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ВАРИАНТ 5 I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения. 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day. 2. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century. 3. Scientists achieved surprising results in the development of electronics. II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. We saw no old building in Novopolotsk. Almost any building of Moscow is attractive. There are some educational institutions in Tomsk. III.Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy. 2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician. 3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology. 4. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the exam. IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова IT 1. It is late. 2. We are students of a civil engineering institute. It trains civil engineers. 3. It is impossible to live without water. 4. In the Middle Ages it was supposed that the Moon had a smooth crystalline surface. V. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы MOSCOW’S FUTURE 1. The face of Moscow has changed in recent years. Considerable attention is paid to the city centre. According to the General Plan Moscow will become one of the most beautiful cities in the world. One can gain a better appreciation of the beauty of the Moskva river with its graceful curving embankments surrounded by the new tall buildings so clearly visible from different parts of the new city. 2. According to this plan Moscow is divided into 8 zones. Each zone will have its centre and all these centres will be connected with the main one. New wide thoroughfares have come into being. Old houses of no artistic value are to be replaced by new ones. In keeping with tradition, the south - western section will house mostly higher schools, research institutes and design bureaus. 3. Rows of full-grown lime trees have sprung up on either side of the streets. The green spaces in the city will be greatly extended. Many small parks with a mass of trees and bushes, carpets of flowers and fountains have appeared. New parks will be laid in Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the forest and green belt around the city that will serve as a link between the urban and natural landscape, improve the climate and make the city more attractive. There is no other city whose appearance changes so quickly as that of Moscow. Architects and builders are successfully carrying out the great task of reconstruction of Moscow. VI. Прочитайте 4-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос: What part of Moscow is paid considerable attention to? Тексты для перевода, 2 семестр Перевод текстов выполняется в устной форме, т.е. письменными переводами пользоваться не разрешается. Можно составить словарь незнакомых слов с переводом. Каждый студент должен сдать чтение и перевод всех текстов. Text 1 The History of Land Transport The word “transport” means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for the vehicles that carry people or goods- for example; motor transport includes buses, lorries, motor cars. The American word for the same thing is transportation, and the remark “transportation- is civilization” was made by an American, the motor-car manufacturer Henry Ford. The history of transport is divided into 2 stages. The first stage is that in which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport. The most ancient peoples were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to place they had to carry their goods themselves. The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same- the bundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dog, although too small to carry much, was probably one of the first transport animals used because it is so easily trained. Dogs are still to be trained for dragging sledges in the Arctic because of their light weight. The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The wheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagons and carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances, a system of roads was necessary. In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long- distance paved roads were made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could be marched without delay from place to place. The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state. There are two problems to be solved- first, how to make good roads, and, second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in 18-th century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roads and bridges is still used, especially in the United States. Then it became possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. Later appeared carriages that could be hired for short distances. They correspond to the modern taxis. The word is short for “taxi cab” which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet. A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19-th century. The taximeter is a mechanical device connected with the Wheels which, by measuring the distance traveled, shows the fare due at any moment. It is also controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for. Text 2 The Wheel, Steam Carriages and Railways One of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communication, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indian until the White Man came. It came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels were solid disks. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber. Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The tree-wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes. The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road carriages. Their further development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to G. Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer. He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carry them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success. In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit projects for building railways in Russia. Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skilful mechanics and serfs. Text 3 The early days of the automobile One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaak Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it. Motoring really started in the country after the abolition of this act. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: “When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted”. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance. In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke for the transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble. The cars of that time were very small, two seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine- cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 mln. By 1960 it had reached 60 mln. No other industry had ever developed at such a rate. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs which possess great influence such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practice meeting where members can exhibit their cars. A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. In England there is the famous “Beaulieu Motor Museum” – the home for veteran cars. The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of England’s motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montague’s father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour. In the Museum’s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver. There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p.h. In the Museum there is also a two-seater car, built in 1903. Text 4 Cars: Passion or Problem? For some people, the car is a convenient form of transportation. But for others, the car is an exciting hobby. Some people spend their lives collecting valuable cars. Others drive them in races. For many people, cars are more than transportation: They are a source of passion and pleasure. Yet cars can also be a source of many problems. In 1903, Henry Ford began selling the Model T car for $ 825. His company, Ford Motors, was the first to produce car in large numbers. This made the car available to large numbers of people and helped them to travel long distances quickly and easily. The car has brought people much closer to places of work, study, and entertainment. Many people also work in car-related industries: fixing cars, washing cars, advertising cars, and selling car products such as stereos and cellular phones. Most Americans buy a new car every five or six years. This means that one American may own a dozen cars in a lifetime. In fact, there are more cars than people in the United States. In New York City, 2, 5 million cars move in and out of the city each day. In this traffic, the average speed is sometimes 8.1. miles per hour. This speed could easily be reached by riding a horse instead of driving a car. But New Yorkers continue to drive, just as people do in California, where freeways are often very crowded. Some environmentalists believe that forms of public transportation such as buses and trains have not been fully developed in the United States. They try to teach others that public transportation saves fuel and helps to protect the environment. Many people are unhappy with car traffic and pollution, as well as with the use of beautiful land for building new roads Environmentalists’ dream of turning parking lots into parks and replacing cars with bicycles, but most people around the world believe that the car is a necessary part of life in today's world. Still, there is an important question that must be answered: What kind of fuel will we use when gasoline is no longer available? To solve this problem, car companies in Korea, Japan, Europe, and the United States are trying to develop an electric car that will not require at all. The electric car was not used again until the 1970s, when there were serious problems with the availability of oil. Car companies began to plan for a future without gasoline. The General Motor Company had plans to develop an electric car by 1980; however, oil became available again, and this car was never produced. Today there is an interest in the electric car, which is partly related to a passion for speed and new technology. The General Motors Company began new work on the development of the electric car. The Toyota Company recently decided to spend $800 million a year on the development of new car technology. Many engineers believe that the electric car will lead to other forms of technology being used for transportation. Cars may change, but their importance will not. Cars are important to nearly everyone, including engineers, businesspeople, environmentalists, and even poets. Зачет К зачету допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольную работу № 1 ( контрольная работа выполняется письменно и защищается в устной форме) и сдавшие тексты учебника или учебных пособий по английскому языку (устная форма ответа) по профилю вуза в объеме 5 с. за каждый семестр. Для получения зачета студент должен уметь прочитать со словарем незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал. Форма проверки — письменный перевод. Норма перевода — 600-800 печатных знаков в час письменно со словарем на бумажном носителе. Экзамен К экзамену по английскому языку допускаются студенты, имеющие зачет за I семестр, выполнившие письменную контрольную работу № 2 и сдавшие учебный материал по чтению (устная форма ответа) за 2 семестр в объеме 5 с. На экзамене по английскому языку проверяются умения: читать со словарем текст по специальности вуза. Форма проверки понимания — письменный перевод. Норма перевода - 1000 печатных знаков в час письменно со словарем на бумажном носителе. Пример экзаменационного билета МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ БИЛЕТ № 1 РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное по дисциплине Иностранный язык образовательное учреждение направление подготовки «Наземные высшего образования транспортно-технологические средства» «Забайкальский государственный семестр II университет» 1. Read and translate the text “ Electronic Devices” using a dictionary. 2. Read and reproduce the text “Road Safety”. Составила Галыгина Л.В. УТВЕРЖДАЮ «_____» ________________ 20__ г. Зав. кафедрой ___________ «_____» ___________2017 г. Учебно-методическое и информационное обеспечение дисциплины Основная литература 1) Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В. Синявская.- М.: Высш. Шк., 2009.-463 с. 2) Motor transport: Учеб. пособ. / Л.В.Галыгина.- Чита: РИК ЧитГУ, 2010.- 138 с. 3) Галыгина Л.В. Курс английского языка: учеб. Пособие/ Л.В. Галыгина, С.Е. Каплина. – Чита: ЗабГУ, 2012.-180 с. 4) Шевцова Г.В. Английский язык для профиля « Автомобили и автомобильное хозяйство»: учебник/ Москва: Академия, 2012. Дополнительная литература 5) Русско-английский, англо-русский словарь / Г.В,Бочарова [и др.] – М.: Велби, 2009. – 816 с. 6) Шпаловский В.Ф., Шпаловская И.В. Англо-русский словарь для каждого/ Москва: Центрополиграф, 2014.- 520 с. 7) Цветкова Т.К. English Grammar Practice: учеб. Пособие/ Москва: Проспект, 2009.- 160 с. 8) Железнякова Г.А. Английский язык: учеб. Пособие для студентов-заочников / Чита: ЧитГУ, 2008.-54 с. Собственные учебные пособия См. следующие источники № 2, 3 из указанных выше Базы данных, информационно-справочные и поисковые системы* http://www.scholar.google.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Ведущий преподаватель Галыгина Любовь Васильевна Заведующий кафедрой Каплина Светлана Евгеньевна |