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UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW1. Термин «международное право» может означать международное публичное право, международное частное право и, в последнее время, наднациональное право. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:What is the difference between public international law and private international law? What is supranational law? How can a national state be compelled to obey international law? Can you think of any examples of a country that has violated international agreements? What are the consequences if a private individual or company breaks the laws of another jurisdiction? TEXTInternational law. Introduction Vocabularypublic international law – международное публичное право private international law – международное частное право supranational law – наднациональное право conflict of laws – коллизия правовых норм, коллизионное право body of rules – совокупность норм to govern rights and duties – регулировать права и обязанности to govern conflicts – регулировать споры to be in conflict with – находиться в противоречии с source of law – источник права binding source of law – обязательный источник права custom – обычай customary law – обычное право customs – таможня customs union – таможенный союз charter – устав, хартия to be derived from – происходить из syn. to originate to refer to – относиться, иметь отношение к to be referred to as – называться intergovernmental organization – межправительственная организация principal vehicle – основной инструмент to implement law – вводить законы в действие syn. to enact to enforce law – обеспечивать соблюдение законов recommendatory – рекомендательный syn. advisory to develop standards – разработать стандарты the World Intellectual Property Organization – Всемирная организация по вопросам интеллектуальной собственности (private) individual – физическое лицо business entity – юридическое лицо syn. legal entity to be concerned with – иметь дело с syn. to deal with to apply law – применять закон applicable – применимый, подходящий to be distinguished from – отличаться от legal framework – правовая система to unite authority – объединять власть Прочитайте и переведите текст.In its widest sense, international law can include public international law, private international law and, more recently, supranational law. In its narrowest meaning, the term international law is used to refer to what is commonly known as public international law. Private international law is sometimes referred to as conflict of laws. Conflict of laws can also refer to conflicts between states in a federal system, such as the USA. Public international law is the body of rules, laws or legal principles that govern the rights and duties of nation states in relation to each other. It is derived from a number of sources, including custom, legislation and treaties. Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) defines a treaty as ‘an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law …’. These treaties may be in the form of conventions, agreements and charters. Custom, also referred to as customary international law, is another binding source of law, and originates from a pattern of state practice motivated by a sense of legal right or obligation. Laws of war were a matter of customary law before being codified in the Geneva Conventions and other treaties. International institutions and intergovernmental organizations whose members are states have become a principal vehicle for making, applying, implementing and enforcing public international law, especially since the end of World War II. The best-known intergovernmental organization is the United Nations, which develops new recommendatory standards, e.g. the Declaration of Human Rights. Other international norms and laws have been established through international agreements such as Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war or armed conflict, as well as by other international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. Private international law refers to the body of rights and duties of private individuals and business entities of different states. It is concerned with two main questions: 1) the jurisdiction in which a case may be heard, and 2) which laws from which jurisdiction(s) apply. It is distinguished from public international law because it governs conflicts between private individuals or business entities, rather than conflicts between states or other international bodies. Supranational law, or the law of supranational organizations, refers to regional agreements where the laws of a nation state are not applicable if in conflict with a supranational legal framework. At present, the only example of this is the European Union, which constitutes a new legal order in international law where sovereign nations have united their authority through a system of courts and political institutions. Текст содержит несколько прилагательных, образованных при помощи приставок, таких как intergovernmental and supranational.Соотнесите приставки из левой колонки с их значениями из правой.
Соотнесите прилагательные с приставками из левой колонки с существительными из правой.
Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста.Member-states, to become a principal vehicle for making and applying law, the body of laws or principles, nation states, to include custom, legislation and treaties; to define a treaty as, to conclude an agreement, to codify laws, to establish norms, conduct of war or armed conflict, the International Monetary Fund, to constitute a legal order, a system of courts and political institutions. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.Всемирная торговая организация, создавать законы посредством международных соглашений, обычное международное право, обеспечивать соблюдение законов, межправительственная организация, источники международного публичного права, коллизионное право, Декларация прав человека, заключать региональные соглашения, находиться в противоречии с наднациональным правом. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.What is international law in its widest sense? And its narrowest? What does public international law govern? What are the three main sources of public international law? How is an international treaty defined? What forms may it take? What is the role of international institutions and international organizations today? What international organizations do you know? What does private international law deal with? Why is it distinguished from public international law? What is a supranational legal framework? 7. Заполните пропуски словами из рамки.supranational, non-governmental, inter-state, bilateral, customs-union, charter, legal framework, conflict of laws A … organization is a legally constituted organization created by private persons or organizations with no participation or representation of any government. The EU is a ... organization that creates, implements and enforces policies for its members. The International Court of Justice has been criticized for its failure to resolve … disputes. Russia and Armenia have concluded a … agreement on trade and economic cooperation. A … is a group of nations who wish to remove customs barriers between them. …refers to the body of law dealing with disputes between private persons who live in different jurisdictions. A ... is, in essence, a broad system of rules. A ... is an agreement by which rights are granted to an international body by the signatory nations to the agreement. 8. Переведите предложения на русский язык.Public international law has three principal sources: international treaties, custom and general principles of law. General principles of law are those commonly recognized by the major legal systems of the world. In some cases the Security Council can adopt resolutions related to threats to peace which are legally binding under international law and can be followed up with economic sanctions and military action. International legal theory is aimed at elaborating theoretical frameworks and instruments to analyse the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. The concept of the sovereign nation-state consists of a nation controlled by a centralized system of government. Several democracies including India, Israel and the United States take a flexible, eclectic approach recognizing aspects of public international law such as territorial rights as universal whilst regarding other aspects as arising from treaty or custom as not being subjects of public international law at all. Democracies in the developing world due to their colonial past often insist on non-interference in their internal affairs but strongly support international law at the bilateral and multilateral levels such as the United Nations. 9. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста.В самом широком смысле термин «международное право» может означать публичное международное право, частное международное право, а с недавних пор и наднациональное право. Частное международное право иногда называют коллизионным правом. Публичное международное право это совокупность норм и правовых принципов, которые регулируют права и обязанности национальных государств в их отношениях друг с другом. Источниками международного публичного права являются договоры, обычай и общие принципы права. Международные институты и межправительственные организации являются основным инструментом создания и обеспечения международного публичного права. Частное международное право отличается от публичного международного права тем, что регулирует отношения между физическими и юридическими лицами, а не отношения между государствами или международными организациями. В настоящее время единственным примером транснациональных отношений является Европейский Союз, в котором суверенные государства объединили свою власть через систему судов и политических институтов. 10. Передайте содержание текста“International law. Introduction” на английском языке. |