анг. Сборник представляет собой систему упражнении, построенную по принципу от простого к сложному

• Название: Сборник представляет собой систему упражнении, построенную по принципу от простого к сложному
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2. Глагол

The verb

По своему лексическому значению глаголы могут быть охарактеризованы как слова, обозначающие процессы (в широком смысле этого слова), и отвечающие на вопросы "что делать, что сделать?", например: to live (жить), to speak (говорить), to do (делать). Глаголы имеют грамматические категории времени (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее), лица и числа, вида, залога, наклонения и выполняют в предложении функцию сказуемого.

По своему значению и роли, которую глаголы выполняют в предложении, они делятся на полнозначные или смысловые и служебные. Служебные глаголы частично или полностью утрачивают свое значение. Частичная утрата значения, например, наблюдается у модальных глаголов (саn, mау, и т.д.), что не позволяет им выполнять самостоятельную роль в предложении - они всегда употребляются в сочетании с другими смысловыми глаголами. Полностью утрачивают свое значение глаголы, которые участвуют в образовании сложных форм времени, вида, наклонения и залога. Такие глаголы называются вспомогательными. Вспомогательными глаголами могут быть такие глаголы, как will, have, be, do.

Система времен английского глагола достаточно сложна по сравнению с русским языком. Если в русском языке только три временные формы (настоящее, прошедшее и будущее время), то в английском учитываются ещё такие аспекты, как завершённость и продолженность. Кроме того, для правильного понимания и употребления глагольных форм важно учитывать, как интересующее нас действие соотносится с моментом речи: совпадает ли оно с ним или не учитывает его, оказывается совершённым к моменту речи или всё ещё находится в процессе.

Так существует группа простых или неопределенных времен (simple или indefinite), передающих обычное или повторяющееся действие, группа длительных времен (progressive или continuous), представляющих действие в его развитии в указанный момент времени, группа совершенных времен ( perfect), передающих действие в завершенном виде и последняя группа совершенных длительных времен (perfect continuous), обозначающих действие, которое началось и длилось относительно какого-то момента.

В английском языке имеется два залога: активный или действительный залог ( the Active Voice ) и пассивный или страдательный залог ( the Passive Voice ). Активный залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются производителями действия, выраженного сказуемым, например: I made a mistake. - Я совершил ошибку. Пассивный же залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым. В силу своего значения пассивный залог может употребляться только с переходными глаголами - глаголами, в значении которых заложена необходимость сочетаться с дополнением: A mistake was made. Ошибка была совершена.

Вы найдете подробное описание каждого времени: образование, употребление, наречия, характерные для каждого времени, в грамматических комментариях «Английская грамматика» на страницах 22-33.
Времена глагола

Tenses

2.1. Неопределённые (простые) видовременные формы

Indefinite (simple) tenses

2.1.1. Настоящее неопределённое (простое) время

Present indefinite (simple) tense

1. 
   Прочитайте вслух, обращая внимание на произношение:
   

[s] [z] [iz]

work – works live – lives wish - wishes

ask – asks aim – aims kiss - kisses

thank – thanks enter – enters watch - watches

pack – packs cry – cries push - pushes

want – wants tell – tells dress - dresses

fit – fits run – runs catch - catches

2. 
   Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения:
   

1. They study English at the Institute of Foreign Languages.

2. We answer our teacher’s questions.

3. She speaks English at home.

4. The teacher gives us English magazines.

5. The students often take books from the library.

6. Classes begin at 8.

7. All students of our group speak English well, except me.

8. My sister looks through the newspapers every day.

9. We play volley-ball on our sports-ground on Mondays.

10. My brother is an engineer. He helps me to repair household appliances.

11. She often writes letters to her former teacher of English.

12. Your house is between the hotel and the hospital

13. There are many different kinds of books in the library of my parents.

14. You have no wish to go to the concert.

15. The boys usually watch TV after school.

16. She prefers to read detective stories.

3. 
   Выберите нужную форму глагола:
   

1. 
   I … English (speak-speaks).
   
2. 
   He … Russian (speak-speaks).
   
3. 
   John … two brothers (have-has).
   
4. 
   We … a big car (have-has).
   
5. 
   They … English (know-knows).
   
6. 
   My sister … French (know-knows).
   
7. 
   My brother … English books (read-reads).
   
8. 
   His sister … many books (read-reads).
   
9. 
   I … very happy (am-is-are).
   
10. 
    John … a student (am-is-are).
    
11. 
    We … students (am-is-are).
    
12. 
    His father … in London now (am-is-are).
    

13. 
    My parents … at home now (am-is-are).
    
14. 
    There … a big table in the room (am-is-are).
    
15. 
    There … two beds in the bedroom (am-is-are).
    

4. 
   Замените подчёркнутые слова словами в скобках и произведите необходимые изменения в предложениях (если нужно):
   

1. 
   Their children go to school. (Mike)
   
2. 
   We study Computer Science. (Mary)
   
3. 
   I come from America. (John)
   
4. 
   Our teacher speaks two foreign languages. (We)
   
5. 
   I always learn new words. (you)
   
6. 
   My catloves me. (mother)
   

7. 
   This lady is very rich. (these men)
   
8. 
   I study at the University. (my friends)
   
9. 
   You study well. (Diana)
   
10. 
    This cat is white. (those dogs)
    
11. 
    I read interesting books. (Tom)
    
12. 
    He wants to enter the Academy. (we)
    
13. 
    I like dogs very much. (my sister)
    
14. 
    You always get good marks for the tests. (we)
    

5. 
   Закончите предложения. Используйте нужную форму следующих глаголов:
   

Boil, close, cost, cost, go, have, like, meet, open, smoke, speak, teach, wash.

1. She’s very clever. She … four languages.

2. Steve … ten cigarettes a day.

3. We usually … dinner at 7 o’clock.

4. I … films. I often … to the cinema.

5. Water … at 10 degrees Celsius.

6. In Britain the banks … at 9.30 in the morning.

7. The City Museum … at 5 o’clock every evening.

8. Food is expensive. It … a lot of money.

9. Shoes are expensive. They … a lot of money.

10. Tina is a teacher. She … mathematics to young children.

11. Your job is very interesting. You … a lot of people.

12. Peter … his hair twice a week.

6. 
   Вставьте подходящую форму глагола:
   

1. I am 17 years old and she … 16.

2. 
   My sisters are at school now and I … at home.
   
3. 
   I have two brothers and he … one brother.
   
4. 
   She has two brothers and I … one.
   
5. 
   I speak English and my mother … Russian.
   

6. He knows English and we … French.

7. 
   My brother … English and my sisters study French.
   
8. 
   I go to school and she … to college.
   
9. 
   He … in a big town and they live in a small village.
   
10. 
    I read English books and she … French books.
    
11. 
    We like coffee and he … tea.
    
12. 
    The table stands near the window and the beds … near the door.
    

13. 
    There is one book on the table and there … three books on the shelf.
    
14. 
    There are two beds in the big room and there … one bed in the small room.
    

7. 
   Вставьте подходящее местоимение:
   

1. 
   I like tea and … likes coffee.
   
2. 
   … am a teacher and they are students.
   
3. 
   … speaks English and they speak Russian.
   
4. 
   We go to school and … goes to college.
   
5. 
   … is in London now and we are in Moscow.
   
6. 
   … reads very much and … read very little.
   
7. 
   You study English and … studies French.
   
8. 
   … know only Russian and … knows Russian and English.
   
9. 
   … are in the garden and … am in the house.
   
10. 
    … is twelve years old and … am seventeen.
    
11. 
    … has a big car and … have a small car.
    
12. 
    … have one brother and … has two.
    
13. 
    The book is not on the table, … is under the table.
    
14. 
    There are two beds in the room, and … stand near the window.
    

8. 
   Начните рассказ словами “The author says that…”, используя косвенную речь:
   

I am always afraid to forget my toothbrush when I go traveling. Sometimes, when I sleep, I see it in my dream, and remember that I must pack it. So I wake up, get out of bed and run to the bathroom for my toothbrush. Then I pack it in my bag, and go back to sleep. But in the morning I remember that I must brush my teeth. So I go to the bag and open it and begin to look for the toothbrush. As a rule, I have to take all the things out of the bag before I find it. At last I get it out of the bag and use it, and then I forget to put it back. So at the last moment I have to run upstairs to the bathroom for my toothbrush, and finally I carry it to the railway station in my hand. (Jerome)

9. 
   Переведите предложения:
   

1. 
   Он учит два языка, а я учу три.
   
2. 
   Она знает английский, а мы знаем немецкий.
   
3. 
   Мы – студенты, а Вы – учитель.
   
4. 
   Джон говорит по-французски, а его сестра говорит по-английски.
   
5. 
   Моя сестра читает русские книги, а я читаю английские книги.
   
6. 
   У Ника один брат, а у меня два.
   
7. 
   Я люблю чай, а мой брат любит кофе.
   
8. 
   Он сейчас в школе, а я дома.
   
9. 
   Он живёт в Москве, а его сестра живёт в Лондоне.
   
10. 
    Мой брат ходит в школу, а я хожу в колледж.
    

10. 
    Выберите форму глагола. Перескажите шутки:
    

A. John (say-says) to his friend, “My brother (want-wants) to come with us on a walking tour. He (am-is-are) a very good boy, and he (know-knows) very many funny stories”. His friend (ask-asks), “(am-is-are) he afraid of work?” “Oh, I (am-is-are) sure that he (am-is-are) not afraid of it”, John (answer-answers), “because he always (lie-lies) down when work (begin-begins), and (fall-falls) asleep at once”.

B. A young man (run-runs) into the doctor’s room, and (say-says), “Oh, doc-tor!...” But the doctor (stop-stops) him and (say-says), “Don’t hurry, young man, sit down. I (see-sees) that your face (am-is-are) red and I (think-thinks) that you (have-has) a temperature”. “But, doctor!..” the boy (cry-cries) again.

“No, no!”, the doctor (say-says), “don’t say anything. I (want-wants) to examine you”. And he (begin-begins) to examine the boy. After some time the doctor (say-says), “It (seem-seems) to me that everything (am-is-are) all right with you. You (am-is-are) only very excited”. “Of course I (am-is-are) excited”, the boy (answer-answers), “because there (am-is-are) a fire in this house”.

Отрицательные предложения

Negative Sentences

1. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму:

a) 1. I am a student of French. My parents are teachers.

2. 
   His brother is in London now.
   
3. 
   This is a big town.
   
4. 
   Your house is very nice.
   
5. 
   There is a book on the shelf.
   
6. 
   They have many children.
   
7. 
   John has a brother.
   
8. 
   We have much time now.
   
9. 
   She has got many good books.
   

b) 1. I like English.

2. John likes tea.

3. We know French.

4. She knows many stories.

5. The table stands near the door.

6. The chairs stand near the window.

7. John lives far from here.

8. My sister studies French.

9. It rains very often in autumn.

10. Our children go to school every day.

11. Nina writes many letters to me.

2. Закончите предложения. Все они должны быть отрицательными. Используйте don’t / doesn’t и следующие глаголы:

Cost, drive, go, know, play, see, sell, smoke, wash, wear.

1. ‘Have a cigarette’. ‘No, thank you. I ….

2. They … newspapers in that shop.

3. She has a car but she … very often.

4. I like films but I … to the cinema very often.

5. He smells because he … very often.

6. It’s a cheap hotel. It … much to stay there.

7. He likes football but he … very often.

8. I … much about politics.

9. She is married but she … a ring.

10. He lives near our house but we … him very often.

3. Исправьте предложения, содержащие неверную информацию:

Пример: The Sun goes round the Earth. – The Sun doesn’t go round the Earth. The Earth goes round the Sun.

1. The Sun rises in the West.

2. Applicants take entrance exams in winter.

3. Pupils enter the Institute at the age of 14.

4. Mice catch cats.

5. If a student fails an exam, he receives monthly grants.

6. The Germans make the best perfumes.

7. The river Amazon flows into the Pacific Ocean.

8. The lessons at the University last 2 hours.

9. All students study Spanish at the University.

10. The city of Krasnoyarsk is in Europe.

11. Everybody in Russia has a mobile phone.

12. The French produce the best cars.

4. Вставьтеподходящийглагол:

1. Do not … many books.

2. She does not … tea and he does not … coffee.

3. They don’t … in London now.

4. We don’t … you.

5. She doesn’t … this story.

6. They don’t often … to me.

7. It doesn’t often … in summer.

8. This book doesn’t really … us new information.

9. We don’t … to school on Sundays.

10. She doesn’t … early on Sundays.

11. They don’t … breakfast very early.

5. Дайте краткий отрицательный ответ по модели “No, I don’t/I am not” и т.п.:

1. Are you a teacher?

2. Is your brother at home?

3. Do you speak French?

4. Does your sister speak German?

5. Do your parents work?

6. Are your grandparents pensioners?

7. Is her voice pleasant?

8. Does she speak loudly?

9. Do you friends live far from you?

10. Is the answer correct?

11. Are these books in English?

12. Do the chairs stand near the window?

2. 
   Does your friend often come to see you?
   
3. 
   Is there a bed in the room?
   
4. 
   Are there any books on the table?
   

6. Закончите предложения по модели “I like books, and he doesn’t”:

1. Nina likes winter, and I …

2. My sister works, and my brother …

3. My mother is a teacher, and my father …

4. We are students and they …

5. I am fond of jazz, and my brother …

6. John lives in the centre, and his parents …

7. My brother learns English, and I …

8. 
   The table is round, and the chairs …
   
9. 
   The chairs are small, and the table …
   
10. 
    My car goes very fast, and his car …
    
11. 
    In his country it often rains, and in my country it …
    
12. 
    We have a lot of friends, and she …
    

7. Откройте скобки, используя настоящее простое время. Перескажитерассказ:

This is a story about a king who is very fond of new clothes. He (not to think) at all about his army or about his people, he (not to go) to theatres, he (not to walk) in the park. The king always (to buy) new clothes because he (not to like) to wear the same things every day. One day two young swindlers (мошенники) (to come) to the king and (to say) that they can make clothes from some wonderful material, so that people who (not to be) fit for their jobs (not to see) it. The king (to be) so glad to have new clothes that he (not to ask) them any questions, and the men (to begin) working on his new clothes. In fact, they (not to do) anything, they only (to pretend) to work. When the king (to come) to look at their work, he (not to see) anything, but he (not to have) courage to tell them so: he (to think) that probably he (not to be) fit to be king. So he (to say) that the material (to be) really wonderful, and then he (to ask) his first minister to go and look at it. The minister (not to see) anything either, but he (not to tell) anybody about it because he (to be) afraid to show that he (not to be) fit for his post. He (to return) to the king and (to say) that the material for his clothes (to be) very beautiful.

At last the new clothes (to be) ready, and the king (to decide) to show them to all the people. He (to go) to the young men, who (to ask) him to take off his old clothes. They (to pretend) that they (to dress) him in his new clothes, but in fact they (not to put) any clothes on him. The king (to walk) about the streets in his new clothes, and the people (to look) at him but nobody (to see) any clothes on him. As they (not to want) to show that they (not to be) fit for their jobs, all the people (to shout): ‘How beautiful the king’s new clothes (to be)! What wonderful clothes the king (to have) on!’ The king (to be) greatly surprised why he himself (not to see) the clothes which everybody (to see). And again he (not to say) anything, but only (to smile) proudly. Suddenly a little child (to say) to his mother: ‘Look, mummy, the king (not to have) any clothes on!’ And then all the people (to begin) to shout, too: ‘Look! The king (to have) no clothes on!’

(H. Andersen)

8. Переведите:

1. Я люблю зиму, а он – нет: он любит осень. 2. Мы живем в большом городе, а он – нет: он живет в деревне. 3. Её друзья знают английский, а она – нет: она знает только русский. 4. Мой брат – студент, а я – нет: я хожу в школу. 5. На этой полке есть книги, а на той – нет (никаких): там тетради. 6. Стол стоит рядом с окном, а кровать – нет: она далеко от окна. 7. В их группе много мальчиков, а в нашей группе – нет: в нашей группе есть только девочки. 8. Нина иногда встает поздно, а её родители – нет: они всегда встают рано. 9. Река находится близко от моего дома, а лес – нет: он далеко от нас. 10. Моя сестра учит два языка, а мой брат – нет: он учит только один язык.

9. Используйте настоящее время. Перескажите шутки: