английский. Учебник английского языка для вузов. Спб. Издательство Северная Звезда
 Скачать 3.55 Mb.
|
|
Text I-D A UNIVERSITY TOWN. DAVIS, near Sacramento, in California, has a population of forty thousand. It also has forty thousand bicycles and just nine thousand cars. Cyclists have right of way everywhere in the town, seventy kilometres of bike lanes all to themselves, and their own unit of specially trained cycle police. The American obsession with the motor car would seem to have been tamed, at least in this one small corner of the USA. The fact that one hundred and fifty bicycles take up the same space as twenty cars means that they have been busily turning car-parks into green oases rather than the other way around. As a university town, Davis has always had more than its fair share of bicycles - and of ecological awareness too. It is home to the University of California's Faculty of Agriculture, and back in the early seventies, a group of students and local people got together to develop a comprehensive environmental and social plan of action to keep Davis from the terminal urban sprawl that afflicts so many other American cities. Three of the students got themselves elected to the city council and initiated a flow of legislation that has affected every aspect of local life since then. One of those students, Bill Carter, is the current mayor of the town. Planning by-laws in Davis is based on the idea that a 'green city' is not a contradiction in terms. Houses are restricted to two storeys and business premises to four. Energy saving is at the top of this local agenda, and by the year 2000, the people of Davis expect the Californian sun to be providing half of all their energy needs. In pursuit of this objective, the town council has introduced many regulations which are designed to keep energy use to the absolute minimum. It is we 'townies' who are the ones with the most to gain by putting the notion of 'the environment' firmly at the centre of our lives - in terms of the air we breathe, the water we drink, the quality of our food and the conviviality of our communities. This is a very unusual custom by American standards! The majority of people have taken to sorting out their household waste into different piles, separating paper, metal and plastic, for example, so that specially designed dust carts can take it away for recycling. Strict building standards are enforced and thousands of trees have been planted to discourage people from installing air-conditioning. The trees provide shade exactly where it is most needed. People in Davis even hang out their washing to dry instead of throwing it in the tumble dryer. The size of building plots has been drastically reduced, so housing densities are high and there is enough room left over to make cheap allotments available to all flat owners without a garden. At forty square metres, one of these allotments can provide seventy per cent of all fruit and veg for a two-person household if properly managed. Organically managed, that is - for Davis is pretty much a pesticide-free town. There are popular street markets twice a week where locally grown produce is bought and sold, giving everyone a chance to enjoy fresh food and to provide profits to neighbouring farms. Two long-term residents of the town, Jan and Jim Hogan, told an interesting story of how, when their daughter was in her teens, she could hardly wait to head out of Davis and make a life for herself in the big city. But now she is back in the town where she grew up, with her husband and small son in tow, because she could not think of a better place to raise her own family. This kind of personal story is not surprising: Davis has no slums, no ghettos, very little unemployment and the lowest crime rate in the United States. People leave their doors unlocked. It actually works! So, it’s not a surprise that the vast majority of people in Davis support the changes that have been made. Vocabulary. Population – население Bike=bicycle – велосипед Lane – тропинка, дорожка Train – обучать Obsession – одержимость Seem – казаться Tame – укрощать, смирять Corner – уголок Fair – честный, справедливый Share – доля Awareness – знание Agriculture – сельское хозяйство develop - разработать Comprehensive - всесторонний, подробный Environmental – экологический Keep* from – удержать от Terminal – конечный, итоговый Urban –городской Sprawl – здесь: разрастание Afflict – причинять страдания elect - избирать city council - горсовет flow of legislation - поток законов affect - влиять since then - с того времени mayor - мэр Save - спасать, уберегать At the top – во главе, на 1-м месте Agenda – повестка дны Expect – предполагать, ожидать Provide – обеспечивать Need – нужда, потребность In pursuit of – в погоне за Objective – цель Introduce – вводить, принимать Regulation – постановление Design – создавать To keep* to – удержать, свести до Custom – обычай Majority – большинство Sort out – сортировать Household waste – домашние отбросы Pile – стопа, куча Cart – повозка Recycle – перерабатывать Size – размер Plot – участок Drastically – резко Reduce – сокращать Density – плотность Allotment – земельный участок Available – доступный, имеющийся Plough – здесь: направлять Profit – прибыль Long-term – долгосрочный Resident – житель Be in one’s teens – быть подростком Hardly – вряд ли, едва Head (out of) – направиться (прочь) Grow* up – вырасти In tow – на попечении Raise – поднимать, растить Give a track record – дать описание, предисторию Vast – подавляющий Support – поддерживать By-law – постановление местных властей Premise – здесь: предпосылка Contradiction – противоречие Terms – мн.ч. термины, терминология Restrict – ограничивать Premises – помещение, помещения Slums – трущобы Unemployment – безработица Crime rate – показатели/рост преступности Unlocked – не замыкаются Actually – на самом деле Gain – достичь, приобрести Notion – понятие In terms of – с точки зрения Breathe – дышать Quality – качество Conviviality – веселое, приподнятое настроение Mean – значить, означать Turn (smth.) into – превращать в Provide – обеспечивать Household – домашнее хозяйство Properly- правильно, соотвественно Pesticide-free – свободный от пестицидов Elect – избирать Initiate – инициировать, начать Flow – поток Legislation – законодательство, законы Since then – с того времени Current – текущий, настоящий, данный Mayor - мэр Affect – влиять, воздействовать Strict - строгий Enforce – проводить в жизнь Discourage – отговорить, удержать Install – устанавливать Shade -тень Exactly – точно Hang out – вывешивать Washing –здесь: постиранное белье Dry - сушить Throw* - бросать Tumble dryer – сушилка стиральной машины Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. flow of legislation a/ городское развитие
14. in pursuit of n/ экологическая грамотность Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to provide shade a/ принимать постановления
7. to steer away from the sprawl g/ давать тень Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Дэвис, городок с 40-тысячным населением, находится в Калифорнии. 2. В нем 40 тысяч велосипедов и всего 9 тысяч автомобилей. 3. Городок пересечен (crossed) множеством велосипедных дорожек.
штата Калифорния.
составить всесторонний социально-экологический план действий, чтобы удержать город Дэвис от разрастания, чему подвержены так много американских городов. 6. Первым вопросом в повестке дня стоит вопрос энергосбережения. 7. Жители г. Дэвис сортируют вещи для переработки.
продают и покупают фрукты и овощи, выращенные в данной местности. 9. Это - существенная (sufficient) поддержка для местных фермеров.
не выше 4-х этажей.
20 автомобилей, означает, что жители города превращают его в зеленый оазис.
такое количество овощей и фруктов, которых хватит на семью (household) из двух человек.
деревьев. 14. Это позволяет жителям г. Дэвис обходиться без кондиционеров воздуха. Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the population of Davis? 2. How many bicycles and cars are there in the town? 3. What department of the California State University is located in Davis? 4. What is the main question in the local agenda? 5. What for the local people sort out their household wastes? 6. How often do their markets work? 7. What are the building standartds? 8. Who is the current mayor of the town? 9. What is his background? Topics to discuss. 1. Davis and its residents. 2. Main questions in the local agenda. 3. Jan and Jim Hogan's story. Text IIA E-Mail - A BLESSING OR A CURSE ? Last month, after a week's vacation, I discovered 1,218 unreade-mail messages waiting in my IN box. I pretended to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased. This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s - if you aren't overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong. Never mind that there were perhaps seven messages actually worth reading. I had to spend half my workday just deleting junk. E-mail sucks. But wait - what about those seven? A close friend in Taipei I haven't seen in five years tells me he's planning to start a family A complete stranger in Belgium sends me a hot story tip. Another stranger offers me a job. I'd rather lose an eye than lose an e-mail account. E-mail rocks! E-mail. Can't live with it, can't live with out it. Artists, advertisers and freedom fighters, lovers and sworn enemies - they've all flocked to e-mail they would to any new medium of expression. E-mail is convenient, saves time, brings us closer to one another, helps us manage our ever-more-complex lives. Books are written, campaigns conducted, crimes committed - all via e-mail. But it is also inconvenient, wastes our time, isolates us in front of our computers and introduces more complexity into our already too-harried lives. To skeptics, e-mail is just the latest chapter in the evolving history of human communication. A snooping husband now discovers his wife's affair by reading her private e-mail - but he could have uncovered the same sin by finding letters a generation ago. Yet e-mail - and all online communication - is in fact something truly different; it captures the essence of life at the close of the 20th century with an authority that few other products of digital technology can claim. Does the pace of life seem ever faster? E-mail simultaneously allows us to cope with that acceleration and contribute to it The quick and dirty e-mail is made to order for those whose ability to concentrate is measured in nanoseconds. If we accept that the creation of the globe spanning Internet is one of the most important technological innovations of the last half of this century, then we must give e-mail - the living embodiment of human connection across the Net -pride of place. The way we interact with each other is changing; e-mail is both the catalyst and the instrument of that change. The scope of the phenomenon is mind boggling. Worldwide, 225 million people can send and receive e-mail. According to Donna Hoffman, a professor of marketing at Vanderbildt University, one survey after another finds that when online users are asked what they do on the Net, "e-mail is always No. I." Oddly enough, no one planned it, and no one predicted it. When research scientists first began creating the Internet's predecessor, the Arpanet, in 1968, their primary goal was to enable disparate computing centers to share resources. "But it didn't take very long before they discovered that the most important thing was the ability to send mail around, which they had not anticipated at all," says Eric Allman, chief technical officer of Send-mail, Inc., and the primary author of a 20-year-old pro-gram - Sendmail - that still transports the vast majority of the world's e-mail across the Internet. It seems that what all those top computer scientists really wanted to use the Internet for was as a place to debate, via e-mail, important topics. Even though Allman is now quite proud that his software helps hundreds of millions of people communicate, he says he didn't set out originally to change the world. As a systems administrator at UC Berkeley in the late '70s, he was constantly hassled by computer-science researchers in one building who wanted to get their e-mail from machines in another location. "I just wanted to make my life easier," says Allman. Don't we all? When my first child was born in 1994, e-mail seemed to me some kind of Promethean gift perfectly designed to help me cope with the irreconcilable pressures of new-father-hood and full-time freelance writing. It saved me time and money without ever requiring me to leave the house; it salvaged my social life, allowed me to conduct interviews as a reporter and kept a lifeline open to my far-flung extended family. My mother grasped, long before the Inter-net became a household word, how online communication offered new possibilities for widening physical limitations, how as simple a thing as e-mail could bring us closer to those whom we love. It may even help us find those whom we want to love in the first place. Jenn Shreve is a freelance writer in the San Francisco Bay Area who keeps a close eye on the emerging culture of the new online generation. For the last couple of years, she's seen what she considers to be a positive change in online dating habits. E-mail, she argues, encourages the shy. "It offers a semi-risk-free environment to initiate romance," says Shreve. "Because it lacks the immediate threat of physical rejection, people who are perhaps shy or had painful romantic fail-ures in the past can use the Internet as a way to build a relationship in the early romantic, stages." But it's not just about lust. E-mail also flattens hierarchies within an office. It is far easier, Shreve notes, to make a suggestion to your superiors and col-leagues via e-mail than it is to do so in a pressure-filled meeting room. "Any time when you have something that is difficult to say, e-mail can make it easier," she says. "It serves as a buffer zone." If it is true that hours spent on the Net are often hours subtracted from watching television, one could argue that the digital era has raised the curtains on a new age of literacy - more people are writing more words than ever before! But what kind of words are we writing? Are we really more literate, or are we sliding ever faster into a quicksand of meaningless irrelevance, of pop-cultural triviality? NEWSWEEK SEPTEMBER 20. 1999 Vocabulary. blessing - благословение curse - проклятие pretend - притворяться, делать вид dismay - обескуражить measure - измерять, оценивать our wired worth - цена наличия компьютера late 1990s - конец 1990-х overwhelm - забросать wrong - неверно, неправильно actually - на самом деле worth reading - стоит прочитать delete - уничтожать, стирать junk - разг.: отбросы, мусор suck - засасывать complete - абсолютный, полный stranger - незнакомец tip - намек account - счет (в банке) rock - укачивать, убаюкивать sworn enemies - закляые враги flock to - здесь: держаться за medium - средство expression - выражение convenient - удобный save time - экономить время bring* closer - сближать manage - распоряжаться ever-more-complex - все более сложный campaign - кампания conduct - проводить crime - преступление commit - совершать via - через, посредством waste - терять понапрасну introduce - вводить, вносить too-harried - слишком поспешный latest chapter - последняя глава snoop - совать нос в чужие дела discover - обнаруживать affair - дело uncovered - нераскрытый sin - грех generation - поколение capture - охватить, захватить claim - претендовать (на), утверждать pace - поступь, скорость (времени) simultaneously - одновременно cope (with) - справляться (с) acceleration - ускорение contribute - вносит вклад creation - создание globe spanning - соединивший весь мир embodiment - воплощение connection - связь pride - гордость interact - взаимодействовать catalyst - ускоритель scope - объем boggle - портить, неумело обращаться survey - исследование oddly - странно predict - предсказывать predecessor - предшественник primary - первоочередной, основной goal - цель enable - позволять disparate - (совсем) разные share - совместно пользоваться anticipate - предвидеть vast majority - подавляющее большинство originally - исходно, в самом начале hassle - разг.: убеждать location - место irreconcilable - несовместимый father-hood - отцовство freelance writing - работа свободного писателя require - требовать(ся) salvage - спасать conduct - проводить far-flung - разбросанные вдалеке extended - обширный grasp - уловить суть, понять household word - повседневное слово widen - расширять limitation - ограничение bring* closer - сближать emerging - зарождающийся, возникающий dating - свидание habit- привычка encourages the shy - подбадривать застенчивых immediate - немедленный threat - угроза rejection - отказ, отрицание painful - болезненный fail-ure - неудача, провал flatten - сглаживать superior - вышестоящий; начальник buffer - буфер, смягчение sub-tract - отвлекать (от) argue - спорить, доказывать raise the cur-tains - поднять занавес age of literacy - век грамотности literate - грамотный slidе - скользить quicksand - зыбучий песок irrelevance - неуместность, несоответствие Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. to forward a message a/ поднять занавес
19. to conduct interviews s/ проводить кампанию Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. ability to concentrate a/ усовершенствованные формы
12. transitory term l/ зарождающаяся культура Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. a blessing or a curse a/ подавляющее большинство
13. face to face m/ основная цель
20. far from complete t/ темп жизни Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions:
Topics to Discuss.
6. Importance of e-mail for scientists and programmers Text IIB PORTABLE DATABASES HELP DOCTORS PRACTICE MORE EFFICIENT. David Slawson was sitting at his desk one morning last February when a colleague called him to tell that one of his patients was in the emergency room (ER), suffering from pneumonia. The patient, an otherwise healthy 43-year-old woman, was in no immediate dander, but the ER doctor wanted to hospitalize her just to be safe. Few physicians would have stopped to question whether hospital care actually benefits such a client. But Slawson, a family practitioner at the University of Virginia , had an easy way to find out. He grabbed the mouse on his computer and, with a few clicks, pulled up a "prognosis calculator". By punching in basic facts about the woman, he determined, that her odds of dying would be 2.2 times HIGHER if she checked into the hospital (where germs are rampant and medical errors possible) than if she recuperated at home. Shown that number, the ER doctor quickly wrote a prescription and sent her on her way - saving her insurer thousands of dollars and, in all likelihood, hastening her recovery. What Slawson had, and the emergency room didn't, is a new software program called InfoRetriever. IR as compact enough to run on a palmtop PC, yet potentially powerful enough to transform the practice of medicine. Besides quantifying the advantages of different treatment strategies, it calculates drug dosages, clarifies test results and summarizes current research findings on everything from arthritis to baby care. At Michigan State University and the University of Virginia, some 200 physicians are now road-testing the first palmtop version of InfoRetriever. And though most have used it for less than a month, few would deny that it's making better doctors of them. The program doesn't just enhance their efficiency. As Slawson's experience suggests, it can improve their decisions. Medical practice has never been quite the scientific endeavor we imagine. Studies have shown repeatedly that doctors pay less attention to research findings than to colleagues and drug-company representatives - and that patients with identical conditions often receive radically different treatments, depending on which clinic they visit. Reformers have struggled since 1970s to promote a more consistent, "evidence-based" model of care, but managing the relevant data has proven a daunting hallenge. A physician would have to skim thousands of articles a year to find the clinically useful findings - and no one who collected them all would have time left for appointments. "The information explosion is one of the critical challenges facing physicians," says Dr. Sim Galazka of the University of Virginia. "We've got to find ways to sort out the evidence and apply it." InfoRetriever grew out of a project that Dr. Mark Ebell launched from Michigan State back in 1994. Working with several colleagues, he started scouring 85 medical journals each month and summarizing clinically important findings in the Journal of Family Practice. The group's reviews and treatment recommendations still appear in the journal and in a monthly newsletter called Evidence Based Practice. InfoRetriever includes all of these digests, along with hundreds taken from other reliable sources, and the whole program can be updated quarterly through Internet downloads. But unlike Medline, a sprawling database that includes 11 million articles, IR stays tightly focused on patient care. Besides fielding tough questions, InfoRetriever can alert a busy doctor to unimagined possibilities. Unlike the Physician's Desk Reference, it includes well-documented uses for prescription drugs. It also highlights research findings that no one is bothering to advertise. Last year, for example, the journal Neurology published a study showing that the vitamin riboflavin could relieve migraine headaches. "Nobody in primary care reads Neurology", says Slawson. "Even if they did, would they remember it five months later when a patient walks in? With InfoRetriever, you punch in "migraine" and you get a summary of the study." Will your intern be performing such feats the next time you show up with a sprained ankle? Don't count on it. Ebell and his colleagues developed InfoRetriever on their own time, without corporate support. And though several university health systems now plan to adopt the program, no one is marketing it directly to individual practitioners. At the moment, only one physician in four is sure to change. "I see patients in the office and the hospital," says Ebell. "I do house calls. I'm on call at the hospital tonight. And the care I give depends on the information I command." Medicine has gotten too complex to practice from a dog-eared textbook. Fortunately, there is now an alternative. InfoRetriever and other portable database won't make doctors obsolete. But doctors who lack them may soon be just that. Geoffrey Cowley, Anne Cowley Vocabulary. efficient - эффективный emergency room - пункт первой помощи otherwise - в других отношениях immediate - здесь: непосредственный danger - опасность physician - врач, доктор benefit - принести пользу/выгоду grab - схватить pull up - здесь: вызвать на экран punch in - здесь: ввести determine - определить odds - шансы germ - микроб rampant - распространен recuperate - выздоравливать prescription - предписание, рецепт likelihood - вероятность hasten - ускорять recovery - выздоровление retrieve - находить, спасать enough - достаточный palmtop - размером с ладошку powerlful - мощный transform - преобразовать quantify - подсчитывать advantage - преимущество calculate - подсчитывать treatment - лечение drug - (амер.)лекарство clarify - освещать, разъяснять current - современный research - научное исследование finding - открытия deny - отрицать enhance - увеличивать improve - улучшать endeavor - попытка, старание representative - представитель treatment - лечение depending on - в зависимости от struggle - бороться promote - продвигать, содействовать consistent - последовательный relevant - уместный prove - доказать evidenсe - здесь: реальный случай daunting - обескураживающий challenge - вызов, возможность skim - просматривать appointment - здесь: прием explosion - взрыв face - сталкиваться sort out - сортировать apply - применять grow out of - вырасти из launch - начинать scour - здесь: просматривать newsletter - информационный бюллетень digest - краткое изложение along with - наряду с reliable - надежный source - источник update - обновлять quarterly - ежеквартально download - загружать unlike - в отличие от sprawl - здесь: разрастаться tightly - тесно, плотно care - забота, уход fielding - здесь: освещение tough - трудный (для выполнения) alert - насторожить, сделать бдительным reference - справочник prescription - назначение highlight - придавать большое значение bother - беспокоить(ся) relieve - облегчать primary care - первичная помощь punch in - войти intern - молодой врач-стажер perform - выполнять feat - подвиг sprained - растянутый ankle - лодыжка count on - рассчитывать на support - поддержка adopt - принимать/вводить be on call - быть на вызовах depend on - зависеть от command - владеть complex - сложный dog-eared - с загнутыми углами (о страницах) obsolete - устарелый; ненужный lack - не хватать Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:
2. treatment recommendations b/ основанный на реальных случаях
5. treatment strategy e/ по всей вероятности
9. emergency room i/ стратегия лечения
12. radially different l/ семейный врач
15. family practitioner o/ надежный источник 16. in immediate dander p/ переносная база данных Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:
3. to alert a doctor c/ владеть информацией
5. to highlight smth. e/ трансформировать мед.практику
8. to field tough questions h/ обновлять ежеквартально
10. to enhance one's efficiency j/ придавать большое значение 11. to command the information k/ выздоравливать дома
13. to transform the practice of medicine m/ освещать трудные вопросы 14. to benefit a client n/ экономить тысячи долларов Ex.3. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions: 1. What is a InfoRetriever? 2. What are its functions? 3. How many physicians are testing it now? 4. How do they estimate (оценивать) its work? 5. What is InfoRetriever based on? 6. What did InfoRetriever grow out? 7. Do these people go on working on it? 8. What does InfoRetriever include? 9. Did Dr. Ebell and his colleagues have the corporate support? 10. Will InfoRetriever make doctors obsolete? Topics to Discuss. 1. Dr. Ebell and his colleagues' work. 2. Possibilities of InfoRetriever. 3. Real cases of treatment described here. Text II-C COMMUTERS People do not travel for pleasure on the roads and trains leading into cities on weekday mornings; they are commuting. Commuters represent the antithesis of Robert Louis Stevenson's view of travelling that 'For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel's sake.' Commuters travel because they have to; the destination is the only thing that matters. Commuting is modern. Up until the 1950s most workers lived in the shadow of their workplace and within earshot of its whistle or hooter; people walked or cycled to work, even going home for their lunch. As cities grow and as the pressure on city centre property increases, so ever more people have had to move further away from their place of work. The suburbs grow and this results in the horrendous rush hours, many of which tail back to the suburbs themselves. To ease the commuter congestion city governments build new roads, especially ring roads, but these generate more traffic, adding to the traffic jams and bad health. San Francisco introduced BART to take the pressure off its roads, but after an initial positive response the scheme was overtaken by the sheer magnitude of commuter growth. Trains and subway systems are little better. In Tokyo 'pushers' are employed to squeeze commuters into carriages, in London and New York the underground systems are near capacity and unpleasant to ride. In Paris petty crime on the Metro is rife. In Soweto the trains are so crowded that commuters hang on to the outside of the 'black only' trains. The associated health hazards are rivalled by those caused by traffic accidents and the stress-related diseases created by the tension in all forms of commuting. The bigger the city, the larger the longer the distances travelled. Many commuters see neither their house nor their children in daylight for almost six months of the year. In a large city like London the average daily time spent commuting to and from work is almost two hours. As a working day is eight hours or less, this means that the average commuter really 'works' in excess of a six day week. Cities which try to alleviate the lot of the commuter are those which are most worth living in, but it is a hard and uphill task to do anything constructive. Special 'Kiss and Ride' metro stations surround Washington, but are as little used as the "Ride-Qn" buses. People appear to prefer the traffic jeans on the Beltway. Although most people dislike the unpleasant 'dead time' of commuting, some people turn it to their advantage. J.M. Keynes wrote his General Theory en route from London to Cambridge, and there are classes in French, business studies, bridge and chess (among other topics) on commuter trains into the London main-line stations. Other people, especially those who can afford the comfort of first-class tickets, catch up on their reading, do the preparation for the day's work, use their computers or the train telephones, or listen to music. Others take the view that commuting should make you fit. They walk, run, cycle, row, sail, skate and skate-board into work By Barrie Sherman Vocabulary. commute - амер.: совершать регулярные поездки commuter - амер.: челковек, имеющий сезонный билет; пассажир leading (to) - ведущий (в) antithesis - контраст, противоположность for the sake (of) - ради shadow - тень within earshot - в пределах слышимости whistle - свисток hooter - гудок pressure - давление property - недвижимость increase - возрастать further - дальше suburb - пригород result (in) - сказаться в, иметь результатом horrendous - ужасный, ужасающий rush our - час пик tail back - сплошная череда машин, затор ease - облегчать congestion - скопление, затор generate - производить, порождать traffic jam - дорожная пробка response - реакция subway - амер.: метро growth - рост push - толкать employ - нанимать, брать на работу squeeze - втискивать, вжимать carriage - вагон capacity - мощность ride* - ехать petty crime - мелкое преступление rife - частый crowded - переполненный hang* - висеть associate (with) - ассоциировать (с) hazard - опасность, риск rival - соперничать, конкурировать tension - здесь: давка cause - вызывать, быть причиной traffic accident - дорожная авария desease - заболевание average - средний in access - сверх alleviate - облегчать, смягчать surround - окружать turn* into - превращать (в) advantage - преимущество en route - по пути afford - позволять (финансово) be* fit - быть в хорошей физической форме Word Study. Ex. 1. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. the only thing a/ в пределах слышимости
13. in day light m/ час пик 14. to and from work n/ преодолеваемые расстояния Ex. 2. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:
10. to be rife j/ быть переполненным Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Answer the following questions:
Topics to Discuss.
TEXT II-D. |