Тема - исходная часть сообщения, данность, противопоставленная реме (или новому).
Тематическая группа - совокупность слов, объединенных на основе внеязыковой общности обозначаемых ими денотатов по определенному признаку и выраженных различными словами: группа корова + бык, теленок, коровник, коровница, пастух, говядина и т.д.
Тембр речи - звуковая окраска речи, передающая ее эмоционально - экспрессивные оттенки: интонация недоверия, восхищения, игривости и т.д.
Темп речи - скорость произношения ее элементов, скорость ее протекания, длительность звучания во времени.
Теория общественного договора происхождения языка - объединение разных теории происхождения языка - звукоподражательной, междометной, теорий трудовых выкриков.
Типологическая классификация языков - классификация, основанная на понятии сходства (формального или семантического) и различия языков: политический, изолирующий, флектирующий типы.
Типы лексических значений - различают несколько видов: денотативный, сигнификативный, эмотивный (коннатативный), структурный.
Транскрипция - система письма, используемая для точной передачи звукового состава устной или письменной речи: фонетическая, фонематическая, практическая.
Транслитерация - побуквенная передача слова или текста, написанного при помощи одной алфавитной системы, средствами другой алфавитной системы.
У
Ударение - выделение слога в слове силой голоса, долготой звучания, высотой тона.
Управление - вид подчинительной связи, когда главное слово требует от зависимого слова того или иного падежа с предлогом или без предлога: гордиться отцом, купить книгу, отдых на природе и т.д.
Уровни языка - ярусы общей языковой системы, каждая из которых обладает набором своих единиц и правил их функционирования: фонетический, морфологический, лексический, синтаксический.
Усечение - аббревиация, когда новое слово образуется путем усечения слов, входящих в исходное словосочетание: продмаг, вуз, завмаг и т.д.
Устаревшие слова - слова пассивного запаса языка, вышедшие из употребления: архаизмы и историзмы.
Утвердительное предложение - такое, в котором содержание предложения утверждается как реальное по характеру выражаемого отношения к действительности.
Утрата внутренней формы слова - утрата словом мотивированности в связи с выходом из употребления мотивирующего слова (кольцо - колесо, калач - коло); фонетическими изменениями (коса и чесать); процессами заимствования (слесарь < нем. Schlosser < Schloss«замок».
Ф
Флексия - морфема, стоящая в конце слова и служащая для связи слов в словосочетании или предложении: дом - а, дом - у.
Флективность - словоизменительная аффиксация посредством флексии.
Флективные языки – языки, для которых характерна многозначность окончаний: в русском языке флексия -а может передавать значение числа, рода, падежа.
Фонема - единица звукового строя языка, представленная рядом позиционно чередующихся звуков, служащая для опознавания и различения значимых единиц языка (слов, морфем): мил - мыл - мол - мул - мел - мал.
Фонематическая транскрипция - транскрипция, используемая для передачи фонемного состава слова или морфемы: год < год >, окно < окно >.
Фонемные оппозиции - противопоставление фонем: приватирная, градуальная, эквинолентная, или дизъюнкция - противопоставление по нескольким признакам: < д > < н > и корреляция - противопоставление по одному признаку: <п>
<б>.
Фонетика - раздел языкознания, изучающий звуковые единицы языка, их акустические и артикуляционные свойства, законы функционирования звуков речи, распределения ударения в словах, чередования гласных и согласных.
Фонетическая синтагма - отрезок речевой цепи, объединенный интонационно - смысловым единством входящих в него знаменательных слов, образующих одну ритмомелодическую группу: Завтра вечером наша группа пишет сочинение.
Фонетическая система языка - внутренне организованная совокупность фонем, связанных определенными отношениями.
Фонетическая транскрипция - транскрипция, используемая для передачи слова в полном соответствии с его звучанием, фиксация реального звукового состава слова: темнота [т'ьмн¬та], молоко [мъл¬ко].
Фонетическое слово - отрезок речевой цепи, объединенный одним ударением: окно [¬кно], сон ли [сон л'и], на гору [н¬ гору].
Фонология - раздел языкознания, изучающий звуковую сторону языка с функциональной и системной точек зрения.
Фонологическая система языка - внутренне организованная совокупность фонем, связанных определенными отношениями.
Форма слова - морфологическая разновидность слова, обладающая грамматическим значением, имеющим регулярное выражение: доска, стена, посуда, доски и т.д.
Форматив - формообразующий аффикс изменяемой части слова: книга, книги, книгу, книгой и т.д.
Формообразующая основа - постоянная часть слова, присутствующая во всех словоформах и состоящая из одних и тех же морфем: книг-а, книг-и, книг-у, под - стакан - ник-, ледоход, пароходный.
Формообразующий аффикс - аффиксы, служащие для образования разных форм одного и того же слова, не меняя его значения, выражая лишь грамматическое значение: стол, стол - а, стол - у и т.д.
Фраза - отрезок речевой цепи между двумя паузами, обладающий интонационно - смысловой законченностью, имеющий определенную интонационную структуру и характеризующийся синтаксической связанностью: Вот вы сели/лошади тронулись/колокольчик зазвенел.
Фразеологизм - лексически неделимая, воспроизводимая единица языка, устойчивая в своем составе: бить баклуши, закадычный друг.
Фразеологические выражения (или обороты) - фразеологические обороты, состоящие из слов со свободным значением, имеющие постоянный состав компонентов и определенное значение, к ним относятся пословицы, поговорки: Волков бояться - в лес не ходить.
Фразеологические единства - фразеологические обороты, общее значение которых метафорически мотивировано значениями составляющих данный оборот слов: зарыть талант в землю, пускать пыль в глаза, вылететь в трубу. «Обладают свойством потенциальной образности» (В.В. Виноградов).
Фразеологические сочетания - фразеологические обороты, общее значение которых полностью зависит от значения составляющих слов: один из компонентов - постоянный, другой - переменный, свободный: закадычный друг, но старый (новый) друг; берет досада (злость, охота, смех) и т.д.
Фразеологически связанное значение - значение слова, предопределяемое контекстом; слова, которые могут сочетаться лишь с определенными словами: безысходная тоска (печаль, скорбь), затеять ссору, виновник пожара.
Фразеология - наука о фразеологическом составе языка, природе фразеологизмов, их типах, особенностях функционирования в речи.
Фразовое ударение - интенсивное выделение ударного слога последнего слова в конечной синтагме или в наиболее важной по смыслу синтагме: Вчера вечером, /когда часы пробили десять, /приехал брат.
Фузия - тесное морфологическое соединение изменяемого корня с многозначными нестандартными аффиксами, приводящее к стиранию границ между морфемами:
Функции интонации - оформление высказывания в единое целое, различение по цели высказывания, передача синтаксических отношений между частями предложения и предложениями, выражение эмоциональной окраски; вскрытие подтекста высказывания, характеристика говорящего и ситуации общения в целом.
Функции ударения - фонетическое объединение слова, обеспечение цельности и отдельности слова путем выделения его интонационного центра, смыслоразличительная функция (замок - замок, мука - мука), словоразграничительная функция, форморазграничительная функция (ноги - ноги, страны - страны).
Функция фонемы - дистинктивная (смыслоразличительная) функция (тот - тут), делимитативная функция (словоразграничительная).
Функция языка – коммуникативная; функция связи, общения (приветствие, прощание, призыв, связь с адресатом, тексты реклам, хранение и передача традиций культуры, истории, национального самосознания), когнитивная (гносеологическая, познавательная, экспрессивная) - функция получения новых знаний о действительности; функция связи языка с мыслительной деятельностью человека.
Ч
Часть речи - основные лексико-грамматические классы, по которым распределяются слова языка.
Частичные омонимы – омофоны в грамматических формах: лук «овощ» и лук «оружие» совпадают лишь в формах единственного числа, слова, совпадающие в звучании, но имеющие разное написание: плод - плот, кот - код.
Частная предметная отнесенность - отнесенность понятия слова к конкретному предмету, признаку, свойству, действию: куцая собака, хромой человек.
Частное языкознание - изучение отдельного языка (русского, узбекского, английского и др.) или группы родственных языков (славянских, германских, тюркских).
Чередование - способ, при котором различие в качестве чередующихся согласных приводит к выражению грамматического значения: рваный (прилагательное) - рвань (существительное), голый (прилагательное) - голь (существительное).
Чередование звуков (или альтернация) - это замена звуков в пределах одной и той же морфемы в разных словах или словоформах: мороз - морозный [с/з], рука - ручка [к/ч].
Числительное - лексико-грамматический класс слов, обозначающих число, количество, меру: пять, дважды, много.
Члены предложения - структурно-семантические компоненты предложения, которые различаются по своей функции и выделяются по целому комплексу формальных и смысловых признаков.
Шумные согласные - звуки, которые образуются либо при помощи шума, либо голоса и шума: [б], [п], [д], [т], [х], [ш].
Щ
Щелевые согласные - согласные, при артикуляции которых язык образует преграду, оставляя для выхода воздуха щель: [с, з, ш, ж, ф, в, х, л].
Э
Эволюционная теория происхождения языка - зарождение языка связывает с развитием мышления первобытного человека. Сторонники - В. Гумбандт, А. Шлейхер, В. Вундт.
Экскурсия - переход органов речи в состояние, необходимое для производства звука.
Энантио-семия - разновидность антонимии, явление поляризации значений одного и того же слова: одолжить «взять в долг» - одолжить «дать в долг», просмотреть «ознакомиться с чем-либо» и просмотреть, «не заметить, пропустить что-либо».
Энклитики - безударные слова, примыкающие к ударным сзади: сходил бы, что же.
Эпентеза - вставка дополнительного звука в середину слова: ндрав < нрав, остров, но лит. srava, любить - люблю, ловить - ловлю - «Е - эпентетикум».
Эпитеза - появление дополнительного звука в абсолютном конце слова: песнь - песня.
Эсперанто - искусственный международный язык, построенный на базе интернациональной лексики с максимально упрощенной и строго нормализованной лексикой.
Этимология - наука, изучающая происхождение слов, реконструирующая словарный состав древнейшего периода.
Этимон - корень слова, первоначальное значение и форма слова.
Этнолингвистика - изучение языка в его отношении к культуре народа, исследование взаимодействия языковых, этнокультурных и этнопсихологических факторов в функционировании и эволюции языка.
Я
Язык и мышление - диалектическое единство, мышление идеально, а язык материален; язык - средство выражения мысли, с одной стороны, язык - орудие формирования мысли, с другой.
Язык и общество - проблема социолингвистики о взаимодействии и взаимовлиянии общественных отношений и языка.
Язык и речь - проблема соотношения общего и частного, абстрактного и материального, социального и индивидуального.
Язык как система - внутренняя организация совокупности элементов, находящихся в отношениях и связях друг с другом: базовые (опорные) понятия - совокупность, элемент, функция.
Язык народности - совокупность территориальных говоров в результате процессов экономической и государственной интеграции, единства территории и элементов культуры, койне, характеризуется наличием общего словарного фонда и грамматической системы.
Язык науки - социально-историческая категория, которая обозначает язык, являющийся средством письменного и устного общения науки, является общенародным и характеризуется наличием общего словарного фонда и грамматической системы.
Язычные согласные - согласные, при образовании которых активным действующим органом является язык (переднеязычные, среднеязычные, заднеязычные).
GLOSSARY
A number of vowels-the basis for the classification of vowel sounds in the process of displacement of the tongue in the front or back of the oral cavity: the front row [and,e], middle row [and,a], back row [o,y].
A phrase is a syntactic construction consisting of two or more significant words connected by a subordinate connection: a new house, to read a book.
A productive affix is an affix that is widely used to form new words or new forms of words: suf. - nick with the meaning "room for someone": barn, poultry house, pigsty.
A seed is a unit of the content plan, the content of the lexeme, opposes the lexeme; a set of seven forms the meaning of the word.
A sentence is a syntactic construction representing a grammatically organized connection of words (or a word) with semantic and intonational completeness.
A syllable is the boundary of a syllable indicating the end of one and the beginning of the other: Yes.
A synthetic form of the word - the word of the Foundation and the formative affix: nes-Ty, nes-usch-iy.
A verb is a significant part of speech that combines words denoting an action or a state.
Abbreviation is a complex word composed of the initial elements: Department store, University, UN.
Accommodation is a partial adaptation of articulations of adjacent consonant and vowel sounds: nes [n'os], series [R'at], what [w"t], was [wəz].
Active vocabulary - part of the vocabulary of the language, actively use in all spheres of society.
Addition-the formation of a new word by combining into one verbal whole two or more bases: forest-o-steppe, heat-o-move.
Adjunction - a kind of subordinate syntactic connection, in which the dependent word, without having the forms of inflection, adjacent to the main: to rise up, go down.
Affixation-1. the creation of a new word by joining the producing basis (or word) of certain affixes; 2. the way of expressing grammatical meanings by using affixes.
Affixes are service morphemes that modify the meaning of the root or Express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence.
Affixing languages are languages in which affixes play an important role in the grammatical structure.
Affixoid - morpheme, used in the functions of suffixes and occupying their position in the word: spherical, glassy, snake-like.
Affixoid-affixes, occupying an intermediate position between the root and service morphemes, by origin go to independent roots and words: linguistics, literary studies, geography, airlines, airmail.
Affricates - (lat. Affricata "proterty") sounds where the bow is revealed gradually, after the bond should slit phase [h], [I].
Agglutination-mechanical joining of standard unambiguous affixes to immutable bases or roots: Bola – Bolalar – bolalarga; ID(ti) – go – go.
Allometry – identical-by-value variant of the morpheme, this particular manifestation of phonemes: friend – boy – friends - English. [- z], [- s], [–iz] - as indicators of plural nouns.
Alphabetic letters-trophic system in which a single character transmits a single sound.
Alternation of sounds (or alternation) is a replacement of sounds within the same morpheme in different words or word forms: frost - frosty [s/W], hand - handle [K/h].
Amorphous languages are isolating languages, which are characterized by the absence of forms of inflection and formation, root languages; these include the languages of the Chinese-Tibetan family: Gao Shan – "high mountains", Shan Gao "high mountains", Hao Ren – "good man", Ren Hao – "man loves me", this Hao – "do good", Hao dagvih – "very expensive".
An adjective is a part of speech that combines words with the meaning of a sign (property) of an object. "Without a noun there is no adjective" (L. V. Scherba). New moon.
An adverb is a lexical-grammatical class of invariant words denoting a sign, action or object: a very good person, run fast, soft-boiled eggs.
An affirmative sentence is one in which the content of a sentence is affirmed as being real in the nature of the attitude expressed to reality.
Analogy is the process of likening one element of a language to another, related to it, but more common and productive.
And
Antonyms-words belonging to the same part of speech, having opposite, but correlative with each other meanings: young – old, day – night.
Archaisms and obsolete name of the existing realities; an obsolete word, replaced in the modern language synonyms: he devours the – "hunting", the womb – "breast," neck "neck."
Argo (Franz. Argot. "jargon") - a secret language of a socially limited group of people who oppose themselves to other people: thieves ' Argo, student's Argo, school Argo.
Assimilation – the assimilation of sounds to each other within a word or phrase: bone – bone [bone], book – book [klasky], highest [Vichy], deception [man].
Associated stress is a fixed stress tied to a certain syllable in a word (in French - on the last, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech - on the first).
Book vocabulary-words, stylistically limited, belonging to book styles of speech.
Circumstance - a secondary member of the proposal, distributing and explaining the members of the proposal with the meaning of the action or feature, or the proposal as a whole, and denoting where, when, under what circumstances the action is performed, indicating the condition, the reason, the purpose of its implementation, as well as the measure, the degree and method of its manifestation: sit up late.
Classification of languages - the distribution of languages into groups based on certain features in accordance with the principles underlying the study: genealogical (genetic), typological (morphological), geographical (areal).
Classification of morphemes-the allocation of their words in the place, function, degree of reproducibility.
Closed syllable-a syllable ending with a non-syllable sound: cliff, wolf.
Colloquial vocabulary is part of the popular vocabulary, the different specific expressive and stylistic colouring: to seize, Forsyth, git etc.
Colloquial-everyday vocabulary-words used in casual speech, in the styles of fiction and journalism to achieve artistic expression: nonsense, hard worker, reader, lanky, nimble, get out, chatter, yeah, BAM, and so on
Colloquial-literary vocabulary - words that do not violate the norms of literary usage: window, piece of land, good for you, poor man, a talker, which from a neutral vocabulary differ in their specific expressive and stylistic coloring: neutral true, the colloquial-literary nonsense, lies, nonsense, etc.
Combatant units of language-phoneme, morpheme; they serve as a means of construction and registration of nominative, and through them and communicative units.
Combinatorial changes of sounds, phonetic processes, due to the interaction of sounds in connected speech: assimilation, dissimilation, accommodation, haplology, diurese, prosthesis, pentasa, metathesis.
Combinatorial regressive change of the phonetic processes that lead back to the beginning words of the next to the previous: stitch [sit'], [¤'s e'].
Communicative units of language-the sentences informing about something, expressing and making out thoughts, feelings, will, carrying out communication of people.
Complete sentences-sentences having all structurally necessary members (subject and predicate): river rifts have become Blurred.
Complex sentence-combining two or more simple sentences based on grammatical connection according to certain grammatical rules.
Consonants-sounds, in the formation of which the exhaled air meets on its way an obstacle in the oral cavity.
Contact changes of sounds-interaction of neighboring sounds: fairy tale - [SK].
Conversion-morphological and syntactic method of word formation by moving from one part of speech to another: substance, adjectivation, adverbialization, pronominalization.
Coordination - a kind of subordinate relationship in which the dependent word is likened to the main thing in their common grammatical forms: a new dress, a new house.
Correlation - the matching of phonemes by place and method of education and contrasting them one by one DP (voiced or voiceless-voicing, hardness-softness): < b >, < p >, < t >, < d >, < b >, < b >, < d >, < d >.
Criteria for distinguishing homonymy and polysemy - 1. polysemy is common to this, ambiguity is not; 2. homonymy is characterized by divergence of word-formation series; 3. ambiguity inherent in different allocation; 4. homonymy is characterized by the absence of synonymous relations.
Cyrillic-Slavic alphabet, created by Slavic primary teachers Cyril (Constantine) and his brother Methodius.
Deethymologization - the process of losing the inner form, when the previously motivated word becomes unmotivated: the story < tell, banner < know, blue < dove, paint < beauty.
Definition-a secondary member of the proposal, spreading and explaining any member of the proposal with a subject value and denoting a sign, quality or property of the subject: earth strap, shirt.
Delimitation a function of phoneme - (lat. limities "boundary, trait") the function of denoting the boundary between two consecutive units (morphemes, words).
Denotate is an object or phenomenon of non - linguistic reality, which should be called by any word.
Denotative meaning of the word - the ratio of a phonetic word to a specific designated object, the object of speech.
Diachrony - language dynamics, language development in time, language learning in the process of development.
Dialect - the words that make up the identity of the dialects of a language.
Dialect is a set of dialects United by intrastructural linguistic unity.
Dialect-a set of idiolects characteristic of a geographically limited group of people.
Disrase - dropping the unpronounceable sound of words: heart [s ERTS], reed [trcn IR].
Dissimilation - articulation raspadenie sounds: prolube < the hole, February < Febrary.
Distant changes in sounds - changes in sounds that are at some distance from each other.
Emafini - words coinciding in their sound but with different spelling: the fruit - plot, code - cat.
Emphasis - selection of the syllable of the power to vote, longitude sound pitch.
Enantio-semia-a kind of antonymy, the phenomenon of polarization of the meanings of the same word: to borrow "to borrow" - to borrow "to lend", to view "to get acquainted with something" and to view, "not to notice, to miss something".
Enclitic - unstressed words attached to the rear shock: I would go what.
Epenesa insert additional sound in the middle of a word: ndraw < character, island, lit. srava, love, love catch - catch - the "E - epenthetic".
Ergotizma – word, limited in its use socially, are emotionally expressive equivalents of stylistically neutral words literary language: creatica – "do not pass the examination" tail "unwritten exam" memorize "to learn".
Esperanto is an artificial international language built on the basis of international vocabulary with the most simplified and strictly normalized vocabulary.
Ethnolinguistics-the study of language in its relation to the culture of the people, the study of the interaction of linguistic, ethno-cultural and ethno-psychological factors in the functioning and evolution of language.
Etymology-the science that studies the origin of words, reconstructing the vocabulary of the ancient period.
Etymon-the root of the word, the original meaning and form of the word.
Excerpt - finding the organs of speech at the time of sound production, articulation phase after the tour, but prior to recursion.
Excursion-the transition of the organs of speech to the state necessary for the production of sound.
Explosive consonants-sounds in which the bow formed by the lips, tongue and sky, tongue and teeth, opens instantly: [p], [b], [t], [d], [K], [g].
F
Family of languages-a set of related languages that originated from one ancestor-the proto-language: Indo-European, Turkic, etc.
Features of the word-uniformity or integrity, separability, free reproducibility in speech, semantic valence, non-duality.
Fixed stress is a constant stress, tied to the same morpheme of different word forms: a book, a book, a book.
Flexion-morpheme, standing at the end of the word and serving to link words in a phrase or sentence: house - a, house - u.
Folk etymology is an arbitrary interpretation of the etymon of the word due to sound coincidences, false associations: gulvar VM. Boulevard, tinyscope WM. microscope.
Formative affix-affixes that serve for the formation of different forms of the same word, without changing its meaning, expressing only the grammatical meaning: table, table-a, table-y, etc.
Formative basis-a constant part of the word present in all word forms and consisting of the same morphemes: books-a, books-and, books-u, under - glass - nick-, ice drift, steamship.
Formative-formative affix of the word part to be changed: book, books, book, etc.
Free stress-non-fixed stress, which can fall on any syllable of the word: milk, crow, crow, vegetables.
Front-language consonants-sounds, the formation of which works the front and the tip of the tongue: [t], [d], [l], [p], etc.
Full homonyms-the coincidence of the members of the homonymic series in all grammatical forms: beam "crossbar" and beam "ravine".
Full synonyms (or absolute) - synonyms that fully coincide in their meanings and use or differ in minor shades: linguistics - linguistics, cold - frost, headless - brainless.
Functions of intonation - making statements in a single unit, a distinction for the purpose of communication, transfer of syntactic relations between clauses and sentences, the expression of emotional colouring; the opening of the subtext of the statements, the characteristics of the speaker and the situation of communication in General.
Functions of stress-phonetic Association of the word, ensuring the integrity and separation of the word by highlighting its intonation center, meaning function (lock - lock, flour - flour), word - function, formorazgranichitelnaya function (feet - feet, country-country).
Fusion is a close morphological connection of a mutable root with multivalued nonstandard affixes, leading to the blurring of boundaries between morphemes:
Genealogical classification of languages - classification of languages on the basis of linguistic affinity: Indo-European, Turkic, Semitic and other languages.
General linguistics-study of the General laws of organization, development and functioning of languages.
General subject relatedness - the relatedness of concepts of the word to the whole class of denotata, have common characteristics: the table refers to any table, regardless of the number of legs, material, purpose.
Geographical classification - the definition of the area of language (or dialect), taking into account the boundaries of its linguistic features.
Gramma is a unit of grammatical meaning.
Grammar box - the Union of words based on common grammatical meaning: a time field, the field of modality in the field of zalohovaci.
Grammatical category-a set of homogeneous grammatical forms opposed to each other: the category of the form - the opposition (opposition) of the imperfect type to the perfect; the category of the number - the opposition of the singular and plural.
Grammatical form is a material form of expression of grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning is an abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit, which has a regular expression in the language; "an abstraction of features and relations".
Haplology-simplification of the syllabic structure of the word due to the loss of one of the two identical syllables, directly following each other: the commander of the VM. warlord, standard bearer of the VM. znamenosets, Mineralogy WM. Mineralogy.
Hard consonants are sounds pronounced without palatalization by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e. velarization.
Historicisms-obsolete words that are out of use in connection with the disappearance of objects or phenomena of objective reality: the boyar, Stolnik, Altyn.
Homoforms-partial homonyms, coinciding only in a number of grammatical forms: fist "compressed hand" and fist "rich peasant", there is no coincidence in the form of wines. p. u. and mn. numbers.
Homographs are words that coincide in their writing, but have a different sound and meaning: road - road, already - already, flour - flour, castle - castle.
Homonymy - coincidence of sound variety on the value of the units, the key "spring" and the key "tool" marriage "flaw" and marriage is "marriage".
Inflectional languages are languages that are characterized by polysemy of endings: in the Russian language, flexion-and can convey the meaning of number, gender, case.
Inflectional morphological category is a category whose members are represented in one paradigm: case category, person category, etc.
Inflection-inflectional affixation by means of flexion.
Interfiks is a utility morpheme, standing between the bases of a compound word or between a root and a suffix, serving to connect them together: home-about-order.
Internal flexion-a way of expressing grammatical meanings, which consists in the sound change of the root: English. foot-foot, feet "feet", lock – lock, die – die.
Intonation - the set ritmologiya components of speech, serving as a syntactic means of expressing values and emotionally expressive colouring of the utterance.
Kinship of languages - the material proximity of two or more languages, manifested in the sound similarity of language units at different levels: BLG. liar, pls. wrona, Rus. crow.
Koine is a language that serves as a means of inter-dialect communication, which arose on the basis of one common dialect: ancient Greek Koine (attic dialect), old Russian Koine (dialect of glades).
L
Labelitemii vowels are rounded, the formation of which the lips are closer together, reducing the output opening and extending to the oral cavity.
Language and society - the problem of sociolinguistics on the interaction and interaction of social relations and language.
Language and speech - the problem of the ratio of General and particular, abstract and material, social and individual.
Language and thinking are dialectical unity, thinking is ideal, and language is material; language is a means of expressing thought, on the one hand, language is a tool of forming thought, on the other.
Language as a system is an internal organization of a set of elements that are in relationships and relationships with each other: basic (basic) concepts - a set, an element, a function.
Language levels-tiers of the General language system, each of which has its own set of units and rules of their functioning: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic.
Language system-internally organized set of language units that are in a relationship with each other ("set" + "units" + "functions").
Lateral consonants - (lateral) sounds formed by the passage of air on the sides of the tongue tip bows with teeth or alveoli, as well as the middle part of the tongue with a hard sky: [l], [l’].
Laws of language development-the internal laws of language development: the law of open syllable, the law of saving speech effort (blueberry < black berry), the law of stunning final voiced consonants, the law of outgoing sonority.
Lexical-grammatical category-the Union of words that have a common semantic feature. For example, the commonality of collective, abstract, real nouns, acting only in the form of a singular.
Lexical-semantic group - a set of words of one part of speech with intra-language connections on the basis of interdependent and interrelated elements of meaning relating to one part of speech LSG words with the meaning of time or space.
Lexical-semantic system - a set of linguistic elements that are in relationships and relationships with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity.
Lexicology is a branch of language science that studies the word and the vocabulary of the language as a whole.
Lexico-syntactic way of word-building - creating new words coalescence in single unit the combination of the words: the hour is > immediately, this day > today.
Lingual consonants-consonants, in the formation of which the active body is the language (front-language, middle-language, rear-language).
Linkos (
Literary language is the highest dialect form of the language, normalized and having a wide range of functional styles.
M
Management - a kind of subordinate relationship, when the main word requires a dependent word of a case with a pretext or without a pretext: to be proud of his father, buy a book, outdoor recreation, etc.
Members of the sentence-structural and semantic components of the sentence, which differ in their function and are distinguished by a whole set of formal and semantic features.
Metaphor is a figurative meaning based on similarity on various characteristics: color, shape, quality: silver frost, Golden man, wave crest.
Metonymy is a figurative value based on spatial or temporal adjacency: "not on silver - on gold edal". A. S. Griboyedov. "Read willingly Apuleius, and Cicero did not read". Pushkin.
Mobile stress-stress, which is able to move in different word forms of the same word, it is not tied to one morpheme: water, water, etc.
Morpheme-operation-1. suprasegmental morpheme: stress: pour-pour, feet-feet; 2. meaningful alternation of tattered rags, bare - necessity; 3.suppletivism: the formation of grammatical forms from different bases: child-children, take-take, man-people.
Morpheme-the minimum significant part of the word, which is not divided into smaller units of the same level: green - ovat - th, yellow - ovat - th.
Morph-limit unit, allocated at the morphemic level, but does not have the property of regular reproducibility: currant -, Mal -, English. huckle -, highlighted in the words of currant, raspberry, huckleberry.
Morphological grammatical categories-expressions of grammatical meanings by lexical-grammatical classes-significant parts of speech: GK type, pledge, time, mood (verb), GK kind, number, case (name).
Morphological method of word formation-the creation of new words by combining morphemes according to the rules existing in the language: young-awn, son-approx.
Morphology - a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical properties of words, their inflection (the paradigm of words), as well as ways of expressing abstract grammatical meanings, develops the doctrine of parts of speech.
Morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies phoneme as an element of morpheme construction, phonology and morphology connections.
Moscow phonological school-defines the phoneme based on the morpheme; phoneme-the marching component of the morpheme, the morpheme identity determines the boundaries and volume of the phoneme: forest and Fox, catfish and itself, where unstressed vowels, despite the identity of their sound, represent different phonemes.
Nasal consonants-sounds in the formation of which the soft palate is lowered and opens the passage of air into the nasal cavity: [m], [m'], [n], [n'].
Nasal vowels-sounds in the formation of which the soft palate is lowered, the air passes into the nasal cavity: nasal vowels in Polish, Portuguese, French.
National vocabulary-words known and used by all native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle.
Negative offers-offers in which the contents of the offer is approved as unreal.
Neologisms - new words denoting a new reality (subject or concept), which appeared in the language recently, preserving a touch of freshness and singularity, included in the passive vocabulary: sponsor, video clip, Fax, voucher, computer, display.
Neutral vocabulary-words emotionally neutral, expressively unpainted: water, earth, summer, wind, storm, distant, play, run.
Newton
Noisy consonants-sounds that are formed either by noise or voice and noise: [b], [n], [d], [t], [x], [W].
Nominative units - units of language (words, phrases), used to refer to objects, concepts, representations.
Non-labialized vowels are non-labelled vowels formed without the participation of the lips: [and], [e], [a], [s].
Non-positional alternation-alternation, not due to the phonetic position of the sound in the word (historical alternation): leads - driving [d'/TD'], face - face - face.
Numerals-lexico-grammatical class of words denoting the number, number, measure: five, twice, a lot.
Obsolete words are the words of the passive reserve of language, which are out of use: archaisms and historicisms.
Occasionalisms - words created by the authors in certain stylistic purposes, outside the context of losing their expressiveness and incomprehensible to the native speaker: kuhelbeker, Goncharova, handlev (Pushkin); Hulk, megapode, answer, sickle (Mayakovsky).
Occlusive consonants-sounds in the formation of which the lips, palate, tongue and teeth are tightly closed and sharply open under the pressure of the air jet: [b], [d], [g], [h], [C], etc.
One-component sentences are one - component sentences with gradation depending on the belonging of the main sentence member to one or another part of speech: verbal (impersonal, infinitive, definite - personal, indefinite - personal, generalized - personal) and subjective (nominative).
Open syllable-syllables ending with syllable sound: mA-mA, mo-lo-Ko.
Options-1. phonemes in weak position, positions of non-distinction: Val-vol, but [VLY]. 2. word forms that differ in external form, but have the same grammatical meaning: water - water.
Paradigm-1. the set of grammatical forms of the word: home-them.p., house R. p., house. p. 2.a set of invariants and variants of language units in paradigmatic relations.
Paronyms-consonant single-rooted words belonging to one part of speech, having structural similarity, but differing in their meaning: to present - to provide, adviser - adviser, to put on (hat) - to dress (child).
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