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Text IB YOUNG ENGINEERS. Hannah Reynolds, 26, master's degree in aircraft engineering from North Lincolnshire College, senior development engineer, British Airways. HANNAH REYNOLDS was aiming for medicine when something changed her mind. "In the final year of my physics A-level, there was a module on electronics. I enjoyed it so much that I decided to give up medicine and pursue engineering. I preferred it because it is so 'hands on.'' At British Airways, Han-nah works on the computer systems that run an aircraft, such as the cockpit displays that tell pilots what is happening in their aircraft, and allow them to control and monitor everything from the fuel to passengers' oxygen supplies. Hannah provides technical support to the avionics workshop: it is office and computer-based. When a piece of equipment is thought by the pilot to be faulty, it is taken off the aircraft and sent to the workshop for testing, usually by highly-automated, computerised test equipment. Han-nah helps design improvements to the test equipment, and to monitor trends and reliability. "If two or three components are all failing in the same way or at the same time, we have to go to the manufacturer to talk about alternatives or solutions." Though she is studying for a master's degree in business. Hannah aims to get as broad a range of engineering experience as she can in the airline industry. Possibilities include operations, which involves work on air-craft due to fly within hours, and heavy maintenance. At her level, Hannah is not taking a spanner to planes, but organising, scheduling, co-ordinating and providing high level technical expertise: variety is one of the main attractions of Hannah's job. "No two days are ever alike. And the engineering field is changing literally every day. There is no opportunity to get bored." Vocabulary. senior - старший aim - иметь целью enjoy - нравиться give* up - бросать pursue - заниматься чем-то; иметь профессию engineering - инженерное дело, профессия prefer - предпочитать run an aircraft - управлять самолетом cockpit - кабина пилота monitor - отслеживать fuel - топливо oxygen supplies - запасы кислорода provide - обеспечивать support - поддержка workshop - матерская equipment - оборудование a piece of equipment - прибор faulty - неисправный take* off - снять (с) improve-ment - улучшение, усовершенствование trend - тенденция reliability - надежность compo-nent - деталь fail - не удаваться manufacturer - производитель solution - решение though - хотя master's degree - степень магистра broad range - широкий круг experience - опыт include - включать involve - включать due to - из-за, благодаря heavy - здесь: большой объем maintenance - техобслуживание spanner - гаечный ключ schedule - составлять график provide - обеспечивать variety - разнообразие attraction - привлекательная черта alike - похожий literally - буквально get* bored - заскучать Mark Lansley, 30, degree in chemical engineering from Leeds University, project engineer with Glaxochem. MARK works in a factory making the active ingredients for antibiotics. His job is to design and build chemical plant, co-ordinating the input of a wide range of people - draftsmen, chemical, electronics and instrument engineers, people concerned with health, safety and quality - to get the plant up and running. Much work centres on equipment that is already there: "You may have to change things to meet new EC regulations or reduce costs, or to make improvements in conditions or capacity or speed." He normally works on several projects at a time. At present they include work on reducing the factory's waste, recycling chemicals, automating a repetitive job, improving a filter system to increase capacity, and the computer control of chemical plant. Different things have excited him during his career. "At first I really enjoyed doing technical things, seeing how things worked, really getting to the bottom of them. Then I got into designing equipment. Running up and down stairs to see valves open and close precisely when software I'd written said they should - it was a real thrill. "A year in production changed my outlook. I was moving away from the equipment to managing people. That gave me a new joy, to initiate an objective and then manage the people to achieve it. You need to motivate and communicate, to be enthusiastic. It's great to see someone who was not enthusiastic turn around, begin to come in early, work late, show you what they've done." Mark enjoys the pleasure of being creative, solving problems, and of producing things. He is keenly aware of his wealth-creating role. He also travels widely - to Singapore, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland: "It's glamorous. That may not be the image people have, but it is." Vocabulary. design - разрабатывать plant - предприятие input - вклад; здесь: труд wide range - широкий круг draftsman - разработчик проектов concerned (with) - обеспокоенный safety - безопасность regulation - инструкция, постановление reduce - сокращать improvement - усовершенствование condition - условие capacity - возможность, мощность speed - скорость at a time - одновременно recycling - переработка increase capacity - увеличить мощность excite - восхищать get* to the bottom - добираться до сути stair(case) - лестница valve - клапан precisely - точно thrill - трепет, волнение production - производство outlook - взгляд joy - удовольствие objective - цель achieve - добиться, достичь motivate - заинтересовать creative - творческий solve problems - решать keen - страстно жедать, стремиться be aware (of) - знать, быть уверенным wealth - богатство, благосостояние glamorous - чарующий, пленительный Christine Thompson, 24, degree in civil engineering from Loughborough University, employed by Oscar Faber TPA TRANSPORT engineering is not just the hidden face of engineering; it is very nearly the hidden face of civil engineering, of which it is a specialisation. The sandwich placement of her degree course put Christine Thompson off "straight" civil engineering, but when she opted instead for transport, she had no idea what she had let herself in or. In explaining transport engineering, Christine likes to quote her boss: "If it moves, we're interested in it - pedestrians, cars, lorries, planes, ships." Though she considers herself a jack-of-all-trades, Christine's job has two main components: transportation modelling and traffic engineering. Transportation engineering uses computer models to predict the amount of traffic that is going to use roads. Preliminary surveys involve interviewing people about their journeys - the start, the finish, the reason. Results are fed into the computer. By adding new roads to the model of existing roads and traffic, you can see what will happen in different situations. Traffic engineering is the nitty-gritty of designing roads and junctions. Chris-tine may be called in to help sort out a junction that is not working. "After looking at cars using the junction, where they come from, where they exit, and using a computer model, a range of options is developed. They could include, for example, a new signalling sequence, or a roundabout." Christine enjoys the mix. "Modelling can take several years because of the scale and intricacy. It really takes time fully to understand what's involved. Traffic is much more immediate. short-term and intense. You might have to design a junction in a week. I do like it, but you couldn't do it all the time, you'd get worn out.'' She is learning all the time and her job offers enormous scope for specialisation. "I also feel I'm doing some good in the long run: that my work has a social value" Vocabulary. civil - гражданский employed - принятый на работу hidden - скрытый opted (for) - предпочесть quote - цитировать pedestrian - пешеход lorry - грузовик jack-of-all-trades - знаток всех профессий transportation - перевозки traffic - (авто)движение predict - предсказывать amount - объем preliminary - предварительный survey - исследование feеd*(into) - разг.: загружать (в) adding - добавление existing - существующий nitty-gritty - сленг: наиболее трудоемкая и практическая часть (дела) junction - узел; перекресток range of options - ряд вариантов sequence - последовательность roundabout - окружной, обходной (путь) scale - масштаб intricacy - сложность, путаница short-term - краткосрочный get* worn out - очень устать, исчерпать enormous - огромный scope - объем value - ценность, значимость Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents. 1. faulty equipment a/ ряд вариантов 2. social value b/ открытый клапан 3. amount of traffic c/ запасы кислорода 4. at a time d/ прибор 5. wide range (of) e/ общественная значимость 6. existing roads f/ буквально каждый день 7. repetitive job g/ неисправное оборудование 8. literally every day h/ одновременно 9. a piece of equipment j/ широкий круг 10. oxygen supplies k/ объем автодвижения 11. open valve l/ существующие дороги 12. range of options m/ монотонная работа Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents. 1. to quote smb. a/ оказывать поддержку 2. to increase capability b/ проводить техобслуживание 3. to be alike c/ управлять самолетом 4. to increase productivity d/ изменить свои взгляды 5. to provide maintenance e/ предпочесть что-то чему-то 6. to run an aircraft f/ добраться до сути 7. to pursue engineering g/ быть похожим 8. to change one's outlook h/ цитировать кого-то 9. to reduce wastes i/ увеличить производительность 10. to opt smth for smth j/ выбрать профессию инженера 11. to provide support k/ увеличить мощность 12. to get to the bottom l/ сократить кол-во отходов Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Мне так понравился курс электроники, что я решила бросить медицину и выбрать профессию инженераю 2. Ханна работает на компьютерными системами, которые управляют самолетами. 3. Эти системы позволяют пилотам контролировать и отслеживать все - от топлива до запасов кислорода. 4. Ханна обеспечивает техническую поддержку авиамастерской. 5. Когда пилот считает, что какой-то прибор неисправен, этот прибор снимают с самолета и отправляют на проверку. 6. Если 2-3 детали дают одновременно одинаковый сбой, нам приходится вести переговоры с производителем и находить решение. 7. Ханна не берет в руки гаечный ключ, ее круг обязанностей и без того широк. 8. Обязанность Марка - координировать деятельность (вклад) людей в работу (running) предприятием. 9. Он работает над несколькими проектами одновременно. 10. В настоящее время они занимаются вопросами сокращения отходов производства, переработки химических веществ, автоматизации монотонного труда, улучшения системы фильтрации и увеличения мощности предприятия. 11. Год работы на производстве изменил его взгляды. 12. Марку нравится работать творчески, принимать решения и производить разные вещи. 13. Объясняя работу транспортного инженера, Кристина любит цитировать своего начальника. 14. Кристина считает себя знатоком всех специальностей, но две основные области ее специализации - это моделирование перевозок и движения транспорта. 15. Она учится все время, и ее работа предлагает огромный объем специализации. Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions. 1. Why did Hannah decide to give up medicine? 2. What are her duties at work? 3. What is done when a pilot considers some piece of equipment to be faulty? 4. Where does Mark work? 5. What is he busy with at present? 6. What for does he like his job? 7. What does transport engineering deal with? 8. What are Christine's duties at work? Topics to Discuss. 1. Aircraft Engineering (speak as if you were Hannah Reynolds). 2. Chemical Engineering (speak as if you were Mark Lansley). 3. Transportation Engineering (speak as if you were Christine Thompson). Text IC OCEANS OF RESEARCH. When Jucy Berwald started her research career a decade ago, "oceanography" was no discipline for land-lubbers. Whether it was an afternoon on Santa Monica Bay or month long research expeditions to the South Pacific, collecting data meant going out to sea and dropping bottles, thermometers and probes down into the deep. Times are changing. These days, much of her data come in over the Internet, from automated sampling equipment, satellites and colleagues around the world. Sitting at her desk on the University, Berwald can summon up water-temperature measurements from the Sargasso Sea, current speeds and directions off Hawaii and the concentration of dissolved nitrate in Monterey Bay, Calif., much of it in real time. For wired oceanographers like Berwald, carpal tunnel syndrome is replacing seasickness as the major job hazard. "It's kind of terrible, actually," she says. "I really don't have to go to sea anymore at all." Scientists were e-mailing lab results and "Far Side" punch lines back and forth for years before the phrase "you've got mail" entered the lexicon. In the two decades since the debut of Bitnet, one of the predecessors of today's Internet, communicating by computer has worked its way into nearly every facet of scientific endeavor. There are plenty of flashy high-tech applications— Web-controlled robotic lab assistants, telescopes that respond to e-mail commands—but the most significant impact of e-science may be the most basic. The Internet makes it possible to share specialized knowledge and large amounts of data quickly and efficiently with colleagues around the world. The resulting synergy is transforming every discipline of science, from particle physics to phylogeny. The effects are particularly evident in fields like oceanography and marine biology, in which widely dispersed groups of investigators work together and generate vast amounts of data that require specialized interpretation. "I really have no idea how I would get any of this done without the Internet," says Berwald, a postdoctoral researcher. Working with USC oceanography professor Dale Kiefer, she distills years' worth of precise observations—e-mailed to her directly or posted to Web sites by colleagues around the world—into elegant sets of equations that can be used to predict how a particular part of the ocean might respond to changes, such as increased fishing or discharge from a nearby pulp mill. That sort of work requires vast quantities of pure data, which is where scientists like Michael McPhaden come in. A physical oceanographer with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle, McPhaden oversees the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) project, a network of 70 sampling buoys spread across the equatorial Pacific from Indonesia to the Galapagos Islands. The buoys gather some two megabytes of air and ocean data every day and transmit a condensed version of the information to shore via satellite. The raw data stream is zapped over the Net to McPhaden's lab for processing and also forwarded to researchers and weather forecasters, and posted to the project Web site (www.pmel.noaa.gov/ toga-ter/home.html), often within hours of being collected. The system made the accurate and early prediction of the 1997 El Nino possible and has become an integral part of weather forecasting. "Our intent is to spread the data as widely as we can," says McPhaden. "More availability means more scientific return E-science does not have to be particularly high tech in order to be high impact. Decades' worth of data, much of it once all but hidden in obscure libraries and the back comers of musty old labs, have been dusted off, digitized and posted on the Web. Jeremy Jackson, a paleo-biologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, studies the evolution of coral reefs. Together with more than 30 colleagues from seven countries and around the United States, Jackson is contributing to a Web catalog and identification guide, developed by Ann Budd at the University of Iowa, for every species of marine animal known to have lived in the seas of tropical America over the past 24 million years. "In many ways the work we're doing is 19th-century science," says Jackson, "but on a scale that has never before been possible." Now, instead of taking a month to dig through collections of shells and preserved specimens, researchers and students will be able to surf over to nmita.geology.uiowa.edu to access the biological treasures of 500 different museum collections, information once available only to specialists with generous travel grants. The impact in Europe and North America is significant, Jackson says, but in Latin America, where research funding is hard to come by and technology- starved colleagues have been known to monopolize the local Internet cafes for hours i a time, the Web is making top-level research possible for the first time. "Everything the Internet does here, it does all those thin and more in the developing world." Sometimes e-science can be as simple a collegial helping hand. "Say I've got a snap and I don't know what it is," says Jackson "The world expert lives in New Zealand an I'm in Panama. So I send an image" and an answer comes back within days. Sure, you could do the same thing the old-fashioned way, speaking of snails, but e-mail mean never having to rely on the postal service c Micronesia. The interactions can be mud more involved than that. "With one collaborator," recalls McPhaden, "we wrote and revised a paper, submitted it and had it published before we ever met in person." The work was conducted almost entirely on the Internet and lasted more than a year considerably longer, one would suspect than most online relationships. As for Berwald, she says she misses going on research expeditions, and being at arm's length from the object of her study has its drawbacks. "You gain a lot going to sea," she says, "intuition you don't get sitting at a desk." In science as in the rest of the wired world, the paradox of e-mail applies; the more connected you are the less real contact you have with the world. It's just that in science, all that e-mailing might actually be helping to get some work done. erika check Vocabulary. decade land-lubber - чел-к, непривычный к морю и кораблям collecting data - сбор данных drop - бросать sampling - сбор образцов equipment - оборудование satellite - спутник summon up - суммировать measurement - измерение speed - скорость dissolved - растворенный bay - залив carpal - запястный replace - заменять, замещать hazard - опасность, риск back and forth - туда-сюда predecessor - предшественник facet - грань, аспект endeavor - старание, попытка flashy - бросающийся в глаза, заметный application - применение significant - значительынй impact - воздействие share - делиться amount - объем, количество efficiently - эффективно particle - частица particularly - особенно evident - очевидный marine - морской dispersed - разбросанный vast amounts - огромные кол-ва require - требовать(ся) interpretation - толкование, объяснение distil - извлекать самое существенное years' worth - стоящий годы работы precise - точный equation - уравнение predict - прогнозировать particular - тот или иной; конкретный respond (to) - реагировать (на) discharge - сток pulp mill - целлюлозно-бумажный комбинат pure - чистый, безупречный oversee* - наблюдать buoys - мн.ч.: буйки transmit - передавать condensed - сжатый raw - сырой, необработанный stream - поток pro-cess - обрабатывать forward - передавать weather forecaster - метеоролог accu-rate - точный integral - неотъемлемый forecasting - прогнозирование intent - намерение hidden - скрытый, прячущийся оbscure - незаметный, dust off - отряхнуть от пыли digitize - перевести в цифровой вид guide - руководство, справочник species - ед.ч.: вид scale - масштаб dig - копать(ся), рыть(ся) shell - ракушка specimen - образчик, экземпляр urf over - здесь: рыться, искать treasure - богатство generous - щедрый im-pact - воздействие funding - финансирование starve - умирать с голода at a time - подряд snail - улитка in an old-fashioned way - по старинке rely on - полагаться на recall - вспоминать submit - предоставлять meеt* in person - встретиться лично entirely - целиком, полностью miss - не хватать, скучать drawback - недостаток actually - на самом деле Word Study to the Text. Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1.on a scale 2. integral part 3. accurate data 4. weather forecast 5. condensed version 6. precise observation 7. large (vast) amount 8. significant impact 9. high-tech applications 10. standard equipment 11. collecting data 12. a decade ago 13. into the deep 14. sampling equipment 15. back and forth 16. scientific endeavor 17. research funding 18. at a time 19. job hazard 20. the old-fashioned way a/ точные данные b/ сокращенная версия c/ существенное влияние d/ неотъемлемая часть e/ стандартное оборудование f/ прогноз погоды g/ в масштабе h/ десять лет назад i/ подряд j/ в старомодной манере k/ огромное количество l/ финансирование исследований m/ оборудование по сбору образцов n/ риск в работе o/ научные попытки p/ на глубину q/ применение высоких технологий r/ туда-сюда s/ точное наблюдение t/ сбор данных Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to last a year 2. to meet in person 3. to share one's knowledge(with) 4. to require interpretation 5. hidden in libraries 6. to respond to changes 7. to submit papers a/ требовать толкования b/ скрытый в библиотеках c/ реагировать на изменения d/ длиться год e/ представить документы f/ встретиться лично g/ поделиться знаниями (с) Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check.
Topics to discuss.
Text ID THE ASSEMBLY LINE By Robert J. SAMUELSON NO BUSINESS FIGURE casts as long a shadow over the 20th century as Henry Ford. Ford was the godfather of mass production, which, as the century unfolded, became the central organizing principle of America's industry and a defining characteristic of its popular culture. His genius lay in fusing various strands of change - in auto design, in manufacturing methods, in merchandising - into a new concept. He imagined the mass market and united it with the factory in a way that affects how everyone else thought and acted. The triumph of the Model T transformed the workplace, the landscape and popular psychology. Luxuries would become necessities: Ford wrote his own law of economic evolution. Until Ford, cars existed as technological toys enjoyed only by the rich. In 1906 - almost three years before the Model T went into production - Woodrow Wilson, then president of Princeton University, warned that "nothing has spread socialist feeling in the country more than the automobile It symbolized, he said, the "arrogance of wealth". These early cars were handmade, expensive and (because so many models existed) erratic. Ford idea was to standardize design, streamline production, lower costs and make cars available to everyone. "I will build a car for the multitude," he said. And he did. Between 1909 - the first full year of assembly - and 1913, production went from 17,771 to 202,667; in 1924 (the peak year) it passed 1.8 million. Its price dropped from $950 in 1909 to $550 in 1913 to $355 (with an automatic starter) in 1924. By force of example, the Model T inspired a revolution in business thinking. As new products emerged, they were to be produced out in vast quantities that made the typical American household an ever-expanding repository of consumer conveniences and gadgets. The process began in earnest in the 1920s, when vacuum cleaners, radios and refrigerators came into their own. In that decade, refrigerator production went from less than 5,000 to almost 1 million; radio production jumped from nothing to 5 million. Growing up on a farm near Dearborn, Mich., Ford became a compulsive thinker at an early age, learning to fix watches and rejecting (to his father's horror) farm life. "He loathed plowing and planting, feeding and milking," wrote biographer Roger Burlingame. In 1879 the 16-year-old Ford found an apprenticeship at a shop in Detroit that made steam engines. By the early 1890s he had become the chief engineer of the Edison Illuminating Co., one of the nation's first electric utilities. But what absorbed his enthusiasm was his off-hours tinkering: in a wood-shed behind his home, he was building a "horseless carriage." He finished in early 1896 and took his primitive car, mounted on bicycle wheels. It would be more than a decade until the Model T, years that reflected the early auto industry's exuberant chaos. In 1900 the first National Automobile Show in New York City exhibited 40 car companies, and William McRinley became the first president to ride in a car. Ford was simply one ambitious player among other early automakers. Nor had the United States invented the car. That distinction belonged to Germany, where Nickolaus Otto built the first practical internal-combustion engine in 1876, and Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler built what are regarded as the first modern cars in the mid-1880s. But Americans pioneered in commercializing the car.What ultimately separated Ford from his competitors was his concept and obstinacy: his decision to build only one model of car.Until the Model T, many car components were so in-exact that they often had to be reworked individually on expensive machine tools (cutting or grinding machines) so that they would fit and function. Cars were assembled one by one, with workers fetching parts as needed. Car models changed frequently, so that long production runs for most parts were impossible. By avoiding constant design changes. Ford standardized arts and improved the use of machinery. Ford, his mechanics and engineers constantly improvised. One thing led to an-other. To ensure uniform parts, machine tools were rearranged: all the machines needed for a specific part were grouped together. Before, all the machine tools of one type (say, cutting machines) were put together. Car assembly was broken down into many subassemblies (rear axles, engines, dashboards) and all parts for a sub-assembly were stored in bins around the workbenches. This freed workers from having to walk to get each new piece. After that came the assembly line in 1913. This produced an upheaval of people as well as of machines. As production was simplified into more routine tasks (fastening a bolt, stamping a part, connecting two components), skill levels declined sharply. So did Ford's dependence on experienced craftsmen. By 1914 three quarters of the burgeoning work force were recent immigrants. The stress and monotony of Ford's jobs was disaffecting; in 1913, turnover was almost 400 percent. To minimize these problems, Ford decided in early 1914 to double the lowest wage, from $2.34 to $5 a day. The announcement was made with typical bombast: "The Ford Motor Company, the greatest and most successful in the world, will on January 12 introduce the greatest revolution in the matter of re-wards for its workers ever known to the industrial world." Higher wages worked wonders. By 1915 absenteeism had dropped roughly 85 percent. Ford restricted the $5 wage to workers with at least six months on the job - a sensible limit, because he wanted to promote stability. And he conditioned the higher wage on good behavior, a more novel requirement. Through a Sociological Department of his company. Ford counseled workers to take baths, avoid excessive drinking, save to buy a house and keep a tidy home. A force of 150 inspectors visited homes to qualify workers for their payments. This earned Ford a reputation for being both paternalistic and authoritarian. Ford's factory revolution triggered a broader economic and social upheaval. By the 1920s, the car belonged to the masses both in fact and in spirit. In 1910 there were only 458,000 cars registered in America. A decade later the total was 8 million, and by 1930 it had reached 23 million. Though many poor families still didn't own a car, this was almost one car per household. When sociologists Robert and Helen Lynd interviewed families in Muncie, Ind., in the 1920s for their famous study "Middle-town," they found that the car had bur-rowed deeply into popular consciousness. One housewife pointed out that her family owned a car but not a bathtub. "Why, you can't go to town in a bathtub!" she said. Improvements in cars and roads fed on each other: the better carsgot, the more Americans wanted better roads. And there was much to improve. Outside major cities, few roads were paved. The first national road survey, conducted by the Agri-culture Department in 1904, classified 154,000 miles (7 percent) of the 2.15 million miles of rural roads as "surfaced," but the surfaces consisted mainly of gravel or crushed stone. In cities, some major streets had solid stone pavements. Broadway in New York used granite blocks 10 inches thick, laid on a six-inch concrete base. Everything about road-building and traffic control affirms the truth: necessity is the mother of invention. There were few breakthroughs and many small improvements. What worked, spread; what didn't, died. From "The Power of Invention" NewsWeek Extra. Winter, 1997-98, p.18 Vocabulary. assembly line - линия сборки, конвейер figure - деятель, лицо casts* a shadow - отбрасывать тень godfather - крестный отец pro-duction - производство unfold - здесь: начинаться defining - решающий, определяющий fuse - сплавлять, соединять strand - черта manufacturing - производство merchandising - торговля luxury - роскошь toy - игрушка warn - предупреждать spread - распространять arrogance - высокомерие, надменность wealth - благосостояние, богатство erratic - разношерствный, беспорядочный streamline - поток lower - снизить available - доступный multitude - массы drop - упасть in-spire - вдохновлять, воодушевлять emerge - появляться, возникать vast quantities - огромные кол-ва household - хозяйство; семья expand - расширять(ся) repository - хранилище con-sumer - потребительский conveniences - удобстваa gadgets - приборы in earnest - по-настоящему vacuum cleaner - пылесос decade - десятилетие compulsive - из необходимости reject - отрицать, отказывать(ся) loath - быть несклонным, не хотеть plow - пахать ap-prenticeship - место ученика steam engine - паровой двигатель utility - здесь: предприятие ab-sorb - поглощать, захватывать tinkering - возня с чем-то wood-shed - сарай carriage - повозка wheel - колесо exuberant - избыточный exhibit - выставлять dis-tinction - отличит. Черта belong - принадлежать internal-combustion - внутреннее сгорание engine - двигатель ultimately - в конечном итоге obstinacy - упрямство, упорство component - деталь tool - прибор fetch - пойти и принести avoid - избегать improve - усовершенствовать, улучшать ensure - обеспечить rear - задний axle - ось, вал dashboard - приборная доска, щиток store - хранить bin - здесь: ларь free - освобождать upheaval - переворот, революция simplify - упрощать fasten- - закреплять stamp - установить connect - соединить skill level - уровень квалификации decline - падать craftsman - специалист, мастер burgeoning - формальн.: растущий bombast - напыщенность turnover - оборот wage - зарплата re-ward - вознаграждение absen-teeism - длит. отсутствие restrict - ограничивать promote - способствовать requirement - требование counsel - советовать excessive - чрезмерный tidy - опрятный earn - заработать paternalistic - отеческий trigger - запустить, положить начало upheaval - переворот, революция per household - на семью bur-row - здесь: укорениться consciousness - сознание improvement - усовершенствование pave - мостить survey - исследование conduct - проводить rural - сельский surface - поверхность gravel - гравий crushed - дробленый solid - твердый pavements - дорожка, тротуар concrete - цемент raffic - дорожное движение affirm - подтверждать cliched truth - избитая истина breakthrough - прорыв, крупное изобретение spread - распространяться Word Study. Ex. I. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. manufacturing methods a) доступный для каждого 2. in vast quantities b) избитая истина 3. vacuum cleaner c) новое изделие 4. available for everyone d) конвейер 5. economic evolution e) паровой двигатель 6. steam engine f) крестный отец 7. off-hours g) методы производства 8. internal combustion engine h) товары народного потребления 9. assembly line i) одна машина на семью 10. streamline production j) поточное производство 11. one car per household k) в огромных количествах 12. work force l) родительский и авторитарный 13. mass production m) двигатель внутреннего сгорания 14. paternalistic and authoritarian n) экономическое развитие 15. car components o) автодетали 16. clished truth p) пылесос 17. consumer goods q) массовое производство 18. new product r) нерабочие часы 19. Godfather s) рабочая сила Ex. II. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to go into production a) резко упасть 2. to feed on each other b) отбрасывать тень 3. to simplify the task c) ограничить з/плату 4. to connect two components d) сводить проблемы к минимуму 5. to fasten a bolt e) соединить две детали 6. to decline sharply f) запустить в производство 7. to restrict the wage g) копить деньги 8. to minimize the problems h) закрепить болт 9. to save money i) подпитывать друг друга 10. to cast a shadow j) упростить задачу Ex. III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Ни один бизнесмен не "отбрасывает тень" на весь ХХ век так, как Генри Форд. 2. Форд был "крестным отцом" массового производства, которое в начале века стало ведущим принципом американской промышленности. 3. Ему удалось (manage, succeed) соединить воедино различные черты изменений. 4. Предметы роскоши превратились в необходимость. 5. До Форда автомобиль был предметом роскоши, им могли пользоваться только богатые. 6. Эти самые первые автомобили, сделанные вручную, были "разношерстными" и дорогими. 7. Идея Форда состояла в том, чтобы стандартизировать дизайн, наладить поточное производство, снизить цены и сделать машины доступными для всех. 8. Появились новые изделия, они производились в огромных количествах, что делало типичный американский дом (household) похожим на хранилище товаров и приспособлений разного рода (of different kind). 9. Форд был просто амбициозным игроком среди других первых производителей автомобилей. 10. На самом деле, автомобиль был изобретен не в США. ! 11. Эта отличительная заслуга (слава) принадлежит Германии. 12. Конвейер высвобождал рабочих от необходимости ходить туда-сюда за каждой новой деталью. 13. Изобретение Форда запустило (подтолкнуло) социально-экономическую революцию. 14. То, что работало - распространялось, то, что не работало - "умирало" (приходило в упадок). Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions: 1. Who was the godfather of mass production? 2. What is the central organizing principle of America's industry? 3. What did cars mean before H.Ford? 4. What did early cars look like? 5. When and where was the car invented? 6. . In what way was the production simplified? 7. How did it influence on workers' skills? 8. How did Ford manage to rise productivity of production? 9. How did he condition the higher wages? 10. What else did he counsel to the workers? 11. What was his regulation like? 12. What did Ford's revolution trigger? 13. What did car improvements lead to? 14. What is the clished truth, mentioned in the text? Topics to Discuss. 1. Henry Ford's biography. 2. The Assembly Line; its advantages and disadvantages. 3. Consequences (последствия) of Ford's factory revolution. Text IIA Still Sprinting (Derek Parker talks to the millionaire author Jeffrey Archer.) DESPITE the recent and expensive failure of his latest West End* play, Jeffrey Archer is not noticeably down and a considerable distance from out. With Kane and Abel having sold over three million copies in England and the paperback of Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less continuing to nip smartly out of the bookshops at the rate of a thousand copies a day, fifteen years after its first publication, he has little real reason to be permanently dispirited. It's common knowledge that literature is not his first love. He only started writing in his mid-thirties, when a promising political career collapsed and he resigned a safe seat in Parliament amid business and financial difficulties which would have crushed most men for good. The legend that he wrote his first novel with the cold-blooded intention of making a fortune, is, however, only a legend. 'I always tell people who say that, and who aren't in the profession, that if it were true - and if it were that easy - everyone'd be doing it. No, I did it much more as an exorcism, to keep working after I'd left the House, because I couldn't get a job. It was vitally important to be physically working — to believe in the work ethic. Oh yes, I wanted the book to be published, to be read, but it was much more to have done something. In fact, the advance on the first book was £3000, and they published 3000 copies, so you couldn't say I wrote it for the money Penny became an international best seller, and from that day, as an author, he has never looked back. Both as a reader and author, Archer divides novelists into storytellers and writers. Certainly with him, the important thing is the story. This doesn't come easy 'In fact very little comes, to begin with. I'm writing a book currently - I've done the first draft. But I never know what's on the next line, what's in the next paragraph, what's on the next page. I just let it happen.' It happens mainly between six and eight in the morning. 'I like that session. It's the only original session. Then I correct from three till five, correct from six till eight, go to bed at nine o'clock. Two thousand words if it's a good day.' The writing has to fit into a political schedule. Still offered several safe Parliamentary seats a year, which he firmly turns down, he accepts innumerable speaking engagements all over the country But at certain times of the year nobody wants you. I went away on December 15th to write until January 15th. There are ten weeks a year when nobody wants you to speak, and that's when the writing gets done.' He values his relationship with his publisher to an extent which must warm their hearts. 'I don't think authors can have natural friends in publishing houses; but there's mutual respect They're good publishers, and I'm proud to be with them.' And his editor? 'My editor is called Richard Cohen. He's tough. He drives me and drives me. He never writes a word -that's not his job; but he guides, guides, guides the whole time - he's never satisfied. He doesn't have a lot to do with plot - I believe he thinks that's my strength. He'll get me to build characters - build, build, build, the whole time. He knows he's right. He'll go on and on at me; he won't give in. Kicking him has absolutely no effect - he doesn't even bruise. Nine times out of ten, I believe he's right. He has tremendous judgement. He's a class editor.' Influences? 'I like story-tellers. I'm a story-teller; I'm not good enough to be a writer. I'm Jeffrey Archer and I tell a tale, I hope people turn the pages, and I hope they enjoy it and in the end. that's what I ask for', Vocabulary sprint - бежать на короткую дистанцию despite - несмотря на recent - недавний failure - провал West End: the area of London where many major theatres are found noticeably - заметно be down - быть подавленным considerable - значительный paperback - книга в бумажной обложке nip out - здесь: расхватывать, раскупать smartly - здесь: быстро at the rate of - со скоростью permanently - постоянно dispirited - унылый, удрученный common - общеизвестный collapse - рушиться resign - отказываться(от должности) amid - среди crush - уничтожать intention - немерение make a fortune - сколотить состояние exorcism - изгнание из души дьявола keep doing smth. - продолжать делать vitally - жизненно (важно) advance - здесь: аванс look back - оглядываться divide - делить, подразделять currently - в настоящее время draft - черновой, первый вариант line - строка paragraph - абзац, параграф happen - происходить, случаться original - настоящий correct - вносить поправки fit - подходить schedule - график turn down - отвергать accept - принимать innumerable - неисчислимый engagement - здесь: договор value - ценить relationship - отношение to an extent - до (некой) степени publishing house - издательство mutual - взаимный editor - издатель tough - упрямый, несговорчивый drive - управлять, вести guide - руководить, направлять plot - сюжет strength - сила, достоинство give* in - уступать, сдаваться kick - здесь: скандалить, возражать bruise - ставить синяки tremendous - потрясающий judgement - суждение, мнение tale - история turn - переворачивать enjoy - наслаждаться, нравиться Word Study to the Text. Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. mutual respect 2. recent failure 3. considerable distance 4. 9 times out of 10 5. common knowledge 6. promising career 7. publishing house 8. cold-blooded intention 9. first draft 10. next paragraph 11. political schedule 12. at certain times a/ политический график b/ хладнокровное намерение c/ недавний провал d/ следующий абзац e/ многообещающая карьера f/ издательство g/ первоначальный вариант h/ взаимное уважение i/ в определенные моменты j/ 9 раз из 10 k/ значительное расстояние l/ общеизвестная истина Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. be despirited 2. firmly turn down 3. have no effect 4. turn pages 5. keep working (on) 6. tell a tale 7. give in 8. value the relationships 9. make a fortune 10. resign a seat a/ переворачивать страницы b/ ценить отношения c/ рассказывать историю d/ твердо отвергать e/ не иметь результата f/ пребывать в унынии g/ отказаться от места h/ уступать, отказываться i/ сколотить состояние j/ продолжать работать (над) Ex. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Несмотря на недавний провал его последней пьесы в Вест Энде, Джефри Арчер не выглядит подавленным. 2. В Англии распродано свыше 3 млн.экз. его книги "Каин и Авель", еще одну его книгу расхватывают в книжных магазинах со скоростью тысяча экз. в день - и это 15 лет спустя после ее первого издания - так что у него вряд ли (hardly) есть причины пребывать в унынии. 3. Он начал писать очень поздно, после многообещающей политической карьеры. 4. Легенда о том, что он написал свою первую повесть с хладнокровным намерением сколотить состояние, - это только легенда. 5. Я всегда говорю людям, что если бы писательский труд был легким, все бы занимались этим. 6. Да, я хотел, чтобы книгу опубликовали и чтобы ее читали, но аванс за первую повесть был всего 3 тыс.фунтов при тираже 3 тыс.экз., так что нельзя сказать, что я писал ее ради денег. 7. В настоящее время я пишу книгу, но никогда не знаю, что будет в следующей строке или на следующей странице. 8. Я пишу в основном с 6 до 8 утра, вношу поправки днем, с 3 до 5 и считаю, что если написано 2 тыс.слов - то это удачный день. 9. Помимо написания книг, Дж.Арчер выступает с докладами по всей стране - но только в определенные периоды года. 10. Он ценит свои отношения с издателем. 11. Не думаю, что можно иметь настоящих друзей в издательском бизнесе, но существует взаимное уважение. 12. Мой редактор - человек несговорчивый. 13. Но он умело направляет меня, у него здравые суждения и я полностью доверяю (trust)ему. 14. Я пишу повести и надеюсь, что читатели переворачивают страницы и наслаждаются этим - о чем еще можно мечтать? Comprehension Check. Ex. Answer the following questions: 1. Who is Jeffrey Archer interviewed by? 2. Is Mr. Archer a rich person? 3. Are all his novels successful? 4. Why isn't he despirited because of the recent failure of his play? 5. What Archer's novels are mentioned here? 6. When did he start writing? 7. What is his daily schedule like? 8. What else does he do, additionally to writing? 9. What are his relations with his editor? Topics to discuss. 1. Achievements and failures of Jeffrey Archer. 2. His political career. 3. Jeffrey Archer and his editor. Text IIB |