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Глобализация образования. Коммуникация Интернет как образовательная система: преимущества и недостатки; возможностиГрамматика: сложное предложение; придаточные времени, места, условия, причины – особенности построения и место в предложении; способы присоединения (союзы для данного типа предложений) UNIT 5.  Introductory Text. THE NEW WIRED WORLD. Was there a single moment when we turned the corner? When we moved from a culture centered on network television, phone with wires, information on paper and stock prices based on profit into a digital society? Could the global outburst of online mourning after the death of Princess Diana have marked our passage? Did it come last Christmas, when hundreds of thousands shoppers avoided malls and looked through their gift lists? Or was it the online fashion show? The online birth? And just when the putting an e-mail address on a business card stop marking you as ahead of your time? Let the chat rooms debate what marked the turning point. What’s certain is that America has digitized, and there’s no way back. Worldwide there are almost 200 million on the Internet. In the United States alone, 80 million. The numbers tell you just part of the story: the Net is no longer a novelty, an interesting way to pass the time. A third of wired Americans now do at least some of their shopping on the Net, and some are already consulting doctors on the Net, listening to radio on the Net, getting mortgages on the Net, getting news on the Net, having phone conversations on the Net, checking political candidates on the Net, etc. Each of these activities is impressive, but the total effect is a different kind of life. Our goal is to examine what’s happened, why, and how the Internet is changing the way we live now. It’s been 30 years since the Internet’s predecissor, the Arphanet, was switched on to help academics and Government officials get connected. Almost 25 years since the first software for personal computers (co-written by some kid named Bill Gates). About five years since the Net became in effect the world’s greatest public utility, driven by a combination of cheap, powerful PCs, a remarkably scalable infrastructures that sped up out connections (though not enough), and easy-to-use browsing software that took advantage of the Net’s open rules. And maybe three or four years since concocting Internet, business schemes became the world’s most desirable creative outlet, the contemporary successor to write the Great American Novel. The triumph of tech, for better or for worse, is far from complete - in schools, businesses, operating rooms, labs, banks or the halls of Government. Just about everything we’ve ever done that has to do with communication and information has been digitized, and now we’re going to start dealing with the things that haven’t been done because you can do that only with the Internet. And if you think up something thst fits that bill, there’s a venture capitalist in Palo Alto who will write out a huge check for you. Even the most knuckleheaded GEO - the kind of guy who used to think it was beneath his mahogany desktop - now knows that job No. 1 in the firm, no matter what the company does, is to figure out how to become an Internet company, because he can be damn well sure that his competitors are. It’s crucial to assess the impact of this shift, because the digital revolution is much more profound than a mere change of tools. The Internet is built on on both a philosophy and an infrastructure of openness and free communication; its users hold the potential to change not just how we get things done, but our thinking patterns and behavior. Bound together by digital mesh, there’s hope we may thrive together - if some unanswered questions find felicitous answers. Can a spirit of sharing the maintained in the face of the need to compensate huge investments? Will persistent security holes - both personal and national, with the threat of cyberwar - erode our confidence in this medium? Is it really possible for governments to refuse from their impulses to regulate the Net with their usual heavy-handedness? How will the bounty of the digital age be distributed fairly? The corner has been turned, but only just. We’re at the beginning of a new way of working, shopping, playing and communicating. We’re calling this phenomenn e-life, and it’s just in time. Because the day is approaching when no one will describe the digital, Net-based, computer-connected gestalt with such a transitory term. We’ll just call it life. Vocabulary. wired - компьютеризованный single - один, единственный turn the corner - переступить грань, перейти Рубикон move - перейти (от) wires - мн.ч. - провода stock prices - биржевые цены profit - доход, прибыль, выгода digital - цифровой, компьютеризованный society - общество global - глобальный, планетарный outburst - взрыв, вспышка; поток (слез) online - в Интернете mourning - траур mark - отмечать, обозначать passage - переход avoid - избегать malls - магазины (типа Пассажа или Гостиного Двора в СПб) look through - просматривать gift lists - список подарков fashion show - показ мод birth - рождение business card - визитная карточка ahead of one’s time - впереди своего времени chat rooms - страницы для обсуждений debate - обсуждать certain - определенный, точный worldwide - во всем мире alone - один, только novelty - новинка, новшество pass the time - проводитьвремя a third (of) - треть at least - по крайней мере mortgage - долгосрочная ссуда check - проверять activities - мн.ч. деятельность impressive - впечатляющий total - общий different - другой goal - цель examine - рассматривать happen - происходить, случаться change - менять since - с (какого-то времени) predecissor - предшественник switch on - включать Government - правительство official - чиновник connect - соединять software - программное обеспечение utility - здесь: предприятие driven - управляемый remarkably - замечательно scalable - здесь: (крупно)масштабный speed up - ускорять though - хотя enough - достаточно take* advantage (of) - воспользоваться преимуществом сoncoct - выдумывть (небылицы), измышлять desirable - желательный creative - творческий outlet - выход (в т.ч. перен.) contemporary - современный successor - преемник novel - повесть far from complete - далек от завершения deal* with - иметь дело с fit* that bill - соответствовать чеку venture - (рискованное) предприятие write* out - выписать huge - огромный knuckleheaded - сленг. тупоголовый GEO - руководитель (высокого ранга) guy - парень used to - привык beneath - выше mahogany - красного дерева desktop - компьютер (стационарный, непереносной) no matter - неважно figure out - выяснять damn - чертовский competitor - конкурент, соперник crucial - критически важно assess - оценить impact - воздействие, влияние shift - сдвиг profound - глубокий mere - простой change of tools - изменение приборов pattern - образец behavior - поведение bound - связанный mesh - цепь, сцепление thrive* - процветать, хорошо развиваться felicitous - подходящий, удачный share - делиться maintain - здесь: достичь, добиться persistent - настойчивый security holes - пробелы в защите threat - угроза erode - разъедать confidence - доверие medium - средство refuse - отказаться heavy-handed - c полными руками bounty - щедрость; дар, подарок distribute - распределять fairly - справедливо approach - приближаться describe - описывать gestalt - нем. образ transitory term - переходный термин Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:
13. single moment m/ далек от завершения 14. lucky competitor n/ фондовые цены 15. essence of life о/ место разговоров Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to become in effect a/ завернуть за угол/перейти Рубикон
11. to interact with each other k/ справедливо распределять 12. to bring closer l/ сделать вклад Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English
Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions:
Topics to Discuss.
Text I-A THE INTERNET. The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet swithing. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-swithing network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher. In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: an user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled - but inexpensive - Chinese computer-aided-design specialists. However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data are constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. "in the clear". But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved. Vocabulary. embrace - включать military - военный designed - предназначен survive - выжить, пережить nuclear war - ядерная война path - путь available - доступный stay in touch - поддерживать контакты route - путь knock down - здесь: поражать explosion - взрыв owing to - из-за, благодаря route around - обойти host - узловой while - в то время как the rest - остальные accurately - точно access (to) - доступ (к) reсeive - получать message - сообщение, послание developing - развивающийся provide - обеспечить, предоставить reliable - надежный expensive - дорогой communicate - общаться cheaply - дешево actually - на самом деле fee - оплата connect - соединять cover - здесь: оплатить wireless - беспроволочный saving - экономия drastically - резко, решительно increаse - возрастать garment - одежда remain - оставаться security - безопасность data - мн.ч. данные directed - направленный (на) destination - назначение along - вдоль, по in spite of - несотря на encoding - расшифровка, декодирование in the clear - в чистом (незашифрованном) виде conduct transactions - проводить сделки resolve - решать, разрешать Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. global network a/ почасовая оплата
7. owing to this g/ возрастающее число Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to resolve problems a/ экономить деньги
12. to be directed (to) l/ перехватить сообщение Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions:
while they are travelling to the point of their destination?
Topics to Discuss.
Text I-B FAXES & COPIERS Of all the electronic equipment in today's office, the PC is the most important and widely used. But only if PC means "photocopier." The personal computer doesn't even rank second. That distinction belongs to the fax. Now here's another surprise: after the telephone, the fax is the most important modern office innovation to be created in the 19th century. Alexander Bain, a Scotchman, patented the first fax process in 1843. As a schoolboy, Bain was obsessed on clocks. After he moved to London, he developed the so-called master-slave mechanism, which, among other things, synchronized systems of school clocks. Barn's synchronization skills were necessary for early fax technology. It required the transmitter of an image to send, via precisely timed telegraphy, successive lines of the image to a receiver, which were then reassembled at the exact same speed with the help of electromagnetic pendulums. Nearly a century later, the idea for "electrophotography" came to Chester Carlson, a poor Caltech grad working in a New York City patent office. It was 1934, and Carlson found himself in constant need of duplicate copies of patent specifications. Loath to hand-copy everything, he began thinking about saving himself time. Since he knew that large companies were already exploring photographic and chemical copy processes, he turned his apartment into an electrostatics laboratory. It took Carlson four years to send his first photocopied message: "10-22-38 astoria." Carlson sold his idea to a New York firm that wanted an exotic name for its new process. A consultant, William Robert Jones, an Ohio State University classics professor, chose the Greek word for "dry writing": xerography. A decade later, the company renamed itself Xerox. Its breakthrough 914, a 650-pound monster that cost $29,500, debuted in 1960. By the 1970s Xerox had permeated corporate America. As the copier bloomed, the much older fax finally began taking root. The first commercial fax machine, then called long-distance xerography, went into service in 1964. The fax boom began in 1980, when the price dropped below $2,000 and a digital standard made it possible to network all faxes worldwide. Between 1985 and 1990, the number of fax machines increase from 500,000 to 5 million. Both pieces of equipment have played their roles in historical dramas. In 1962 the CIA used a Xerox repairman to mount an 8-mm movie camera inside the Xerox 914 at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. For its part, the fax has developed into a propaganda tool for democratic movements. During the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstration, Chinese students in the United States faxed pro-democracy manifestoes to random Chinese fax numbers. Mikhail Gorbachev beat back a coup attempt in 1991 with the help of Russian citizens who faxed updates to the Voice of America that in turn were read back over the airwaves to millions of Russians. Though they seem indispensable to modern life, the fax and photocopier may have begun their inevitable decline. Some experts predict that e-mail and the Web will make the fax and photocopier unnecessary. But not for another two decades, predicts Columbia University's Michael van Biema. "We have this view of America being cutting edge," he says. "But an awfully large number of our documents still take four days to get from A to B by way of the U.S. mail Vocabulary. equipment - оборудование innovation - новшество, нововведение skill - умение, навык necessary - необходимый require - требоваться transmitter - передатчик precisely - точно timed - рассчитанный по времени successive - последовательный receiver - приемник reassemble - вновь собрать exact same - тот же самый pendulum - маятник duplicate - размножать loath (to) - несклонный (к), нежелающий save - спасать, экономить explore - исследовать turn into - превратиться в message - послание, сообщение dry - сухой decade - десятилетие breakthrough - прорыв, шаг вперед monster - чудовище, монстр permeate - проникать, распространять(ся) take* root - распространять(ся) boom - бум, шумиха, сенсация drop - падать below - ниже increase - возрастать capitalize (on) - полагаться (на) promote - продвигать high-speed - высокоскоростной disaster - катастрофа, бедствие mount - установить, вставить embassy - посольство for its part - в свою очередь tool - орудие, средство random - случайнo, наугад beat* back - отбить, отразить coup - путч attempt - попытка airwaves - радиоволны indispensable - неотъемлемый inevitable - неизбежный decline - упадок predict - предсказывать awfully - ужасный cutting edge - критическое положение Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the words and phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. innovation a/ неизбежный упадок
10. a coup attempt j/ лесятилетие спустя Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to duplicate copies a/ экономить время
6. to beat back f/ энергично продвигаться Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions:
3. Why did Carlson begin thinking about duplicating of materials? 4. What name was given to the invented process? 5. When did Xerox come to all American offices? 6. Can e-mail and the Web make faxes and copiers unnecessary? Topics to Discuss.
Text I-C |