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Realms of EngineeringTraditionally, engineering activities have been grouped into certain areas of specialization. These originated as civil and military engineering,, catering to man's early needs. Scientific discoveries and their development gave birth to a variety of fields of application such as mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering. Today the rapid rise of technology is bringing the adequacy of even these widely accepted designations into question in describing specialist areas within engineering. Several of the more commonly accepted categories are described below. Aerospace Engineering combines two fields, aeronautical and astronautical engineering. The former is concerned with the aerodynamics, structure and propulsion of vehicles designed for flight in the earth's atmosphere. The latter relates to flight above the earth's atmosphere and involves the design of rockets and space vehicles incorporating sophisticated propulsion, guidance, and life support systems. The days when one man drew his design in chalk on the floor and then proceeded to build it are long past. Today large teams of engineers are needed to cope with the complexity of modern flight vehicles. The design of an aircraft involves a multitude of specialty areas such as stress analysis, control surface theory, aircraft stability, vibration, production techniques and flight testing. Agricultural Engineering is one of the earliest forms of engineering practiced by man. It uses agricultural machinery, irrigation, and surveying and deals with the many associated problems of crop raising and animal husbandry. Not only are the fundamental engineering subjects such as hydraulics, metallurgy, and structures of importance, but soil conservation, biology, and zoology are also necessary components. It is here that machines interface with the animal and plant kingdoms. Challenging-problems occur in areas such as land reclamation and efficient utilization, and improved methods of food production and harvesting. Chemical Engineering encompasses the broad field of raw material and food processing and the operation of associated facilities. It is mainly involved with the manufacture and properties of materials such as fuels, plastics, rubber, explosives, paints, and cleaners. The chemical engineer is well grounded in both basic and engineering chemistry and apart the production of special materials, may be involved in such areas as combustion, recycling of waste products, and air and water pollution. Civil Engineering is one of the oldest branches of the engineering profession. It covers a wide field, and many subsidiary branches have grown from it. The civil engineer is mainly employed in the creation of structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, highways, harbors, and tunnels. He is usually knowledgeable in hydraulics, structures, building materials, surveying, and soil mechanics. One important area comprises water supply, drainage, and sewage disposal. More than any other branch of engineering, the results of the civil engineer's efforts are the most visible in a permanent form. Electrical Engineering, in general, deals with the creation, storage, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy and information. Most of its activities may be identified with power or communications. Electrical engineering is of recent origin, dating back only to the eighteenth century, when electrical phenomena were first subjected to scientific scrutiny. After this, useful applications were quickly identified. Today, the impact of a power failure graphically illustrates our dependence on electrical power. The field encompasses information systems, computer technology, energy conversion, automatic control, instrumentation, and many other specialties. Industrial Engineering is mainly concerned with the manufacture of useful commodities from raw materials. Since most of the other engineering fields have a bearing on this activity, the industrial engineer requires a particularly broad view. The management of men, materials, machines, and money are all within his endeavor in achieving effective production. Plant layout, automation, work methods, and quality control are included. and, more than in most of the other traditional branches of engineering, the industrial engineer needs to have some grounding in psychology and . dealing with personnel. Mechanical Engineering develops machines for the generation and utilization of power. Mechanical engineers design turbines, engines. pumps, and their ancillary mechanisms and structures. Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, transportation, manufacturing, and vibration are some areas falling within their domain. The art of mechanical engineering dates back to the labor-saving devices and military machines of ancient times, but it received its greatest boost in the eighteenth century with the invention of the steam engine and industrial machinery, which marked the onset of the industrial revolution. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, the production and use of metals, has two distinct branches. One deals with the location, extraction, and treatment of ores to obtain base metals, and the other with the transformation of these metals into useful forms and with the study of techniques for improving their performance in specific applications. The study of ceramics is often included in this field. Special topics range all the way from materials that may be used with living tissue to the development of composites for high-temperature applications such as in the heat shields used for satellite reentry. In addition to the fields identified above, other categories of engineering are often encountered. These include architectural, ceramic, geological naval and marine, nuclear, petroleum, sanitary, and textile engineering. Vocabulary to the text: realm - область, сфера; перен.: царство; certain - определенный; to originate - происходить, возникать; to cater - здесь: соответствовать; application - применение; rapid - быстрый; rise - подъем, рост; accepted - общепринятый, общепризнанный; designation - обозначение, указание; предназначение; commonly - обычно; below - ниже; to combine - соединять(ся); объединять(ся); комбинировать; former - здесь: первый (из названных); concerned with - связанный с.., имеющий отношение к..; propulsion - толчок, движение вперед; движущая сила; vehicle - средство передвижения, транспорт; latter - второй (из названных); to relate (to) - иметь отношение (к), касаться; above - выше; to incorporate - соединять(ся), объединять(ся); включать; вводить в состав; sophisticated - здесь: опытный; guidance - руководство; support - поддержка; to proceed - продолжать, возобновлять; приняться за..; переходить к..; возникать; to cope (with) - справляться с..; complexity - сложность; aircraft - самолет; to involve - включать; multitude - множество, большое число; specialty - специализация; surface - поверхность; agricultural - сельскохозяйственный; machinery - машины, машинное оборудование; механизмы; irrigation - ирригация, осушение (земель); survey - обследование, изыскание; to deal (with) - иметь дело (с); crop raising - рост/подъем (урожая) зерновых (культур); husbandry - разведение, выращивание; to subject (to) - подвергать (воздействию, влиянию); soil - почва; to interface - сталкиваться, встречаться, взаимодействовать; kingdom - царство; to challenge - вызывать (на соревнование); сомневаться, оспаривать; to occur - происходить, случаться; reclamation - здесь: исправление; to improve - улучшать, совершенствовать; to harvest - собирать (урожай); пожинать плоды; to encompass - окружать; содержать, заключать (в себе); raw materials - сырье; processing - обработка; facilities - возможности; оборудование; property - свойство; fuel - топливо; rubber - резина, каучук; explosive - взрывчатое вещество; взрывчатый; paint - краска; cleaner - очиститель, чистящее средство; to ground (in) - обучать основам предмета, профессии; apart (from) - помимо; combustion - горение, сгорание; recycling - переработка; waste materials - отходы; pollution - загрязнение; civil - гражданский; branch - отрасль; to cover - здесь: охватывать, включать; subsidiary - здесь: вспомогательный, дополнительный; creation - создание; harbor - гавань; to comprise - включать, заключать в себе; содержать, вмещать; supply - снабжение; sewage - сточные воды; disposal - передача; расположение, размещение; visible - видимый; permanent - постоянный, неизменный, перманентный; storage - хранение, хранилище; transmission - передача; recent - недавний; origin - происхождение; to date back - относиться (к); subjected (to) - подверженный, подлежащий; scrutinity - критическое рассмотрение, внимательное изучение, разбор; impact - воздействие, влияние; dependence - зависимость; conversion - передача; instrumentation - аппаратура; оснащение аппаратурой, инструментарием; commodity - товар, предмет широкого потребления; bearing - здесь: отношение; to require - требовать(ся); grounding (in) - образование (в сфере...); personnel - персонал, кадры, сотрудники; to generate - порождать, производить; вырабатывать; to utilize - применять, использовать; pump - насос; ancillary - вспомогательный; to fall - здесь: попадать; domain - область, сфера; перен. царство; device - прибор, устройство, механизм; ancient - древний, старый; античный; boost - здесь: развитие; invention - изобретение; steam - пар; engine - двигатель; to mark - отмечать; onset - начало; mining - горное дело; горная промышленность; distinct - отчетливый, определенный, явный; location - размещение; extraction - извлечение; treatment - обработка; ore - руда; to obtain - получать; to improve - улучшать, усовершенствовать; performance - исполнение, выполнение; tissue - ткань; composite - смесь; сложный, составной; shield - щит, защита; to encounter - сталкиваться, (неожиданно) встречаться. Word Study to the Text: Comprehension Check: Ex. Answer the following questions
Engineering Work In any one area of engineering there is a wide range of functions that the engineer may participate in. The spectrum includes research and development, design, production and construction, installation, operation and maintenance, and sales and management. While mobility is free within the spectrum, it is most likely to occur in the order given than in the reverse direction. One reason is that detailed knowledge of scientific concepts becomes less and less important as one moves toward the managerial function, although the knowledge of finance and labor becomes more detailed. It is difficult for a student to predict his ultimate niche although, if he could, he might choose a somewhat different set of elective courses. In general, the research and development engineer requires, besides a firm grounding in the fundamentals of his area, an easy familiarity with analytical and experimental techniques. A natural curiosity a creative bent, and considerable stamina are essential. The design engineer has somewhat similar requirements, with particular accent on creativity. He also needs a broad understanding of such topics as engineering economics, optimization, and methods of manufacture, along with a particular sensitivity toward human needs. Design activity is extremely broad, so the individual is most likely to find himself one of a large team, particularly in a complex project. Senior members in such a group are likely to find themselves coordinating a variety of specialized activities. The team may, for example, include specialists in theoretical analysis, testing, computation, optimization, and esthetic design. It is the production and construction engineers who, on any project, are responsible for the implementation of a completed design. They will have to work initially with design engineers and then with technicians actually to produce the hardware itself from the specified raw materials. A sound knowledge of materials, methods of manufacture, time estimation, and the logistics of movements of materials is important. The area of installation, operation, and maintenance may need knowledge from civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, or other branches of engineering, depending on the nature of the plant. A large plant may employ specialists from these brunches, though a small plant may tend to employ engineers comfortable in several areas. Here the responsibility is to ensure that the equipment is installed correctly, brought into operation, and effectively maintained. The engineer must develop effective maintenance and replacement schedules and requires some knowledge of economics. Aspects of safety and pollution control could be important. The sales area is an important division of many engineering companies, accentuated by the rapid changes and new developments that are constantly modifying products. The sales engineer needs a thorough engineering background but must also be an expert in the operation and performance of his company's products. He may have to educate a prospective customer in the principles, advantages, and limitations of the equipment. It may be important that his knowledge extend to cover his customer's operating plant so that he can illustrate how his own product may best be used. Knowledge of economics law and psychology could be useful, and a friendly personality is a decided advantage. Many engineers after several years in one or more of the above areas, eventually move into managerial positions. Here they quickly discover the merit of some knowledge of economics, financial management, and labor policies. They may need considerable courage to plan effectively and make sound, far-reaching decisions. In this regard the engineer's technical background serves him well, but he will have to acquire a familiarity with business administration also. Vocabulary to the text: range - сфера, диапазон; to participate - участвовать; research - исследование; installation - установка; maintenance - (техническое) обслуживание; likely - вероятно; to occur - происходить, случаться; order - порядок; detailed - подробный; to predict - предсказывать; ultimate - конечный; set - набор; firm - прочный; grounding (in) - образование (в); curiosity - любопытство; creative - творческий; bent - склонность, наклонность; stamina - запас жизненных сил, жизненная энергия; выносливость; essential - существенный; similar - подобный, схожий; requirement - требование; accent - подчеркивание, выделение; along with - наряду с..; sensitivity - чувствительность; extremely - чрезвычайно; complex - сложный; senior - старший; implementation - осуществление, выполнение; raw materials - сырье; sound - здравый; completed - завершенный; выполненный; initially - исходно, сначала; estimation - оценивание, оценка, подсчет; depending on - в зависимости от..; nature - природа, суть, характер; plant - завод, предприятие; to employ - принимать на работу; to ensure - обеспечивать; equipment - оборудование; replacement - замена; schedule - расписание, график; safety - безопасность; pollution - хагрязнение; division - подразделение, отдел; to accentuate - подчеркивать, выделять, акцентировать внимание (на); constantly - постоянно; to modify - модифицировать, видоизменять; background - опыт; expert - эксперт, специалист; to educate - воспитывать, давать образование; prospective - перспективный; будущий, возможный; to extend - расширять(ся), распространять(ся); простираться; to cover - охватывать, включать; customer - клиент, потребитель; decided - решительный, определенный, бесспорный; advantage - преимущество; above - выше, над; eventually - в конечном итоге; managerial - руководящий; position - должность; considerable - значительный; courage - храбрость, мужество, смелость; sound - здравый; far-reaching - далеко идущий; чреватый последствиями; in this regard - в этом отношении; to serve - служить; familiarity - знакомство. Word Study to the Text Comprehension Check: Ex. Answer the following questions .
The Transistor NATURE abhors a vacuum tube," cracked Bell Labs physicist John Pierce. So did almost everyone else by the 1940s. Sure, vacuum tubes boosted the power of the phone network's electrical signals, which weaken as they travel. But vacuum tubes were too bulky, unreliable and inefficient to support what AT&T expected to be a boom in demand for telecommunications after die end of World War II. So as peace loomed, in the summer of 1945, Bell Labs established a group to forge the future out of semiconductors, materials whose properties He midway between an electrical insulator's and a conductor's. In the fall of 1947, in a month long burst of inspiration. Bell scientists invented the device that came to embody, even create, the future. The tiny transistor changed the way we bank, drive, cook, communicate, listen to music, watch television and otherwise work, play and live. The inventors were an unlikely trio. William Brattain was a farm boy and a born tinker. William Shoddey, hard-driving, ambitious and impatient, was named manager of semiconductor research in 1945. His ego would eventually fracture the team. "Whispering John" Bardeen, the low-key, famously self-eflacing theorist, would become the only person ever to win two Nobels in physics. In 1925 a British scientist had theorized that if an electric field enveloped a semiconductor, then the semiconductor would conduct electricity differently. In some cases, it would amplify incoming current. That appealed to the Bell scientists charged with finding replacements for vacuum tubes. But the phenomenon remained maddeningly theoretical; try as they might, no one could make semiconductors jack up a signal. Finally, in March 1946, Bardeen hit on the reason. Electrical fields were not having the desired effect on, say, a bar of silicon because the surface of the silicon is riddled with cul-de-sacs, he suggested, making it possible for electrons to enter but not to leave. The surface seemed to be positively charged on the outside, attracting electrons in, but negative on the inside, repelling them when they start to move. The electrons were stuck. As a result the flow of electrons— which is all a current is — could not increase. Applying an electric field did nothing. For the next 20 months Bell's team turned to the most basic of research—the quantum properties of solids—as it sought ways to liberate the electrons in the semiconductor. "Without understanding solids from a quantum mechanical point of view," says William F. Brinkman, vice president of B&D at Bell Labs, "the transistor could not have been invented." On Nov. 17,1947, Brattain launched the experiments that would bring success. He began with a splash—literally: he bathed silicon in various electrolytes (liquids that contain electric charges), such as acetone and distilled water. The electrolytes changed the electrical properties of silicon's surface. When Brattain shined a light on the treated silicon, a larger current flowed than from untreated silicon (silicon was known to produce a current in response to light; today that is the basis for solar cells). Apparently, the electrolytes set up an bulldozed the cul-de-sacs, allowing the electrons to escape. On Nov. 21 Bardeen went to Brattain with a new suggestion for making silicon amplify a signal "Come on, John!" Brattain exclaimed. "Let's go out in the laboratory and make it!" They put a drop of distilled water on a slab of silicon. They pushed a tungsten wire through the drop and onto the silicon. They used a battery to apply one volt to the drop, hoping to stir up the positive and negative charges in the silicon just below the wire. Current through the contact point increased 10 percent: positive charges in the distilled water pulled the silicon's electrons to the surface, making more electrons flow and thus amplifying the current. Carpooling home that evening, Brattain said he'd "taken part in the most important experiment cording to an AT&T oral history quoted in "Crystal Fire" {352pages. W.W.Norton. $27.50), a new book on the transistor by Michael Biordan and Lillian Hoddeson. But hurdles remained. The silicon boosted current only 10 percent, not enough to outdo vacuum tubes. Brattain and Bardeen tried every variation they could think of to better their results. Germanium instead of silicon. Gold foil instead of tungsten. A viscous liquid called glycol borate — "gu" — instead of distilled water. On Dec. 16 they jury-rigged their final contraption. "It was marvelous!" Brattain recalled: their transistor boosted power 450 percent. The key realization was that "holes"—weird quantum-mechanical entities that are the absence of electrons — carried current in silicon. When Bardeen returned home that evening, he mumbled to his wife, Jane, as she peeled carrots, "We discovered something important today." But Shocldey was far from elated at Bardeen and Brattain's success. He argued that work he had done in 1945 had sparked their invention, but AT&T's lawyers had filed a patent only on Brattain and Bardeen's device. Shoddey worked obsessively on his own. On Jan. 23,1948, he had his brainstorm: a sandwich. The bread would be a sandwich. The bread would be semiconductor material with an excess of electrons; it was dubbed "n-type." The meat would be "p-type," with an excess of positively charged holes. When he attached wires and applied a voltage, holes streamed across the n-material into the p-area. His "junction transistor" amplified current just like Brattain and Bar-deen's "point-contact" transistor. He tinkered with it in total secrecy. The rift in the team was now a canyon. Bardeen, fed up with Shockley, resigned in 1951. In 1952 Bell Labs offered to license the point-contact transistor for $25,000 against future royalties. They had few takers apart from a small Japanese start-up called Sony. Its first transistor radio sold, in 1954, for $49.95 (more than $300inl995 dollars). Bell Labs produce the point-contact transistor for 10 years. But 1954 production of the junction transistor ha overtaken it. In 1956 Brattain, Bardeen and Shoddey shared the Nobel in physics. As the price of a transistor plunged—fix)! $45 to $2 in the 1950s to .00001 cent today-the applications mushroomed. In 1959 sales of solid-state transistors overtook sales of vacuum tubes, and there has been no going back. Before the transistor "the whole phone network was analog and the switches were electromechanical; the transistor changed that to digital transmissions and electronic switches," says Jan Ross, Bell Labs preside] from 1979 to 1991. Today transistors packed by the millions onto microprocessors run ca engines, cell phones, missiles, satellites, gas pumps, ATM machines, microwave ovens, computers, CD players and every other modem electronic toy and tool. In 1997 more than half a billion transistors will be manufactured. Every second. THE TRANSISTOR. (Home Reading) Vocabulary. abhore - испытывать ужас crack - разг.: отпускать шутки boost - повышать (напряжение) weaken - ослаблять bulky - большой, громоздкий unreliable - ненадежный inefficient - неэффективный boom - шумиха, бум, сенсация loom - неясно вырисовываться property - свойство insulator - изолятор burst - вспышка inspiration - вдохновение device - прибор embody - воплощать, олицетворять tiny - крошечный bank - держать деньги в банке unlikely - здесь: неправдоподобный hard-driving - трудноуправляемый fracture - разбить, сломать whisper - шептать low-key - незначимый, слабый eflace ????? envelop - окружать amplify - эл. усиливать appeal - обращаться, взывать be charged with - здесь: заняться replacement - замещение, замена jack up - здесь: уловить desired - желаемый bar - брусок silicon - кремний surface - поверхность riddled - изрешеченный cul-de-sac - тупик charged - здесь: заряженный attract - притягивать, привлекать repel - отражать, отталкивать be stuck - застрять flow - поток increase - увеличивать apply - применять solid - твердое тело seek (sought, sought) - искать liberate - высвобождать launch - стартовать, начать splash - всплеск; мн.ч. брызги literally - в буквальном смысле слова bathe - окунать treat - обрабатывать, подвергать воздействию current - ток response - ответ cell - здесь: батарейка apparently - очевидно set up - установить bulldozed - выпущенный escape - высвободить suggestion - предложение drop - капля tungsten - вольфрам wire - провод stir up - здесь: возбуждать below - ниже quote - цитировать boost - повышать hurdless - препятствие, барьер outdo - превзойти foil - фольга viscous - вязкий liquid - жидкость contraption - разг. странный прибор recall - вспоминать hole - дырка weird - странный entity - здесь: сущность mumble - бормотать elate - привести в восторг spark - здесь: быть искрой (для) obsessively - одержимо excess - излищек, избыток attach - прикреплять stream - поток, струя junction - скрепление rift - трещина fed up (with) - "сыт по горло" resign - здесь: отойти от дел royalties - авторские права share - разделять mushroom - амер.: быстро расти ovеrtake - превзойти switch - выключатель digital - цифровой transmission - трансмиссия, перенос cell phone - сотовый телефон missile - снаряд, ракета satellite - спутник pump - насос microwave - микроволновый toy - игрушка tool - инструмент, орудие, средств Comprehension Check. Ex. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the function of vacuum tubes? 2. What for did Bell Labs establish a special group? 3. What do semiconductors serve for? 4. What did Bell Labs' scientists invent? 5. When did the team split up (распалась)? What was the reason of it? 6. What prize was the team awarded with in 1951? 7. What is a transistor? 8. What are the functions of transistors today? Topics to discuss. 1. Vacuum tube. 2. Bell Labs' team of scientists. Their initial task. 3. An unlikely trio. 4. Their basic research. 5. Silicon amplifying signals. 6. Relationships between these three scientists. 7. Nobel prize shared by them. 8. The price of a transistor. 9. Changes brought by transistors. Geoffrey Cowley, Anne Cowley PORTABLE DATABASES CAN MAKE DOCTORS MORE EFFICIENT. BUT THIS ONE HELPS THEM PRACTICE BETTER MEDICINE. David Slawson was sitting at his desk one morning last February when a collegue called him to tell that one of his patients was in the emergency room (ER), suffering from pneumonia. The pateint, an otherwise healthy 43-year-old woman, was in no immediate dander, but the ER doctor wanted to hospitalize her just to be safe. Few physicians would have stopped to question whether hospital care actually benefits such a client. But Slawson, a family practitioner at the University of Virginia , had an easy way to find out. He grabbed the mouse on his computer and, with a few clicks, pulled up a "prognosis calculator". By punching in basic facts about the woman, he determined, that her odds of dying would be 2.2 times HIGHER if she checked into the hospital (where germs are rampant and medical errors possible) than if she recuperated at home. Shown that number, the ER doctor quickly wrote a prescription and sent her on her way - saving her insurer thousands of dollars and, in all likelihood, hastening her recovery. What Slawson had, and the emergency room didn't, is a new software program called InfoRetriever. IR as compact enough to run on a palmtop PC, yet potentially powerful enough to transform the practice of medicine. Besides quantifying the advantages of different treatment strategies, it calculates drug dosages, clarifies test results amd summarizes current research findings on everything from arthritis to baby care. At Michigan State University and the University of Virginia, some 200 physicians are now road-testing the first palmtop version of InfoRetriever. And though most have used it for less than a month, few would deny that it's making better doctors of them. The program doesn't just enhance their efficiency. As Slawson's experience suggests, it can improve their decisions. Medical practice has never been quite the scientific endeavor we imagine. Studies have shown repeatedly that doctors pay less attention to research findings than to colleagues and drug-company representatives - and that patients with identical conditions often receive radically different treatments, depending on which clinic they visit. Reformers have struggled since 1970s to promote a more consistent, "evidence-based" model of care, but managing the relevant data has proven a daunting challenge. A physician would have to skim thousands of articles a year to find the clinically useful findings - and no one who collected them all would have time left for appointments. "The information explosion is one of the critical challenges facing physicians," says Dr. Sim Galazka of the University of Virginia. "We've got to find ways to sort out the evidence and apply it." InfoRetriever grew out of a project that Dr. Mark Ebell launched from Michigan State back in 1994. Working with several colleagues, he started scouring 85 medical journals each month and summarizing clinically important findings in the Journal of Family Practice. The group's reviews and treatment recommendations still appear in the journal and in a monthly newsletter called Evidence Based Practice. InfoRetriever includes all of these digests, along with hundreds taken from other reliable sources, and the whole program can be updated quarterly through Internet downloads. But unlike Medline, a sprawling database that includes 11 million articles, IR stays tightly focused on patient care. Besides fielding tough questions, InfoRetriever can alert a busy doctor to unimagined possibilities. Unlike the Physician's Desk Reference, it includes well-documented uses for prescription drugs. It also highlights research findings that no one is bothering to advertise. Last year, for example, the journal Neurology published a study showing that the vitamin riboflavin could relieve migraine headaches. "Nobody in primary care reads Neurology", says Slawson. "Even if they did, would they remember it five months later when a patient walks in? With InfoRetriever, you punch in "migraine" and you get a summary of the study." Will your intern be performing such feats the next time you show up with a sprained ankle? Don't count on it. Ebell and his colleagues developed InfoRetriever on their own time, without corporate support. And though several university health systems now plan to adopt the program, no one is marketing it directly to individual practitioners. At the moment, only one physician in four is sure to change. "I see patients in the office and the hospital," says Ebell. "I do house calls. I'm on call at the hospital tonight. And the care I give depends on the information I command." Medicine has gotten too complex to practice from a dog-eared textbook. Fortunately, there is now an alternative. InfoRetriever and other portable database won't make doctors obsolete. But doctors who lack them may soon be just that. Vocabulary to the Text. efficient - эффективный emergency room - пункт первой помощи otherwise - в других отношениях immediate - немедленный danger - опасность physician - врач, доктор benefit - принести пользу/выгоду grab - схватить pull up - здесь: вызвать на экран punch in - здесь: ввести determine - определить odds - шансы germ - микроб rampant - распространен recuperate - выздоравливать prescription - предписание likelihood - вероятность hasten - ускорять recovery - выздоровление retrieve - находить, спасать?????? enough - достаточный palmtop - размером с ладошку powerlful - мощный transform - преобразовать quantify - подсчитывать advantage - преимущество calculate - подсчитывать treatment - лечение drug - (амер.)лекарство clarify - освещать, разъяснять current - современный research - научное исследование finding - открытия deny - отрицать enhance - увеличивать improve - улучшать endeavor - попытка, старание representative - представитель treatment - лечение depending on - в зависимости от struggle - бороться promote - продвигать, содействовать consistent - последовательный relevant - уместный prove - доказать evidenсe - свидетельство, док-во daunting - обескураживающий challenge - вызов, возможность skim - просматривать appointment - здесь: прием explosion - взрыв face - сталкиваться sort out - сортировать apply - применять grow out of - вырасти из launch - начинать scour - здесь: просматривать newsletter - информационный бюллетень digest - краткое изложение along with - наряду с reliable - надежный source - источник update - обновлять quarterly - ежеквартально download - загружать unlike - в отличие от sprawl - здесь: разрастаться tightly - тесно, плотно care - забота, уход fielding - здесь: освещение tough - трудный (для выполнения) alert - насторожить, сделать бдительным reference - справочник prescription - назначение highlight - придавать большое значение bother - беспокоить(ся) relieve - облегчать primary care - первичная помощь punch in - войти intern - молодой врач-стажер perform - выполнять feat - подвиг sprained - растянутый ankle - лодыжка count on - рассчитывать на support - поддержка adopt - принимать/вводить be on call - быть на вызовах depend on - зависеть от command - владеть complex - сложный dog-eared - с загнутыми углами(о страницах) obsolete - устарелый lack - не хватать Comprehension Check. Ex. Answer the following questions: Topics to discuss. QUOTATIONS and JOKES.
Albert Schweitzer.
Martin H.Fisher.
Chinese proverb Sir Humphrey Davy. Research is to see what everybody has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. Unit V |