Учебник для бакалавров. Учебник для бакалавриата по направлению Юриспруденция

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UNIT 2. CATEGORIES OF CRIMES IN THE UK

TEXT

Categories of Crimes in The UK Vocabulary

1. 
   indictable offences – преступления, подлежащие рассмотрению по обвинительному акту (тяжкие уголовные преступления)
   
2. 
   summary offences – преступления, преследуемые в порядке суммарного (т.е. упрощенного, без участия присяжных) производства
   
3. 
   either-way offences – преступления двойной подсудности (которые могут быть рассмотрены в магистратском суде или в суде Короны)
   
4. 
   intent – преступный умысел
   
5. 
   liability – ответственность
   

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Oтветьте на вопросы.

1. 
   What are the three categories of crimes?
   
2. 
   In what way are indictable offences punished?
   
3. 
   What offences are heard in the magistrates’ courts?
   
4. 
   Can an either-way offence be heard in different courts?
   
5. 
   What is known as a ‘strict liability’ offence?
   
6. 
   What is the most violent crime in your opinion?
   

There are three categories of crimes in the UK: indictable, summary, and either-way crimes.

Indictable offences are the most serious ones and are punishable by the longest prison terms.

They include murder, rape and robbery and can only be tried in the Crown Court.

Summary offences are the least serious ones, such as speeding and drunk-driving. Summary trials are heard in magistrates’ courts.

Either-way offences can be heard either in the Crown Court or by magistrates. Examples of either way offences include theft, drug offences and less serious physical violence. A magistrate can decide that an either-way offence is serious enough to be heard in the Crown Court where the penalties prescribed can be more severe. If, however, a magistrate decides that an either-way offence can be heard as a summary trial, the defendant can choose to move the trial to the Crown Court.

An important aspect of criminal law is that in most crimes the prosecution has to prove two elements. The first, actusreus, refers to the criminal act itself. The second, mensrea, refers to the intent to commit a crime – ‘guilty mind’. However, in some cases, such as drunk driving or speeding, the prosecution does not have to prove intent. Such offences are said to be of ‘strict liability’.

Types of serious crimes in most jurisdictions are: arson, theft, sexual offences, terrorism. In common law arson is setting fire to the dwelling of another person. Theft sometimes is still known by the traditional name of larceny which probably is the most common crime involving criminal intent. The traditional definition of theft is the physical removal of an object without the consent of the owner. Burglary is entering a building, inhabited vehicle or vessel to steal, to inflict bodily harm or to do unlawful damage. In English law, any entry by an individual into a building with intent to commit theft is burglary.

Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence. Robbery takes many forms – from the mugging of a stranger in the street to robberies of banks, involving numerous participants and careful planning.

2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

1. 
   Summary offences are punished by the longest prison terms.
   
2. 
   Such offences as ‘theft’ and ‘drug offences’ can only be heard in Magistrates’ courts.
   
3. 
   Summary offences are the least serious offences.
   
4. 
   Actusreusrefers to the intent to commit a crime.
   
5. 
   Mensrearefers to the criminal act itself.
   

3. 
   Соотнесите английские слова и словосочетания с их русскими эквивалентами.
   

1) indictable offence	a) рассматривать (дело, случай)
2) summary offence	b) суд Kороны
3) either - way offence	c) насилие, принуждение, применение силы
4) to try	d) преступление, подлежащее преследованию по обвинительному акту
5) the Сrown Court	e) суд, судебное разбирательство
6) magistrates’ court	f) преступное намерение
7) violence	g) виновное действие
8) trial	h) ответственность
9) mens rea	i) преступление двойной подсудности
10) actus reus	j) магистратский суд
11) intent	k) преступление, преследуемое в порядке суммарного производства
12) liability	l) намерение, умысел

3. 
   Подберите с помощью словаря названия правонарушителей, используя глаголы и словосочетания, приведенные в таблице.
   

1) steals
2) steals purses and wallets
3) gets money by threatening to disclose personal information
4) seizes aeroplanes
5) takes things from a shop without paying
6) kills people
7) steals from houses and offices especially at night
8) takes people hostages for ransom
9) tries to get secret information
10) marries illegally while being married already
11) steals from banks and trains

3. 
   В таблице приведены различные виды преступлений. С помощью словаря дополните таблицу.
   

Сrime	Criminal	Verb
assassination	an assassin	to assassinate
burglary
smuggling
hi-jacking
embezzlement
murder
mugging
robbery

3. 
   Заполните таблицу словами, связанными со словом ‘theft’ (1-8). Составьте предложения с этими словами.
   
   1. 
      The past participle of the verb to steal.
      
   2. 
      A person who enters a house to steal things.
      
   3. 
      To steal something from persons on the street without their noticing.
      
   4. 
      To stop a person on the street and using violence or threats to rob him or her.
      
   5. 
      Going into a building by force to steal things (one word).
      
   6. 
      A person who steals from a shop.
      
   7. 
      A psychological compulsion to steal things.
      
   8. 
      A person who commits an act of theft.