Практическая работа стилистика. Стилистика
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ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАНИЙ ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ СТИЛИСТИКА Группа 19Л191 Студент И.А. Горшкова МОСКВА 2022 Практическая работа № 1 Упражнение 1. Определите стилистическую маркированность следующих синонимов. • Dad - father (neutral) - sire (bookish) • Chap -(conversational) man - (bookish) individual (neutral) • Nonsense (neutral) - absurdity-(conversational) - rot(bookish) – trash (neutral) • Currency (conversational) – money (bookish) – dough (neutral) Упражнение 2. Проанализируйте случаи употребления метафоры в следующих отрывках. His voice was a dagger of corroded brass. (Lewis) A detailed metaphor describing the voice as a sharp dagger. The metaphor is expressed by the noun dagger and is a nominal predicate in the sentence He was at least seventy, but the dark green eyes danced with intensity and missed nothing. (Grisham) He was at least seventy, but the dark green eyes danced with intensity and missed nothing. - A simple metaphor describing eyes that seemed to dance. The metaphor is expressed by the verb danced and is a predicate. Sunshine, the old clown, rims the room. (Updike) Sunshine, the old clown, rims the room. - A simple metaphor comparing sunlight to an old clown The Senator...was one of the great stones in the Don's power structure... (Puzo) The Senator ... was one of the great stones in the Don’s power structure… . – A simple metaphor describing the senator as the main component link - a stone. A metaphor is expressed by a noun and is a complement in a sentence. Упражнение 3. Определите тип отношений между объектами в следующих случаях употребления метонимии. I ... came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder with the Union Jack. (Steinbeck) I … came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder with the Union Jack. - Logical metonymy: the Union Jack is used instead of "flag". An abstract concept is used instead of a concrete thing. For several days he took an hour after his work to make inquiry taking with him some examples ofhis pen and ink. (Dreiser) For several days, he took an hour after work to conduct an investigation, taking with him several samples of his pen and ink. - Logical metonymy: pen and ink are used instead of "notes, letters, drafts He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (I. Shaw) Spatial metonymy: the perfume and conversation is used instead of "people". An abstract concept is used instead of a concrete thing. Упражнение 4. Объясните пути реализации иронии в следующих примерах. 1. Last time it was a nice, simple, European-style war. (I. Shaw) 2. Mr Vholes is a very respectable man. He has not a large business, but he is a very respectable man. He is allowed, by the greater attorneys to be a most respectable man. He never misses a chance in his practice which is a mark of respectibility, he never takes any pleasure, which is another mark of respectability. His digestion is impaired which is highly respectable. (Dickens) Ирония (irony) – стилистический прием, заключающийся в том, что истинное значение завуалировано буквальным, или противоречит ему. Основана на контрасте. Используется для выражения насмешки, притворного восхваления, за которым в действительности стоит порицание. Противоположность коннотации состоит в перемене оценочного компонента с положительного на отрицательный, ласковой эмоции на издевку в употреблении слов с поэтической окраской по отношению к предметам тривиальным и пошлым, чтобы показать их ничтожество. Упражнение 6. Проанализируйте различные случаи игры слов, объясните создание каждого из стилистических приёмов. 1.She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart. (O. Henry) Pun - a technique based on the use of similar-sounding, but different in meaning words or different meanings of one word; a play on words: She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart (O. Henry 2.After a while and a cake he crept nervously to the door of the parlour. (Tolkien) E.g.:“Aftera whileand a cakehe crept nervously to the door of the parlor.” ((A.Tolkien)Stylistic function: to create a humorous effect thanks to discrepancy between identity of structures and semantic incompatibility. 3. When Bishop Berkley said: "There is no matter" and proved it - it was no matter what he said. (Byron) When Bishop Berkley said: “There is no matter” and proved it – it was no matter what he said. - realization of two meanings using a verb that refers to different subjects or complements. 4.May's mother always stood on her gentility, and Dot's mother never stood on anything but her active little feet. (Dickens) 5. Dorothy, at my statement, had clapped her hand over her mouth to hold down laughter and chewing gum. (Barth) May’s mother always stood on her gentility, and Dot’s mother never stood on anything but her active little feet. - realization of two meanings using a verb that refers to different subjects or complements. Упражнение 7. Проанализируйте примеры антономазии, определите дополнительную информацию, передаваемую данным стилистическим приёмом. There are three doctors in an illness like yours. Dr Rest, Dr Diet and Dr Fresh air. (Cusack) He looked at himself in the glass. Here, then, was a modern Hercules - very distinct from that unpleasant naked figure with plenty of muscles, brandishing a club. (Christie) Another type of antonomasia we meet when a common noun serves as an individualizing name, as in D. Cusack: "There are three doctors in an illness like yours. I don't mean only myself, my partner and the radiologist who does your X-rays, the three I'm referring to are Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air." Epithets are used singly, in pairs, in chains, in two-step structures, and in inverted constructions, also as phrase-attributes. All previously given examples demonstrated single epithets. Pairs are represented by two epithets joined by a conjunction or asyndetically as in "wonderful and incomparable beauty" (O. W.) or "a tired old town" (H. L.). Chains (also called strings) of epithets present a group of homogeneous attributes varying in number from three up to sometimes twenty and even more. E. g. "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature." (D.) From the last example it is evident that if a logical attribute (which in our case is the word "old") is included into the chain of epithets it begins to shine with their reflected light, i. e. the subjectivity of epithets irradiates onto the logical attribute and adapts it for expressive purposes, along with epithets proper. Упражнение 8. Установите, какие из приведённых ниже определений являются эпитетами. 1. He doesn't intend ever to see Brewer again, that flower-pot city. (Updike) 2. It was a friendly-good-bye sort of bow, not a servant's bow. (Puzo) 3. whispered the spinster aunt with true spinster-aunt-like envy. (Dickens) 4. He grinds his foot down as if to squash this snake of a road. (Updike) Упражнение 9. Определите значение и структуру оксюморонов в следующих предложениях. 1. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad boys of American literature. (Vallins) Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American literature. (V.) Гекльберри Финн и Холден Колдфилд – хорошие плохиши из американских произведений. 2. He behaved pretty lousily to Jan. (Cusack) . He behaved prettybusily to Jan. (D. C.) Он вел себя изрядно деловито по отношению к Яну. 3. There were some bookcases of superbly unreadable books. (Waugh) There were some bookcases of superbly unreadable books. Здесь были книжные шкафы, заставленные хорошо известными, нудными (нечитабельными) книгами. 4. It was an open secret that Ray had been ripping his father-in-law off. (Uhnak) It was an open secret that Ray had been ripping his father-in-law off. (D.U.) Не было секретом, что Рэй обдирал своего свекра. Rip off – обдирать, обчистить. Упражнение 10. Разграничьте два типа сопоставления - метафору и сравнение. 1. It was an unforgettable face, and a tragic face. Its sorrow welled out of it as purely, naturally and unstoppably as water out of a woodland spring. (Fowles) metaphor 2. She stood there up on her toes, poised like a deer to run. (Puzo) comparison. 3. Every man has somewhere in the back of his head the wreck of a thing which he calls his education. My book is intended to embody in concise form these remnants of early instruction. (Leacock) metaphor 4. But no, his goal is the white sun of the south like a great big pillow in the sky. (Updike) comparison. 5. The baker, Nazorine, pudgy and crusty as his great Italian loaves, still dustywith flour, scowled at his wife. (Puzo. metaphor 6. Love, free as air, at sight of human ties, Spreads his light wings, and in a moment flies. (Pope) comparison Упражнение 14. Определите тип повтора как стилистического средства в следующих предложениях. 1."I'm serious, 'know", he declared now, with the same dreary solemnity. "I'm not joking. You get me that job out there as soon as you can. I'm serious." (Priestly) обрамление. 2. I might as well face facts; good-bye Susan, good-bye a big car, goodbye a big house, good-bye power, good-bye the silly handsome dreams. (Braine) анафора. 3. Friendship is everything. Friendship is more than talent. (Puzo) анафора 4. Never wonder. By means of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, settle everything somehow, and never wonder. (Dickens) обрамление 5. The road is broad and confident for miles, but there is a sudden patched stretch, and after that it climbs and narrows. Narrows not so much by plan as naturally, the edges crumbling in and the woods on either side crowding down. (Updike) подхват. 6. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor, squalor led, in the final stages, to the smells and stagnation of B. Inn Alley. (D. du Maurier) повтор Практическая работа № 2 Упражнение 1. Определите стилистическую маркированность следующих синонимов. • To talk (нейт.) - to converse (литер.) - to chat (разг.) • To leave (нейт.) - to withdraw (литер.) - to shoot off (разг.) • Face (нейт.) – visage(разг.) – mug (разг.) – deadpan (литер.) • Silence, please! (нейт.) - Stop talking! (литер.) - Shut up your trap! (разг.) Упражнение 2. Проанализируйте случаи употребления метафоры в следующих отрывках. 1. He smelled the ever-beautiful smell of coffee imprisoned in the can. (Steinbeck) A detailed metaphor that describes coffee enclosed in a jar. A metaphor is expressed by an adverbial turnover and is a definition in a sentence. 2. I met Mac ... on New Year's Eve. He was a breath from home. (J. Reed) Was a breath -in journalism, oratory and in scientific prose. The latter helps the author to enliven the narrative and even concretize the meaning 3. The laugh in her eyes died out. (Spillane) Metaphors can be classified according to the degree of unexpectedness. Those which are absolutely unexpected, i.e. are quite unpredictable, are called genuine. 4.His real happiness is a ladder from whose top rung he keeps trying to jump still higher. (Updike) A mental reflection of the real or attributed generality of properties between the concepts being compared. 5. They walked along, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. (Gilbert) completely unpredictable, which appears in speech for expression and it is always unexpected, original and fresh. Упражнение 3. Определите тип отношений между объектами в следующих случаях употребления метонимии. 1. I have only one good quality - overwhelming belief in the brains and hearts of our nation, our state, our town. (Lewis) -метафора 2. The delicatessen owner was a spry and jolly fifty. (Rawson) - ирония 3. His mind was alert and people asked him to dinner not for old times' sake, but because he was worth his salt. (Maugham) - метонимия Упражнение 7. Проанализируйте примеры антономазии, определите дополнительную информацию, передаваемую данным стилистическим приёмом. 1. In the moon-landing year what choice is there for Mr and Mrs Average - the programme against poverty or the ambitious NASA project? (The Morning Star) - нарицательное существительное используется в значении имени собственного. 2. The next speaker was a tall gloomy man. Sir Something Somebody. (Priestley) - нарицательное существительное используется в значении имени собственного. Упражнение 9. Определите значение и структуру оксюморонов в следующих предложениях. 1. It was an open secret that Ray had been ripping his father-in-law off. (Uhnak) 1. Ни для кого не было секретом, что Рэй обманывал своего тестя. (Ухнак) 2. He opened up a wooden garage. The doors creaked. The garage was full of nothing. (Chandler) Он открыл деревянный гараж. Двери заскрипели. В гараже ничего не было. (Чендлер) 3. Their bitter-sweet union did not last long. (Cronin) 3. Их горько-сладкий союз длился недолго. (Кронин) 4. Sara was a menace and a tonic, my best enemy; Rozzie was a disease, my worst friend. (Cary) 4. Сара была угрозой и тонизирующим средством, моим лучшим врагом; Роззи была болезнью, моим худшим другом. (Кэри) Упражнение 10. Разграничьте два типа сопоставления - метафору и сравнение. 1. His white shirt seems to crawl, like a cluster (метафора) of glow-worms in grass. (сравнение) (Updike) 2. The hedges, flower beds and grasses were as carefully manicured as a movie star's nails. (cравнение) (Puzo) 3. his face is lopsided like a tired baloon. (сравнение) (Updike) 4. He had no appetite for lunch and the muscles of his stomach fluttered as though a flock of sparrows was beating their wings against his insides. (метафора) (Wright) 5. The snow wiped out the town's pretence of being a shelter (сравнение). The houses were black specks (сравнение) on a white sheet. (Lewis) 6. He had to be handled as gingerly as dynamite.(сравнение) (Puzo) Упражнение 11. Найдите перифразированные части предложения. Определите тип перифраза, включая эвфемистический. 1. they think we have come by this horse in some dishonest manner. (Dickens) Маскирующий 2. Jean nodded without turning and slid between two vermilion coloured buses so that two drivers simultaneously used the same qualitative word. (Galsworthy) Бытовой 3. I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War. (Fitzgerald) Маскирующий 4. "I expect you'd like a wash," Mrs Thompson said. "The bathroom's to the right and the usual offices next to it." (Braine) этикетный Упражнение 12. Проанализируйте примеры употребления гиперболы, преуменьшения и литоты с точки зрения их структуры, семантики и функции. 1. She was a giant of a woman. She carried a mammoth red pocketbook that bulged throughout as if it were stuffed with rocks. (O'Connor) - throughout as if it were stuffed with rocks 2. She wore a pink hat, the size of a button. (Reed) - This is a manifestation of restraint, politeness, which is very typical for the British. 3. Kirsten said not without dignity: "Too much talking is unwise." (Christie) - the structure is freer. 4. Still two weeks of success is definitely not nothing and phone calls were coming in from agents for a week. (Roth) -In both pairs, negative constructions are weaker than affirmative ones in meaning, but it should be noted that negative constructions are stronger than affirmative ones in terms of their impact on the reader. Упражнение 13. Определите случаи употребления и функцию таких синтаксических стилистических приёмов, как обособление, параллелизм и хиазм, в следующих примерах. 1. Mrs Abbandando pecked at Don Corleone's cheek, sobbing, wailing. (Puzo) - частичный параллелизм. 2. They follow me, you follow them, you follow me, they follow you. (Grisham) - хиазм 3. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (Salinger) - параллизм 4. She was lovely: all of her - delightful. (Dreiser) - частичный параллелизм 5. If the Don wanted him to show guilt, he would show guilt; if the Don invited grief, he would lay bare his genuine sorrow. (Puzo) - обособление Упражнение 15. Проанализируйте стилистические фигуры, основанные на особой лексико-синтаксической организации высказывания (перечислении, нарастании, антитезе, оттягивании), с точки зрения их стилистической функции. 1."I shall be sorry, I shall be truly sorry to leave you, my friend. (Dickens) 2. Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious. (Wilde) - отягивание 2. Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious. (Wilde) - нарастание 3. in Carolyn thick and thin, red and blue, health and highstrungness had blended just right. (Updike) -антитеза 4. In marriage the upkeep of woman is often the downfall of man. (Evans) – оттягивание 5. But the rest, the neighborhood Black Hand terrorists, the freelance shylocks, the strong-arm bookmakers operating without the proper, that is to say paid, protection of the legal authorities, would have to go. (Puzo) - перечисление 6. In his anxiety to be secret he is delicate on the accelerator and the motor, idle for hours in the air of an early spring day, is cold, sticks, and stalls. (Updike) - оттягивание |