Lesson 1 Грамматика. Различные значения it
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II. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, пользуясь приведенной ниже рамкой: 1. Известно, что хлор – типичный неметалл. 2. Соединения щелочных металлов отличаются по своей промышленной важности. 3. Вода влияет на многие химические реакции. 4. Щелочные металлы хранятся в масле, чтобы исключить влияние воздуха. 5. Обычной температуры достаточно, чтобы воспламенить рубидий и цезий. 6. Гидроокись натрия используется, чтобы удалить из воздуха как влагу, так и двуокись углерода.
III. Дайте остальные основные формы следующих глаголов: to lose, to see, to keep, to show IV. Сгруппируйте синонимы и переведите их на русский язык: alike, usually, to yield, generally, to manufacture, to give, similar, to produce V. Сгруппируйте антонимы и переведите их на русский язык: with difficulty, far, known, soft, near, easily, heavy, low, high, hard, light, unknown VI. Укажите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык: easily, metallic, reaction, rapidly, mixture, importance, moisture, active, relatively, chemical VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: 1. Diffusion in liquids takes place much more slowly than in gases. 2. Owing to its solubility hydrogen sulphide should not be collected over cold water. 3. Most of sulphur occurs in the earth’s crust as iron sulphide, but oxidation has given rise to large deposits of sulphate, chiefly of calcium and magnesium. 4. The reaction of magnesium with water occurs most rapidly if a small amount of some magnesium salt is present in water. 5. The total amount of radium produced up to 1940 amounted to about one kilogram. 6. Usually the most rapid and simplest chemical changes take place between dissolved substances. 7. Although the speed of a chemical reaction is modified by the presence of a catalyst, the final state of equilibrium is practically not affected. 8. The only gas giving red fumes when exposed to the air is nitric oxide. VIII. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: с химической точки зрения; самые активные из известных металлов; можно наблюдать поразительное увеличение радиуса атома; вследствие пленки на поверхности; при нагревании на воздухе IX. а) Поставьте 6 вопросов к тексту; б) Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What elements are called alkali metals? 2. In what respects are the alkali metals alike? 3. What are the properties of the alkali metals? 4. Why are the alkali metals stored in oil? 5. Why are the alkali metals not found free in nature? 6. In what way is sodium hydroxide usually obtained? X. Охарактеризуйте приведенные ниже высказывания, относящиеся к тексту 10 A, следующим образом: «правильно», «неправильно», «нет в тексте»: 1. Caesium is the most reactive member of the series of alkali metals. 2. Alkali metals are soft enough to be easily cut with a knife. 3. Alkali metals do not float on water. 4. Reacting with oxygen, lithium yields the simple oxide. 5. Sodium hydroxide is obtained by the electrolysis of common salt. 6. Alkali metals neither tarnish nor lose their lustre. XI. Прочитайтетекст 10 B, непользуясьсловарем: TEXT 10 B The Group I Elements Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs The group I elements are all univalent, and have a remarkable affinity for oxygen; caesium and rubidium ignite spontaneously if placed in dry oxygen at room temperature. The chemical activity of the alkali metals appears to increase steadily in passing from lithium to caesium. The metals are obtained by electrolysis of fused salts or salt mixtures. Because there is only one valence electron per metal atom, the binding energies in the close packed metal lattices1 are relatively weak and the metals are consequently very soft and have low melting points. Liquid alloys of alkali metals are known, the most important being the Na–K alloys. All of the alkali metals are highly electropositive and react with most other elements directly. The metals are found to dissolve in mercury to form amalgams. The group I metals are soluble in liquid ammonia to give solutions which are blue when dilute. They react directly with most non-metals to give one or more binary compounds. Owing to the highly electropositive character of the alkali metals the various oxides are readily hydrolyzed by water. Примечание к тексту 1. close packed metal lattice – плотно упакованная решетка металлов XII. Расскажите о свойствах щелочных металлов, пользуясь текстами 10 А и B. LESSON 11 Грамматика. Инфинитив в функции определения. Предтекстовые упражнения Обратите внимание на инфинитив в функции определения в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. This scientist was the first to point out the importance of the phenomena observed. 2. They are the last to leave the laboratory. 3. D. I. Mendeleyev was the first scientist to arrange the elements according to their atomic weights. 4. Water to be used for drinking should be thoroughly purified. 5. The action to follow the combination of equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine in sunlight is known as explosion. 6. Gold was probably one of the first metals to attract the attention of man. 7. The best solvent to be employed for dissolving phosphorus is carbon disulphide. 8. Sodium peroxide mixed with cupric oxide to serve as a catalyst, reacts with water, liberating oxygen. 9. Oxygen has considerable ability to form double bonds. 10. The hardest substance to cut different materials with is diamond. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: in spite of – несмотря на In spite of the high boiling point mercury does show a small vapour presence at an ordinary temperature. intermsof – на основании; исходя из; на языке; с точки зрения A material system may be described in terms of the phases constituting it. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова без словаря: mendelevium /mendlvm/, function /fkn/, thiosulphate /slfet/, ethylene /eli:n/, classification /klsfken/, vacant /veknt/, position /pzn/, scandium /skndm/, gallium /glm/, germanium /d:menm/, actinium /ktnm/ Запомните чтение следующих слов: contribution /kntrbju:n/, development /dvelpmnt/, subsequent /sbskwnt/, arrangement /rendmnt/, periodicity /prdst/, appreciate /pri:et/, reverse /rv:s/, considerable /knsdrbl/, predict /prdkt/, comprehensive /kmprhensv/, familiar /fmlj/, substantially /sbstnl/, fluorine /flri:n/ TEXT 11 A The Periodic Law In spite of the importance of the earlier contributions, the major portion of credit1 for the development of the periodic system must go to the Russian scientist, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev. The realization that the properties of the elements can be represented as periodic functions of their atomic weights made possible classification that has suffered few significant changes in the subsequent years. It was in March of 1869 that D. I. Mendeleyev published his first account of the periodic system, in which he set forth the arrangement of the elements in terms of their increasing atomic weights. D. I. Mendeleyev was the first to fully appreciate the significance of this periodicity. In his first paper D. I. Mendeleyev pointed out the similarities of a number of properties of certain elements and reversed the order of atomic weights where necessary in order to maintain this group similarity. Of considerable interest and importance is the fact that D. I. Mendeleyev left vacant positions in his proposed table for yet undiscovered elements and expressed the opinion that the chemical and physical properties of the elements to be discovered might well2 be predicted from their positions in the table. In the summer of 1871 D. I. Mendeleyev published a more comprehensive treatment3 of what he called the Periodic Law. At this time he presented the more familiar form of the periodic table and although it differs somewhat from the one that is in use today, it is substantially the same. It was in his publication of 1871 that D. I. Mendeleyev utilized the periodic character to predict the properties of the elements to be described later as those of scandium, gallium and germanium. The remarkable agreement of the properties of these elements as described by D. I. Mendeleyev and those to be observed later is certainly a complete justification of D. I. Mendeleyev’s faith in his periodic law. In December 1945 Glenn Seaberg made his first publication of a periodic table which depicted a new actinide series beginning with actinium. He said that American scientists were proud and happy to honour the name of D. I. Mendeleyev by calling element 101 “mendelevium”. Примечания к тексту 1. the major portion of credit … must go – основная заслуга … принадлежит 2. well – зд. вполне 3. treatment – трактат Запомните следующие слова: account, agreement, appreciate, arrangement, comprehensive, considerable, depict, express, in spite of, justification, opinion, periodicity, predict, propose, remarkable, represent, set forth, significance, similarity, somewhat, substantially, subsequent, vacant Упражнения I. Определите функцию инфинитива в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. If the filtrate contains elements to be determined it is usually necessary to reduce the volume by evaporation. 2. In quantitative analysis the element or radical to be determined is isolated in the form of a precipitate. 3. M. V. Lomonosov was the first scientist to find heat, light and electricity to be different forms of motion. 4. Sodium peroxide mixed with cupric oxide to serve as a catalyst reacts with water liberating oxygen. 5. The method of qualitative analysis to be employed depends somewhat on the nature of the substance to be analysed. 6. S. V. Lebedev was the first to study synthetic rubber-like compounds. 7. Metallic palladium has an unusual ability to absorb hydrogen. 8. M. V. Lomonosov was the first to give the definition of the second law of thermodynamics. 9. Atoms in the gas have the power to add an extra electron forming a negative ion such as I ˉ. 10. Urea was the first organic compound to be synthesized from inorganic materials. 11. Bertholet observed ethylene to dissolve in a solution of cuprous chlorine in dilute hydrochloric acid. 12. Various attempts have been made to interpret the absorption spectra of cupric amines. 13. Among the cuprous compounds no open-chain complexes joined through oxygen seem to be known. 14. The solubility of argentous acetate in water is found to increase on addition of alkaline or alkaline earth acetates. II. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие эмфатическую конструкцию it is … that, и переведите их на русский язык. III. Дайте прилагательные, соответствующие следующим существительным: importance, scientist, significance, atom, periodicity, similarity, chemistry, physics, completion IV. Переведите следующие слова как существительные и как глаголы: change, increase, point, order, form, use V. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: 1. In spite of the fact that compounds of fluorine had long been known, the element is so active that it was not obtained in appreciable quantities until 1886. 2. It is assumed that pure water is a non-conductor, in spite of the fact that perfectly non-conducting water has not yet been made. 3. We can explain reduction in terms of atomic structure. 4. Sometimes the data from which molecular weights are to be calculated are expressed in terms of the relative densities of gases. VI. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. Who contributed greatly to the development of the periodic system? 2. What did D. I. Mendeleyev realize? 3. When did D. I. Mendeleyev publish his first account of the periodic system? 4. What did he set forth in his account? 5. What did he point out? 6. What were vacant positions in the Table left for? 7. How many elements did D. I. Mendeleyev predict the properties of? 8. Why did American scientists call element 101 “mendelevium”? VII. Прочитайтетекст 11 B, непользуясьсловарем: TEXT 11 B From Mendeleyev to Mendelevium – and Beyond The year 1969 marked the one hundredth anniversary of the announcement by Dmitry Mendeleyev of his formulation of a periodic classification of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical properties. It is proper1 that Russia celebrated this anniversary of the contribution2 to science of one of its sons, but at the same time it must be recognized that D. I. Mendeleyev’s accomplishment has had an impact on3 science which is international in scope. The Periodic Law has crossed national boundaries and has become the property4 of all nations. D. I. Mendeleyev arranged all the elements in a table consisting of vertical groups and horizontal periods. In this table all the un-co-ordinated data on the properties of elements and their compounds are collected and arranged into one well-constructed system. It enables scientists to predict the possibility of discovering new elements and their properties and to correct the errors made in previous definitions of the properties of known elements. D. I. Mendeleyev’s periodic system continues to form the basis for some of the most complex research that is being done today. His name will be perpetuated5 in the discovery of new artificial elements and in our better understanding of the mysteries of nature. Примечания к тексту 1. it is proper – естественно 2. contribution – вклад 3. has had an impact on – оказало влияние на 4. property – достояние 5. perpetuate – увековечивать VIII. Расскажите о периодической системе Менделеева, пользуясь текстами 11 A и B. ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ TEXT 1 Chemistry 4884 п.з. Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry includes topics such as the properties of individual atoms, how atoms form chemical bonds to create chemical compounds, the interactions of substances through intermolecular forces that give matter its general properties, and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances. Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics, geology and biology. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine. It is often seen as linked to the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold, though in ancient times the study encompassed many of the questions of modern chemistry being defined as the study of the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying, disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies by the early 4th century Greek-Egyptian alchemist Zosimos. An alchemist was called a 'chemist' in popular speech, and later the suffix "-ry" was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as "chemistry". The modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (الکیمیاء). In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία. his may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmī may derive from χημεία, meaning "cast together". In retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term "chymistry", in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, meant the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies. In 1663 the chemist Christopher Glaser described "chymistry" as a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection. The 1730 definition of the word "chemistry", as used by Georg Ernst Stahl, meant the art of resolving mixed, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles. In 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word "chemistry" to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. This definition further evolved until, in 1947, it came to mean the science of substances: their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances - a characterization accepted by Linus Pauling. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of "chemistry" to mean the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Early civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didn't develop a systematic theory. A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece with the theory of four elements as propounded definitively by Aristotle stating that fire, air, earth and water were the fundamental elements from which everything is formed as a combination. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things). Unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. In the Hellenistic world the art of alchemy first proliferated, mingling magic and occultism into the study of natural substances with the ultimate goal of transmuting elements into gold and discovering the elixir of eternal life. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. Alchemy continued to be developed and practiced throughout the Arab world after the Muslim conquests, and from there, and from the Byzantine remnants, diffused into medieval and Renaissance Europe through Latin translations. Some influential Muslim chemists, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Avicenna and Al-Kindi refuted the theories of alchemy, particularly the theory of the transmutation of metals; and al-Tusi described a version of the conservation of mass, noting that a body of matter is able to change but is not able to disappear. |