all and its mass is assumed to be approximately equal to that of the proton. The electrons are the outer portion of the atom. The electrons and the nucleus are very small as compared with the size of the atom, which, therefore, appears to be composed largely of empty space. The diameter of the whole atom is estimated to be of the order of 10-8 cm, while that of the nucleus is believed to be very much smaller. The atomic weight of an element tells us the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Now if we could determine the positive charge of the nucleus, we should then know the number of electrons in the atom, as the total charge of electrons is equal to the charge of the nucleus. Примечания к тексту very nearly equal – почти равна – (minus) – минус Запомните следующие слова: approximately, as compared with, charge, consider, empty, estimate, fully, in turn, kind, largely, mean, negative, occupy, otherwise, particle, positive, sign, size Упражнения Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык: 1. Nitric acid has been found to react with many metals. 2. Hydrogen gas is said to diffuse through solid platinum, iron, etc. 3. Solutions are considered to be homogeneous mixtures which cannot be separated into their constituent parts by mechanical means. 4. Many reactions are known to be accompanied by an absorption of heat. 5. The amount of heat evolved during the formation of a given compound is proved to be the same whether the compound is formed directly or in a series of intermediate stages. 6. A very considerable number of aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts are reported to furnish a much greater osmotic pressure than one would expect. 7. The molecules of sodium chloride were supposed to be dissociated in aqueous solutions into two parts – Na and Cl. 8. Chemistry can be said to be largely an experimental science. 9. Thorium is not known to occur with any valence except 4. Дайте анализ следующего предложения и переведите его на русский язык: To obtain crystals of arsenic, grey arsenic is to be quickly heated in a current of hydrogen, black glittering crystals of arsenic being deposited near the hot portion of the tube followed by the formation of a yellow powder. Дайте недостающие основные формы следующих глаголов: to know, to come, to think, to tell, to find Дайте антонимы к следующим словам: big, the beginning, soft, positive, complex, the same, unequal, to stay Найдите в тексте эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям: в свою очередь, еще меньшие частицы, за исключением водорода, в равном количестве, в … раз больше Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: 1. Oxygen is twice as soluble as compared to nitrogen. 2. Hydrofluoric acid is a relatively weak acid as compared with the binary acids of the other elements. 3. Sodium is very unlike the common metals except that it also has a metallic luster. 4. Corundum is the hardest of all naturally occurring substances except diamond. Дайте краткие утвердительные и отрицательные ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. Do all kinds of matter consist of molecules? 2. Are atoms indivisible? 3. Must atoms contain positive electricity? 4. Has the electrical charge of the proton the opposite sign as compared with that of the electron charge? 5. Has the neutron got any charge? Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What do all kinds of matter consist of? 2. What is the meaning of the Greek word “atom”? 3. How many kinds of particles does an atom contain and what are their names? 4. What is a proton? 5. How many electrons and protons does the hydrogen atom contain? 6. What sign has the electrical charge of the proton? Прочитайте текст 8 В, не пользуясь словарем: |