Перевод математических текстов, знаков, символов, сокращений на английском языке - Аристова В.М.. Перевод математических текстов, знаков, символов, сокращений на. Учебнопрактическое пособие по чтению и переводу математических текстов, знаков, символов, сокращений на английском языке Калининград 1999
 Скачать 1.02 Mb.
|
|
PECULARITIES IN USE AND READING NUMERALS There are some pecularities of reading English numerals in comparison with Russian: while reading and spelling cardinal and ordinal numerals pay attention to the underlined numers:
Hundreds with other numerals are read with “and”.
You have noticed that every three numbers from right to left are separated by a comma (,). (In Russian comma is not used in this case, it is used in decimal fractions.) In scientifical and technical texts the authors prefer writing large numbers not with commas, but leaving a space after every three figures beginning from the end: 21 000 254; 3 560 021. Since commas are used to separate thousands in figures do not put figures next to each other – it may be taken as part of the same number: “The hall can hold 700, 150 of whom have to sit on folding chairs”. Rephrase as: “The hall can hold 700, of whom 150 …”. In greater numbers1 there does not exist strict quantitative unification concerning different countries. So, dealing with this or that greater number it is to be kept in mind that:
Numbers in figures or words. In scientific, technical, statistical material numbers are written as figures. In other types of texts the general rule is to write small numbers as words and large numbers as figures: Seven students were present. During the earthquake 4 653 people perished. Do not mix figures and words in one phrase: “from 10 to 30” but not: “from ten to 30”. If large numbers are used at the beginning of the sentence they are written as words: “Four hundred animals died in the flood last year”. In case the number is long it must be used in the end of the sentence: “The floods killed 400 animals”. The word “number” is translated as “несколько, некоторые” if it is used with the indefinite article and the verb after it is in the plural form: “There are (not is) a number of reasons against this project”. “A number of them prefer tea”. The word “number” is translated as “количество” when it is used with the definite article and takes a singular verb: “The number of books increases every year”. “The number of boxes is not very great”. Notes: a half dozen or half a dozen – полдюжины 12 – a (one) dozen – одна дюжина 24 – two dozen (not two dozens) – две дюжины 20 – a (one) score – два десятка, двадцать 70 – three score years and ten – 70 лет Dates, Years, Centuries While reading years the numeral is divided into two parts and it is not necessary to add the word “year”: 1822 - eighteen twenty two; 1905 - nineteen 0 [ou] five; 1997 - nineteen ninety seven; 1600 - sixteen hundred; В 60-х годах ХХ века – In the sixties of the twentieth century. Еще 10 лет назад – As recently as ten years ago. Спустя десять лет, через десять лет – Ten years after / later. 20-е гг. XIX в. – The twenties of the nineteenth century. В период средневековья – In the Dark Ages. В начале 30-х годов прошлого века – In the early thirties of the last century. До сего времени – (Up) till now; hitherto. В середине пятидесятых годов XX столетия - In the mid of the twintieth century. В конце девяностых годов – In the late 1990 s. 1-го мая 1951 – On the first of May, 1951. Первое мая 1951 – the first of May, 1951. Двадцать первое января 1983 г. – The twenty first of January 1983 or January the twenty first 1983. Еще (уже), в 1926 году – As long ago as in 1926. Не так давно, в 1978 – Not long ago in 1978. Раньше / Позднее в 1993 году – More recently in 1993 or Later in 1993… The dates in Great Britain are written in a short from in a way we do it: 6.08.1967. or 6/8/1967 it means: the 6th of August, 1967. In the USA this data will be understood as June, 8, 1967 i. e. they write first the month, then goes the day and then the year: 8.06.1967. or 8/06/67. To avoid this difference between American and British users a certain practice in Europe was introduced: small Roman numbers for the months are used now 8.VI.67; 5.III.97; 10.XI.96; 1.I.98. The year alone may be abbreviated in informal style, an apostrophe is then used: in ‘45, after ‘90. For the decades use “s”: in the late ‘60s and early ‘70s. A dash (-) is used to represent periods: In May - July 1996; During 17-19 September; During 6 April 1997 - 16 April 1997; In the period 1917-1990; In the XIX-XX cc. It is not necessary to repeat the first two figures in years if they are the same: during 1924-37; 1996-97; a slash (/) is also possible: 1981/90; 1996/97 academic year. The propositions “from” and “between” are used before each year: from 1941 to 1945 (not “from 1941-1945”); between 1938 and 1953 (not “between 1938-53”).
If you speak about the age of a person for some legal purpose (of pension rights or something like it) the full phrase is used: At age 60; at the age of 60. In common use the age is written in number after the personal name, in commas: “David Hare, 49, was on his way to New-York”; “Joe McCafferty, 7, died in the fire”; “Emily Solvani, 8, was saved …” etc. Mind the pronunciation: aged – взрослый, зрелый, спелый – [eI®d]; aged – старый, пожилой, слабый – [eI®Id]. Remeber this short rhyme: Days in the Months 30 days has September April, June and November All the rest have 31 Only February alone Has 28 days, and it’s clear It has 29 in the leap year. The abbriviations BC < English – (Before Christ) and AD < Latin – (Anno Domini) which mean: донашейэры; нашейэры are used: BC after the years – 1358 BC – в 1358 г. дон. э., 3000 BC – 3 thousand BC. AD is used before the years and only for the earlier years: AD 51, AD 83. But if you have four-figures year (1520, 1066, 1022) – AD is not used before the years. English and American Money The word money is usually singular. If it is used in plural it may have the forms “moneys” and “monies” and mean different currencies, i. e. money of different countries. In Great Britain and the USA there are special signs to denote money. These signs emerged mostly as abbreviated forms from common words except $. They are used only in their written forms, in speech they are pronounced as common words:
In Russian we denote the sum of money after numerals: 20 руб. 50 к. In English the larger sum of money (dollars, pounds of sterling) has the signs before numerals: $ 200; Ј 80, but it must be read: two hundred dollars; eighty pounds of sterling or eighty quid (slang)2. The smaller money – shillings and pennies in Great Britain are written after the numerals:, 80 5 s. 2 d (p) or, 80 5/2. The sum is read: eighty pounds, five shilling, twopence [‘ tћpens]. The same goes for USA smaller money: $ 247 30 C – two hundred and forty seven dollars thirty cents. More often penny or cent signs (P, C) are not written with pouynds and dollars: $ 247.30 or Ј 80. 5/2. It is not recommended to use both the symbol and word for the currency. Write Ј 10 (not Ј 10 pounds), $100 (not $100 dollars). Beware of using abbreviations: Ј 10 m – ten million pounds, and Ј 10 k – ten thousand pounds where they might be misunderstood (k If you want to say about maney as about the whole sum the singular verb is used: “Fifty pounds is all I have and I need it”. “Five roubles is quite enough” – Cр.: Пять рублей будет вполне достаточно. The sign @ often shows the price or the limits of price: vegetable oil @ 3 s. 2p. per quart. – Растительноемаслопо 3 шиллинга 2 пенсазакварту. Vegetable oil 3s @ 5s. – Растительноемаслоот 3 до 5 шиллингов. In the USA the word “buck”3 (dollar) and the word “dime” (10 cents) are widely used in speech. So the Americans now have some phaseological units with these monetary terms: To be in the bucks – бытьприденьгах and Not to care a dime – нивгрошнеставить, неценить; A dime a dozen – даймзадюжину, оченьдешево, дешевлепаренойрепы. Be careful in translating: the letter “d” serves as abbreviation to several words denoting money:
|