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Spiritus Аnimalis, или Как человеческая психология управляет экономикой
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Примечания
1
James (1983 [1904], стр. 341). Акерлоф использует этот образ и в другом контексте, см: Warsh (2006). (Здесь и далее примечание авторов.)
2
В 1982 г. Хайман Мински написал: «Может ли "Оно" повториться?» Под «Оно» Мински, само собой, подразумевал Великую депрессию. Ему, как и нам, особое беспокойство внушала психология спекулятивных пузырей. Логика нашей книги во многом близка логике Мински.
3
Один источник приводит цифру в 52 199 262 человека. См: http://www. historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/statistics.htm
4
Высказывание Фридмена приводится в журнале Time от 31 декабря 1965 г., вышедшем с портретом Кейнса на обложке.
5
В русском издании книги Кейнса (Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости процента и денег. Избранное. М. «Эксмо». 2009) термин animal spirits переведен как «жизнерадостность». В предисловии приводится вариант перевода, который редакция рассматривала, но в конце концов отвергла как стилистически неточный: «стадное чувство» (прим. ред.).
6
Smith (1776).
7
См., например, Levine (2006).
8
Помимо Minsky (1982, 1986) ценный исторический анализ циклов «ажиотаж-паника» приводит Гэлбрейт (Galbraith (1997 [1955])) и Киндельбергер (Kindelberger (1978)). В монографии Гэлбрейта «Великий крах 1929 года» (The Great Crash: 1929) дается анализ событий, предшествовавших краху фондового рынка в 1929 г., с позиций, весьма сходных с теми, что высказаны в этой книге. Киндельбергер приводит замечательный исторический обзор «маниакально-панических» перепадов прошлого. Регулярность, с которой они происходят, и повсеместность предполагают, о чем мы и говорим в этой книге, что обусловлены они самой человеческой природой, иррациональным началом.
9
В своей книге «Кто боится Адама Смита» Питер Догерти (Peter Dougherty (2002, стр. xi)) пишет: «Для демократического капитализма экономические идеи в традиции Адама Смита — это то же самое, что операционная система для компьютеров. Возможности капитализма, равно как и компьютеров, неисчерпаемы и зависят лишь от того, как мы их будем применять, но это не более чем операторы, управляющие системой».
10
Здесь и далее цит. по: Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости процента и денег. Избранное. М. «Эксмо». 2009.
11
Keynes (1973 [1936], стр. 149-50, 161-62).
12
Этот термин зародился в древности, и большинство источников приписывают его авторство античному врачу Галену (ок. 130 — ок. 200). Он широко использовался в средневековой медицине и встречается в таких произведениях, как «Анатомия меланхолии» (The Anatomy of Melancholy) Роберта Бартона (1632) и «Трактат о человеке» (Traite de l'Homme) Рене Декарта (1664). Различались три вида «спиритической» субстанции: spiritus vitalis, зарождающийся в сердце, spiritus naturalis, вырабатываемый печенью, и spiritus animalis, источником которого считался мозг. Философ Джордж Сантаяна (1955 [1923], стр. 245) выстроил свою философскую систему вокруг категории «животной веры» (animal faith), которую он характеризовал как «чистый и абсолютный дух, неощутимая когнитивная энергия, суть которой — интуиция».
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