Перевод математических текстов, знаков, символов, сокращений на английском языке - Аристова В.М.. Перевод математических текстов, знаков, символов, сокращений на. Учебнопрактическое пособие по чтению и переводу математических текстов, знаков, символов, сокращений на английском языке Калининград 1999
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Numerals with the Names Numerals with the Names: are read as ordinal numbers and Roman figures are used after a proper name: Peter I – Peter the first – Петр Первый Catherine II – Catherine the second – Екатерина II Elizabeth II – Elizabeth the second – Елизавета II Charles I – Charles the first – Карл I Louis XIV – Louis the fourteenth – Людовик XIV и т. д. If the proper names or their abbreviated forms are given to nominate devices, mechanisms, plants, etc., the numbers after them, usually written with a dash (Boeing-747, TU-154, U-2 etc.) give information on the number of the model, brand, trademark, sort, measure, year, cardinal number of issue etc. “Viola-3”, “Michurin-5” the sorts of peas are meant; Boeing-747, TU-154, U-2 – the figures show the model of planes. In this case the numbers are written in Arab figures. In abbriviation WWI and WWII it is possible to read either: World War the first, World War the second or World War One, World War Two. Time Hours, minutes, seconds. Two signs:. (point),: (colon) are used to divide hours and minutes in everyday life. When it is necessary, say, in laboratories, seconds are used as the third number. Officially at the airports, railway stations the depart time is written:
The propositions should be kept in mind: Great Britain: past (после), to (без … пяти пять) USA: after (после), of (без …) The hours are read in Great Britain:
The table illustrates how to organize a conference, meeting, session according to the time and place.
Глубокая ночь – 1, 2, 3 часа ночи – small hours of the morning. Который час? – What time is it? What’s the time? 2 часа дня – It’s two p.m., or it’s two o’clock PM. 2 часа ночи – It’s two a.m. 5:15, 5.15 утра / ночи – It’s a quarter past five, or it’s five fifteen AM/PM. 20:08, 20.08 – It’s eight minutes past eight PM, or it’s eight O[ou] eight PM. Звоните с 8 утра до 8 вечера с понедельника до пятницы – Call / Ring from 8 am – 8 pm Monday to Friday. Он придет с минуты на минуту, с часу на час – He is to come any moment. Telephone numbers Telephone numbers are read by every number separately: no digit above nine is used. 2•1•5•7•3•6 (in Russian we usually read them by two numers - 21•57•36) -two•one•five•seven•three•six. The same two numbers can be pronounced as “double” numbers: 2•2•0•0•5•1 – double two, double O [ou], five•one; 44•61•27 – double four six one two seven; 0500001100 – O [ou] five double O, double O, double one, double O. Rhythmically the whole number is grouped in pairs (beginning from the first pair) 05/6•1/7•3/2•7/5•9/. If the telephone number includes a code number this code is separated by a longer pause: 0•8//2•5•0//1•3/2•7/4•6/7•1/. The only exception is the Great Britain’s emergency call 999 which is always pronounced: nine nine nine. Numbers with nouns The third room and room 3 is not one and the same room. The third room is the room after the second one if you count them. Room 3 means the number of the room: No 3, #3. Class 5 (five), building 3 (three), block 7 (seven); lesson 15, paragraph seven, page five, door two, desk four etc. While speaking the following prepositions are used:
В несколько раз, больше, меньше (times, -fold) В два раза больше: о предметах, величине, объеме: This table is two times larger (bigger). That square is ten times greater. О весе: heavier (тяжелее): Honey is two times heavier than the water. This box is three-fold heavier than that one. The construction of this bridge must be strengthened five-fold. Больше, меньше, старше, моложе на … Муж старше на 5 лет – The husband is older by five years / The husband is five years older. My elder sister is younger than her husband by 10 years. Повышение цен на 12 фунтов – A rise of prices by 12 pounds. Numbers for clothes and foot – wear sizes Measurements around the parts of the body may be in inches or centimetres: She is 36-24-36 – means that she is 36 inches round the bust, 24 inches round the waist, 36 inches round the hips; She is 91-61-91 – means: 96 cm round the bust, 61 cm round the waist, 91 cm round the hips. As to the person the word “tall” (not “high”) is used “My mother is 5 foot/feet six inches tall (5 ft 6 in = 5’6”)” or “My mother is one metre sixty-eight centimetres tall” (1 m 68 cm / 1• 68 m). Strange as it may seem, there is no unification in determining the sizes of human bodies. Here is a comparative table of women’s and men’s sizes for clothes and foot-wear: Sizes (sz.) for:
The Word “One” Care should be taken while translating the word “one” because it may be: 1) a numeral (один, единственный): one fine day – в один прекрасный день; one fire drives out another – один пожар тушит другой; (клин клином вышибает. 2) an indefinite pronoun: in the function of the subject it is not translated, because in Russian it is an impersonal sentence (безличное предложение): One can’t read in the darkness – нельзя читать в темноте. One should be careful crossing the street – Следует соблюдать осторожность (быть внимательным) переходя улицу. 3) a substitute word to avoid the repetition of the previous noun(s). In this case it has a singular (one) and a plural (ones) forms depending on the noun it replaces and articles: Bread, meat, butter, vegetables are common substances, the ones which people live on. He was the best student at the University, the one to be sent to the Conference. You have brought a red book, but I asked you to bring a black one. Notes: единство – unity; одностронний – unilateral; единорог – unicorn; единственный –the only. Strange Numbers There are some English numbers, which cannot be translated according to their numerical meaning, for instance: A dozen of scientists went to London to take part at the conference (Дюжинаученых по-русски не звучит, выбираем более подходящее числительное – двенадцатьчеловек, болеедесяти, несколько). “You look like a hundred (million) dollars” – Вы выглядите на сто (миллион) долларов – для русского перевода неприемлемо. Опускаем числительные – Вы хорошо (отлично) выглядите. Some expressions with numerals are rather clear: seven wonders - семь чудес света; Nine tenth - девять десятых, т. е. почти все; fifty-fifty – поровну; six of one and half a dozen of the other (six and half of dozen) – одно и то же; что в лоб, что по лбу. But there are expressions with numerals which are not easy to translate without special knowledge: - go like sixty; like sixty – стремительно, быстро, ужасно, очень сильно - catch 22 – буквально: ловушка 22 – абсурдное правило, закон, мешающий выйти из замкнутого круга - to go over like nine pins (ninepins) – выходить из строя один за другим - to be in two minds, to have two minds – не знать что выбрать, колебаться - a nine days wonder – злоба дня, предмет кратковременной сенсации - to the nines – в совершенстве, тщательно (одет), до небес (хвалить), сделать что-то великолепно - to talk (run, go) nineteen to the dozen – говорить без умолку, трещать - eighteen carat lie – наглая, вопиющая ложь - one over the eight – подвыпивший - make (the) two ends (of the year) meet – сводить концы с концами, т. е. жить в нужде - three R’s - reading, (w)riting, (a)rithmetic – чтение, письмо, арифметика - three sheets in the wind – вдрызг пьяный - seven sisters – Плеяды (созвездия) - to be first out of the gate – вылезти первым, до времени - three sisters – парки, мойры (богини человеческой судьбы) и т. д. That is why be careful translating numerals – they are often used not only in their numerical sense but also in metaphores, as phaseological units, in stock phrases. - to bat a thousand – быть во всем удачливым, иметь потрясающий успех. Иронически: ну, ты даешь. - to make it to first base – создавать первооснову, заложить первый камень (в контактах, отношениях) - to go in headfirst – ринуться во что-то, не посчитавшись с обстоятельствами и др. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||