Lesson 1 Грамматика. Различные значения it
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Упражнения Выпишите из текста бессоюзные определительные предложения. Дайте анализ следующего предложения: The kind of energy we are most familiar with is mechanical energy. Найдите в следующих предложениях придаточные предложения и переведите их на русский язык: 1. The materials chemists produce by organic synthesis occupy a very important place in industry and everyday life. 2. Some polymers our scientists discovered possess remarkable properties. 3. The subject they have chosen for discussion was connected with the chemistry of solids. 4. The task my friend is responsible for is very important. 5. The laboratory we work in is equipped with modern apparatus. 6. We suppose that method he is insisting upon is reliable. 7. The tube Roentgen was experimenting with had been invented by Crookes. 8. The results of the research they carry out will be published. Переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы и префиксы: property, composition, structure, production, nature, electricity, different, connection, energy, chemical, transformation, liberation, inorganic, analytical, directly, indirectly, substance, physical, closely, division, particularly, important, separation, measurement Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык: заложить основу, внести вклад, занять место среди, с одной стороны, с другой стороны, быть с чем-нибудь связанным, в некотором отношении Переведите слова и словосочетания, данные в скобках, на английский язык: 1. Chemistry (рассматривает) the properties of the materials (из которых состоит мир). 2. The connection of chemistry with energy (связана с изменениями энергии) that accompany chemical transformation of matter. 3. All changes of one kind of matter into another (сопровождаются) by the absorption or liberation of energy. 4. Physical chemistry (рассматривает) those parts of chemistry (которые тесно связаны с физикой). Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What does chemistry deal with? 2. What sciences is chemistry linked with? 3. What forms of matter is chemistry concerned with? 4. What are all changes of one kind of matter into another accompanied by? 5. How many branches of chemistry are there now? 6. What are they? 7. What substances does inorganic (organic) chemistry deal with? 8. What is physical chemistry concerned with? 9. Why is the knowledge of physical chemistry particularly important? 10. What branch of chemistry is concerned with the identification, separation, and composition of different substances? 11. What process is called electrolysis? Выберите правильный английский эквивалент:
Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. Chemistry is linked with biology. 2. Chemistry is concerned with different forms of matter. 3. Now there are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. 4. Substances may be obtained directly or indirectly from minerals, ores and other sources. Прочитайте текст 2 В, не пользуясь словарем: TEXT 2 B Looking Into the Future of the Science of Chemistry The most typical materials now are the products of organic synthesis, the polymers, that is, the various synthetic materials. These materials, produced by chemists in the past few decades, have occupied a very important place in industry, construction and everyday life. This does not mean that natural materials have lost their importance. Combined with synthetic materials1, they have become even more valuable. Synthetic plastics have taken the place of metals2 in machine-building and in many respects3 their properties are better than those of metals. Ordinary polymers are better insulators of electricity, and some of them provide the best heat insulation. Russian scientists discovered that some polymers possessed properties which in some respects are similar to those of iron, although in a much weaker form. So far4 industrial application of some materials has not been reached yet. But further research along such lines may result in5 the development of materials with sufficient electrical conducting and magnetic properties to make them important in automation, electronics and the creation of new types of transistors. Примечания к тексту combined with synthetic materials – в сочетании с синтетическими материалами have taken the place of metals – заменили металлы in many respects – во многих отношениях so far – до настоящего времени may result in – может привести к Поставьте 3 вопроса к каждому абзацу. Изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке. LESSON 3 Грамматика. Сложносочиненные предложения и их союзы. Различные значения one. Предтекстовые упражнения I. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзы: 1. Iron is strong but steel is much stronger. 2. Chemistry is linked with biology and it is also connected with physics through physical chemistry. 3. Chemistry is concerned with different forms of matter while physics mostly deals with the nature, transformation and effects of different forms of energy. 4. Knowledge of physical chemistry is very important in all fields of chemistry, for its fundamental laws are the basis all the different divisions of chemistry are established upon. 5. Many polymers are good insulators, so some of them provide the best heat insulation. 6. The law of conservation of heat applies to chemical as well as physical changes. 7. Rain water is not really pure, nor is ground water pure from the chemical point of view. 8. Gases have neither shape of their own, nor a constant volume. 9. Nitric acid is decomposed not only when it is heated, but also under the action of light. 10. The Fahrenheit scale is very inconvenient, still (nevertheless) it is used in England and the USA. 11. Earlier this scientist had no lab of his own, yet (however) he achieved much in his research work. 12. Electrical energy may be changed into radiant energy, or it can be changed into mechanical energy. 13. All energy is either potential or kinetic. 14. Nitrogen does not burn nor does it support burning. II. Определите значения one. Переведите следующие предложения: 1. This worker has become one of the most honoured men in the city. 2. One has to study languages systematically. 3. One can easily forget words that one does not use. 4. Metal is a good conductor of heat while wood is a bad one. III. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем: acetone ['æsɪtn], basis ['beɪsɪs], conception [kən'sepʃən], extract (v) [ɪks'trækt], phenol ['fi:nl], product ['prdəkt], propylene ['prpɪli:n], synthetic [sɪn'θetɪk], theoretical [θɪə'retɪkəl] IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение следующих слов и словосочетаний: win recognition – получать признание Many inventions of our scientists have won world-wide recognition. hold a place – занимать место Russia holds one of the first places in the production of steel. set up – учреждать National academies of sciences have been set up in all countries. no longer – уже не play a role (a part) – играть роль Great Britain no longer plays a role of a leading country. V. Прочитайте следующие двусложные слова: а) с ударением на конечном слоге: consist, exist, provide, arise, increase, prepare, until, between, research, affair; б) с ударением на начальном слоге: chemical, industry, second, volume, basis, number, modern, progress, thousand, country, method, plastics, textile, product Запомните чтение следующих слов: achievement, synthesizing, phenol, physicist Text 3 A Russian Chemical Science Since eighteenth century Russia has been one of the leaders in world’s chemistry science and chemical industry. The research and achievements of our scientists have won world-wide recognition. The classical works by D.I. Mendeleyev, A.M. Butlerov, N.D. Zelinsky, S.V. Lebedev, A.E. Favorsky and many others not only served as a theoretical basis for the development of the chemical industry, but enabled Russia to set up a number of modern branches of the chemical industry. The close links between science and industry enabled the chemical industry to make great progress. It was in Russia that the large-scale production1 of synthetic rubber was established. N.D. Zelinsky’s works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds. There are thousands of them now, and they are extremely important in the economy of our country. Our scientists elaborated a new method of extracting phenol and acetone simultaneously from benzene and propylene. Both these substances are necessary for manufacturing plastics, textile fibres, organic glass and other chemical products. Together with physicists, our chemists have elaborated an industrial method for manufacturing artificial diamonds which are 40 per cent harder than natural ones. Many Russian scientists and engineers work at the creation of new polymers which are used in different combinations in order to produce different materials. Many discoveries Russian chemists made in the field of biology in recent years are forming the basis of new conceptions of matter and will help in creating materials unknown in nature. The successes achieved by chemistry and engineering have played an important part in our country’s achievements in space. Примечание к тексту 1. large-scale production – производство большого масштаба Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: achieve, achievement, artificial, benzene, between, close, compound, create, creation, diamond, elaborate, enable, engineering, establish, extremely, field, hold, important, industry, industrial, link, manufacturing, nature, natural, a number of, physicist, propylene, recent, recognition, scale, set up, simultaneously, space (зд. космос), success, synthetic, synthesize, together, volume, win Упражнения I. Найдите в тексте сложносочиненные предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на союзы. II. Дайте анализ следующего предложения: Aluminium is a metal which is found in clay and it is the most abundant metallic element which is found in nature only in the form of a compound. III. Определите значения one и переведите следующие предложения: 1. One of the greatest problems of our era is that of outer space. 2. One must be careful with explosive substances. 3. Artificial diamonds are 40 per cent harder than natural ones. 4. Our new atomic stations are more powerful than the old ones. 5. One can see a great number of new houses in our city. 6. One has to take into account that sulphuric acid is a strong acid. 7. One should take into account that sulphides of many metals are used in paint industry. IV. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов: develop, produce, create, combine, discover, achieve V. Образуйте прилагательные, соответствующие следующим существительным: theory, chemistry, industry, nature, success Дайте недостающие основные формы следующих глаголов: hold, know, make, set up, win Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык: 1. Достижения русских ученых получили мировое признание. 2. Классические работы русских ученых-химиков легли в основу многих отраслей химической промышленности. 3. Именно в России было освоено широкое производство синтетической резины. Заполнитепропускиследующимисловами: established, enables, holds, served, large-scale, development, recognition, close, overall, basis, progress 1. Russian chemical industry … the second place in the world in … volume of production. 2. The achievements of our scientists have won a world-wide … . 3. The classical works of Russian scientists … as a theoretical … for the … of the chemical industry. 4. The … links between science and industry … the chemical industry to make great … . 5. The … production of synthetic rubber was … in Russia. Выберитесоответствующийанглийскийэквивалент:
X. Прочитайте текст 3 B, не пользуясь словарем: Text 3 B Age of Chemistry Chemistry and physics play a very important part in the 21st century. Physicists solve1 many vital problems, but the present great progress in the production of man-made materials is due to chemistry2. Objects made of natural materials do not possess all the properties required. Man had to use things given by nature. We know three long periods in the history of human progress, named after the basic material used – the stone, the bronze and the iron ages. Now we live in the age of chemistry, which produces synthetic materials. Due to the great discoveries of the past few decades we are able to go over to a new age3 – the age of synthetic polymers. Chemistry is to remake4 existing materials and create new ones. It is now able to make such wonderful products that very often natural materials have to give way5 to the man-made ones. Synthetic materials will play a still more important part in future. Примечания к тексту 1. solve – решать 2. is due to chemistry – обязан химии 3. to go over to a new age – перейти к новому веку 4. remake – преобразовывать 5. to give way to – уступить дорогу XI. Поставьте 2 вопроса к каждому абзацу. XII. Изложите содержание текста на английском языке. LESSON 4 Грамматика. Придаточные предложения в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого и обстоятельства времени. Предтекстовые упражнения Переведите следующие предложения, предварительно определив тип придаточного предложения: |