Английский для бакалавров (ЧАСТЬ 1). Учебное пособие Часть i тула 1999 предислови е настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, продолжающих изучение английского языка в неязыковом вузе на этапе общебакалаврской подготовки
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Find the opposites to the first word in each line: to rest / to try, to last, to get, to work; to leave / to walk, to come, to live, to die; passive/ creative, interesting, professional, active; rich / poor, pure, full, beautiful; to laze / to live, to lie, to work, to look; ancient / old, typical, different, modern. Read the text ‘The Use of Leisure’. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases: для большинства людей работа - необходимость; по всей вероятности; делать то, что действительно хочется; их подлинное "Я" отражается в поступках; полные стремления начать какое-нибудь дело; творческий тип личности; развалины древних городов; наслаждаться живописными местами; открывать новое; горожане любят тихо проводить отдых у моря; десятки тысяч болельщиков смотрят крупные спортивные состязания; испытывать глубокое чувство сожаления; источники прекрасного. Read the text ‘The Use of Leisure’ again. Answer the following questions: 1. Can the character of a man be told by the way of using his leisure? 2. What is work for most people? And what about leisure time? 3. What can you say about people who are passive during leisure time? 4. How does a creative type of person use his leisure hours? 5. Do most people like travelling? What is the purpose of travelling? 6. Where do those who live in the country like to go? What about town-dwellers? 7. Do you like sports? Do you prefer going in for sports or watching sports events? 8. What does one feel when he has used his leisure time well? 9. What should leisure be? 10. How does a man get full value from his leisure? 11. How do you prefer to use leisure time? Express disagreement with the following utterances. Prove your statements by the facts from the text. Begin your sentences with the following: I don't agree with you ... You are mistaken ... As far as I know ... 1. All people are passive during their leisure time. 2. In their leisure time people can't do what they really want. 3. It’s not interesting to travel. 4. People can't enjoy sports. 5. Everyone is glad when leisure time is over. 6. The true use of leisure is sleeping or watching TV. Complete the following sentences: 1. By the way in which a man uses his leisure his character can be told more surely than ... . 2. For most men, work is necessity ... . 3. In leisure time people do ... . 4. Those who live in the country like ... . 5. City-dwellers usually like ... . 6. The whole virtue of leisure time is that ... . 7. Sooner or later leisure time comes to an end and ... . 8. A man gets full value from his leisure by ... . Speak about your own way of using leisure time. Text B. Culture, Leisure, Entertainment, Sports Usually major cities regularly host many concerts, art exhibitions, lectures, and theatrical performances. And on a smaller scale, the same is true of smaller cities. Performances and exhibitions are usually very well attended. Tickets can be hard to get, despite their high prices! Many cities have large communities of artists, actors, dancers, and musicians. The national and state governments, as well as private organizations, have traditionally supported the arts with money. Though art and "high" culture are important, the most popular sources of entertainment and information are television, movies, radio and recorded music. With cable TV, a lot more programs are available, but many people still complain about the low intellectual level of TV. They also feel that the emphasis on youth, sex, and money teaches children (and adults) the wrong values and goals. These criticisms are often made about American movies too. But despite the "bad" movies, many wonderful and internationally successful movies are produced in the U.S. The rapid spread of videotaped movies, watched nightly by millions of people in their homes, has made movies an even more popular and influential form of entertainment in recent years. People like car trips, but they don't usually just drive and sightsee. They like to have a destination. Amusement parks, beaches, and other special attractions are always crowded when the weather is good. Airplane travel is also common in many countries. At holiday time, many people fly to other cities to visit friends and relatives. During the winter, many people take short vacations to places with warm climates, like Florida and the islands of the Caribbean. Read text B without a dictionary. Find in text B the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases: художественная выставка, высокая цена, театральный спектакль, в меньшем масштабе, трудно достать, несмотря на, музыкант, частные организации, источник информации, кабельное телевидение, быть в наличии, жаловаться (на), низкий интеллектуальный уровень, взрослый, распространение видеофильмов, осматривать достопримечательности. Find in text B the answers to the following questions: 1. Where are some of the world's greatest museums, orchestras, theatres, and concert halls located? 2. Are performances and exhibitions well attended? 3. Tickets can be hard to get despite their high prices, can't they? 4. Who usually supports the arts with money? 5. What are the most popular sources of entertainment and information? 6. What do many people complain about? 7. What can you say about American movies? 8. People like to travel, don't they? 9. What are the most common ways of travelling? Text C. Holidays and Festivals There are eight holidays a year in Great Britain. On these days people don't go to work. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday, Late Summer Bank Holiday. Most of these holidays are of religious origin. But nowadays they have lost their religious significance and are simply days on which people relax, visit their friends. All the public holidays (except New Year's Day, Christmas and Boxing Day) are movable. They don't fall on the same date each year. Besides public holidays, there are other festivals, anniversaries, on which certain traditions are observed. But if they don't fall on Sunday, they're ordinary working days. Lent Lent is the period before Easter during which Christians practice various forms of fasting or abstinence. Easter itself is a movable feast, and Lent covers the forty weekdays before Easter, starting on a Wednesday. This Wednesday is known as Ash Wednesday. It is clear that if during Lent people abstained from eating certain forbidden foods, they did not relish throwing away any they had left. And hence, on the eve of Ash Wednesday there is a traditional jollification when eggs and butter are used up; the obvious ingredients for making pancakes. The eve of Ash Wednesday is known as Shrove Tuesday, the day of pancakes and gay social gatherings. There are still a number of ritual celebrations connected with Shrove Tuesday. At Westminster Public School the boys scramble for pieces of the hot pancake tossed among them, and in certain places, such as Olney in Buckinghamshire, there are pancake races to mark the last day of plenty - Shrove Tuesday - before life once more starts in sober earnest on Ash Wednesday. Make Love, Not War The 14th of February is St Valentine's Day, the day when, according to ancient tradition, the birds choose their mates for the year. It was once the custom in England to draw lots for lovers on this day, the person drawn being the drawer's valentine, and given a present, sometimes of an expensive kind, but more often a pair of gloves. The valentine is now represented by a greeting card of a sentimental, humorous, or merely vulgar character. The Winter is Past Easter the feast of the Christian Church commemorating the Resurrection of Christ, is derived from Eostre, a goddess of spring honoured by the pagan Anglo-Saxons in the month of April. When Christianity was introduced into England it was natural for the name of the heathen festival to be transferred to the Christian, the two falling about the same time. Easter has been from ancient times the most important feast in the Christian year. Many popular customs, which probably go back to pagan times, are also associated with it throughout Europe, for example the giving of Easter eggs. Eggs are a symbol of life and fertility or recreation of spring. It was not, however, until the nineteenth century that the practice of presenting eggs of Easter was introduced into England. Mothering Sunday The 8th of March is Mid-Lent Sunday or Mothering Sunday. It is claimed that the name Mothering Sunday came from the ancient custom of visiting the "mother church" at this time; but to schoolchildren it always meant a holiday, when they went home to spend the day with their mother or parents. At one time in Britain, especially in Lancashire, it was the custom to eat simnel cakes on this day. The word simnel is derived from a Latin word meaning fine bread. Mothering Sunday is not the same as Mother's Day. The latter is an American festival celebrated on the second Sunday in May as an occasion for each person to remember his mother by some act of grateful affection. Read and translate text C ‘Holidays and Festivals’ in writing. Use the dictionary. Fill in the gaps: 1. Most of the holidays in Great Britain are of … origin. 2. All the public holidays are … . 3. There are a lot of festivals on which … are observed. 4. St. Valentine's Day is celebrated on … . Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. All the public holidays are movable. 2. Easter eggs haven't been used before the middle of the last century. 3. On St. Valentine's Day boys and girls, sweethearts, husbands and wives, friends and neighbours exchange greetings of affection and love. 4. Lent is the period after Easter. Text D. What are young people doing at Christmas ? Christmas Day is observed on the 25th of December. It is the most colourful and merry holiday. Christmas is a time for rejoicing, for parties, dances and celebrations. It is also a time for thinking of other people, for giving presents - and doing holiday jobs. At Christmas, London, like all big cities, has a special atmosphere. There are coloured lights and decorations in Regent Street and Oxford Street. There is a big Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square, sent by the people of Norway to the people of Britain. There are Christmas trees, too, in all the big shops and railway stations. There is carol-singing in the streets and people wish each other "Happy Christmas!" Most big offices in Britain have a dance or a party at Christmas; so do the schools, colleges and universities. Christmas is an exciting time, but it can also be a very expensive time. You need money to buy Christmas presents for your family and friends; you need money to buy clothes for Christmas parties; you need money, perhaps, to give to OXFAM and other charities. A lot of young people in London, therefore, have a Christmas holiday job. One of the most popular jobs is working for the Post Office: you can sort parcels and letters or you can deliver them. Other young people have Christmas holiday jobs in shops, cafes and restaurants. Christmas is the busiest time of the year for the shops, and shopkeepers need extra assistants. Carol-singing at Christmas is a very old custom. All over the country, groups of people (young and old) sing in the streets and outside people's houses. Trafalgar Square is the centre for carol-singing in London. Every night, during the week before Christmas, it is full of people. Everybody joins in the singing. Sometimes a band accompanies the singers, sometimes an accordion and sometimes a guitar. Note: "OXFAM" is a charity which collects money for the hungry all over the world. It has its headquarters at Oxford; OX = Oxford; FAM = Famine: OXFAM. From "Club" (Adapted) Read the text ‘What are young people doing at Christmas’ without a dictionary. Tell how people celebrate Christmas. C  O N V E R S A T I O N My Day-off. Hobby Vocabulary a day-off выходной день to have a rest отдыхать to go to the country for the week-end ездить за город на выходные to have a good time хорошо провести время to enjoy the fresh air наслаждаться свежим воздухом to walk in the forest гулять в лесу to feel rested чувствовать себя отдохнувшим to return to town by late train возвращаться в город поздним поездом hobby, n любимое занятие stamp collecting собирание марок view card открытка с видом match-box top спичечные этикетки badge, n значок shell, n ракушка, раковина coin, n монета common, adj обычный, распространенный take photos фотографировать palace, n дворец castle, n замок church, n церковь broaden one's outlook расширить кругозор folk music народная музыка Leisure activities and skills fishing рыбная ловля cooking приготовление еды swimming плавание painting рисование pottery гончарное дело, керамика photography фотография riding езда yoga йога mountain climbing альпинизм water-skiing катание на водных лыжах dress-making шитье одежды jogging бег трусцой watching TV or videos просмотр телепередач или видеокассет knitting вязание sewing шитье cycling езда на велосипеде roller skating катание на роликовых коньках Read the text ‘The Weekend’. Answer the questions after it. The Weekend Most people in Britain work five days a week from Monday to Friday. Schools, colleges and universities are closed on Saturday and Sunday. Weekend starts on Friday evening when people leave work and wish each other a nice weekend. Those who work away from home may go home. Some people go away for the weekend. They stay in a hotel or boarding house in the country or at the sea. People who stay at home at the weekend try to relax, enjoy themselves. On Friday night people like to go to a bar for the happy hour, or the theatre. Nowadays it is not "in" to go to all-night parties, they get up early on Saturday morning. Saturday morning is the time for cleaning the house, washing the car, doing the laundry. Women usually do housework, sewing and gardening. Saturday morning is a busy time for shopping. On weekdays shops close between 5.30 and 6 p.m. (They're closed on Sundays.) The shops in the centre of big cities usually close at one in the afternoon. At about one o'clock people go out for lunch. After lunch they go for a walk or do some sports. On Saturday afternoon sporting events take place - football, horse-racing, rugby, cricket and other sports. People either go and watch or sit and watch the sports programmes on television. Saturday evening is the favourite time for going out: parties, dances or theatre, maybe pictures. Some people like to go to watch a band. Church bells are a typical feature of an English Sunday morning. On Sunday morning most people stay in bed till 9 o'clock. Then they have a cup of tea or coffee. They look through the newspapers. Reading Sunday papers is one of numerous traditions in Britain. There are quite a number of papers which are published weekly on Sundays. After breakfast most people go for a walk or to the local pub. Usually men go to the pubs alone and their wives and children prepare for brunch. At one or 1.30 people have brunch. It is a good time for all the family, when grandparents, parents and children go out to some restaurant and spend an hour or two over brunch. Brunch is a huge meal. They have all sorts of salads, vegetables, chicken, cold meat, pies, fruit, coffee, pudding. Sunday evenings are rather quiet. Most people prefer to stay at home and watch television or just get ready for Monday. So they usually have an early night. 1. How long is a week in Britain? 2. When does the weekend start in Britain? 3. When do the shops close on Saturday in Britain? 4. What do people usually do on Saturday afternoon? 5. What is the favourite time for going out? 6. What does brunch mean? 7. What do people usually have for brunch? Match the two halves. 1. People work ... a) the weekend. 2. Weekend starts on ... b) because they get up early on Saturday. 3. Some people go away for ... c) cleaning the house and doing shopping. 4. Those who stay at home try to … d) at 9 o'clock. 5. People don't go to all-night parties ... e) an English Sunday morning. 6. Saturday morning is the time for ... f) days a week. 7. Saturday evenings is the time for ... g) a huge meal. 8. On Sundays people get up ... h) going out. 9. Church bells are a typical feature of... i) Friday evening. 10. Brunch is ... j) relax and enjoy themselves. 11. On Sundays people have ... k) an early night. Decide if the following is true (T) or false (F). 1. People work 6 days a week. 2. Weekend starts on Saturday. 3. Women do housework on Sunday. 4. On weekdays shops close at 2 o'clock. 5. Saturday morning is a busy time for shopping. 6. On Sunday afternoon sporting events take place. 7. Saturday evening is the favourite time for going out. 8. On Sunday morning people stay in bed till 9 o'clock. 9. People have brunch at 5 p.m. 10. Brunch is a snack between meals. 11. People have tea or coffee for brunch. 12. On Sunday evenings people watch television. Arrange the sentences in the proper order. Consult the text. 1. On Sunday people get up at 9 o'clock. 2. At 1 p.m. people go out for lunch. 3. Most men go to the pubs alone. 4. Weekend starts on Friday night. 5. On Friday people like to go to a bar. 6. After lunch they do some sports. 7. On Saturday afternoon people either go and watch or sit and watch the sports programmes. 8. On Saturday people usually do housework. 9. On weekdays shops close at 5.30 or 6 p.m. 10. After breakfast most people go to the local pub. 11. Sunday evenings are usually quiet. 12. On Sunday people have brunch in a restaurant. 13. They have an early night. 14. All the family spend an hour or two over brunch. 15. People get ready for Monday. 16. Over a cup of tea or coffee people read Sunday papers. Tell how people in Britain spend their weekends. Speak about your day-off. The questions below will help you. 1. When do you have your day-off, on Saturday or on Sunday? 2. Do you have a good rest? 3. When do you get up? 4. Do you go to the country for the weekend? 5. Do you always have a good time in the country? 6. What do you do in the country? 7. What do you do if you stay at home? 8. Do you feel rested after the day-off? Read the text ‘Hobbies’. Hobbies A hobby is a favourite occupation of a person in his free time. There are more than 1000 personal interests and ways to spend one's free time. The most popular hobbies are stamp-collecting, collecting view cards, match-box tops, badges, stones, flowers, shells, coins and books. Gardening and cultivation of flowers, especially roses, is the most common hobby of all among Englishmen. Some people are interested in photography. They like taking off old buildings: palaces, castles, churches and old houses of historical interest. And some of people like to take photos of friends when they don't know they are being photographed. Others are interested in video films and they record family events there. Playing a musical instrument, watching TV, swimming, fishing and watching birds are also popular leisure activity in Britain. A useful hobby is collecting tape recordings. You may have recordings of operas, light music, folk music and concerts. It's impossible to describe all these 1000 hobbies known in the world. The main thing is that they increase your knowledge in some particular field and broaden your outlook. Find in the text ‘Hobbies’ the English equivalents for the following Russian sentences. 1. Наиболее популярные виды любимых занятий - коллекционирование марок, открыток, этикеток со спичечных коробков, значков, камешков, цветов, ракушек, монет и книг. 2. Одним из полезных хобби является коллекционирование аудиозаписей. 3. Некоторые увлекаются фотографированием. 4. Некоторым нравятся видеофильмы, и они запечатлевают на видеокассетах интересные случаи семейной жизни. 5. Можно собирать записи опер, легкой музыки, народных песен и концертов. Answer the questions: 1. What is your hobby? Say a few words about it. 2. When did you first become interested in it? 3. Have you got any interesting collections at home? 4. What collections have you (your parents, your friends, your sisters and brothers) got? 5. What kinds of hobbies do you know? 6. What is the most popular hobby in our country? 7. What is the most popular hobby among Englishmen? 8. Do you belong to any hobby group (club)? 9. What is your favourite pastime? 10. Do you take much interest in sports? 11. Do you happen to take interest in making things? 12. Do you often take photos? Many English verbs and some nouns and adjectives are used with certain prepositions. Sometimes the verbs and prepositions have special idiomatic meanings, e.g. "John tried to get out of doing his homework." (avoid); and at other times they keep their usual meanings. Remember that the gerund form of a verb must be used after a preposition. Read the story carefully and look for examples of verbs, adjectives and nouns used with prepositions. Peter’s hobby Peter is fond of listening to the short-wave bands on his radio. He likes to search for interesting foreign radio stations. When he discovers a new station he writes down the details in a notebook and marks the place on a large map of the world. Peter's cousin, Alan, is also keen on finding foreign radio stations. In fact, Alan and Peter are having a competition to see who can find the largest number of different stations. Peter's mother occasionally complains about the noise he makes, and the other day his father turned off his radio because he was tired of the peculiar sounds that came from it. However, Peter's hobby helped save someone's life last week. He was looking for new stations between the 19 and 16 metre bands when he came across a very faint signal in Morse Code, "SOS... SOS... SOS... Mary Jane... Position latitude 40°N, longitude 14°W. ... Sinking fast... SOS..." A yacht, the Mary Jane, was in trouble in the Atlantic. Peter wrote down the details, then rang up the police and gave them the information. The police told the Navy and the Air Force about the message, and they were able to save the man. Apparently his boat had been damaged by a large piece of wood. The man decided to reward Peter for helping to save his life. Several days later he received a new radio, larger and more powerful than his old one. Put the correct preposition in the spaces. Don't look at the story until you have finished, then check to see if they are correct. 1. Peter is fond ... listening to the short-wave bands. 2. He likes to search ... interesting foreign radio stations. 3. He writes ... the details in a notebook. 4. Alan is keen ... finding foreign radio stations. 5. Peter's mother often complains ... the noise. 6. His father turned ... the radio. 7. He was tired ... hearing the peculiar sounds that came ... the radio. 8. Peter was looking ... new stations. 9. He came ... a very faint signal. 10. A yacht was ... trouble. 11. Peter rang ... the police. 12. The police told the Navy and Air Force ... the message. 13. His boat had been damaged ... a large piece of wood. 14. The man rewarded Peter ... helping to save his life. Complete these sentences by putting in the correct prepositions. The other day Mary came 1) ... an interesting old book in a second-hand bookshop. As she didn't have enough money, she wrote 2) ... the title and author so she would remember them. She is fond 3) ... old books but her husband, Bill, is tired 4) ... them. Every time she buys a new one he complains 5) ... it. Bill is keen 6) ... collecting antique furniture, however, and he loves searching 7) ... unusual pieces in London's antique markets. A friend rang him 8) ... last night to tell him 9) ... an interesting chair he bad seen. The chair came 10)... Japan originally. Bill has been looking 11) ... such a chair for a long time, but has not been successful. Bill told his friend he would take him to lunch to reward him 12) ... this information. Then he realised he couldn't buy the chair as he was already 13) ... trouble with his bank for writing too many cheques. Answers: 1. across; 2. down; 3. of; 4. of; 5. about; 6. on; 7. for; 8. up; 9. about; 10. from; 11. for; 12. for; 13. in. Now choose the best answer to each question. They are all about the story. The first five are to check that you understand it; the rest concern the vocabulary. 1. Peter listens to the short-wave bands on his radio ... a) to save people's lives; b) as a hobby; c) to earn money; d) because he is interesting. 2. Alan listens to the short-wave bands because ... a) he wants to annoy Peter; b) Peter has a large map of the world; c) he has a foreign radio; d) he likes looking for foreign radio stations. 3. Peter's hobby ... annoys his parents. a) sometimes; b) never; c) rarely; d) always. 4. When Peter heard the message from the yacht he ... a) looked at his map; b) sent a signal to the police; c) wrote a message to the man on the yacht; d) made a note of the important information. 5. The police told both the Navy and the Air Force because ... a) the Army was busy; b) they work together when there are accidents at sea; c) the police didn't know what to do; d) the Air Force has more boats, than the police. 6. While Peter is looking for new stations his radio sometimes makes peculiar noises. a) strange; b) pleasant; c) horrible; d) loud. 7. Peter's father turned off the radio because he was ... the noise. a) annoyed by; b) happy about; c) furious about; d) used to. 8. While Peter was playing with his radio last week he … a very urgent signal. a) saw; b) noticed; c) found; d) turned off. 9. He heard a faint signal in Morse code. a) Peter couldn't understand Morse code; b) Morse code is difficult to understand; c) The signal was difficult to hear; d) Peter could hear the signal easily. 10. The man rewarded Peter for helping to save his life. a) He sold Peter a new radio; b) He bought a yacht from Peter; c) He gave radios to Peter's parents; d) He gave Peter a present. Answers: 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. d; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. c; 9. c; 10. d. Speak about Peter's hobby. Speak about your favourite pastime. Make sure you can translate the following text both ways: from English into Russian and vice versa.
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