Учебное пособие Кривцова, Кочетова. Учебное пособие для обучающихся по техническим и экономическим направлениям подготовки бакалавров
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3. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text. MOSCOW In the early 19th century the prominent Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin said: "If you want to know Russia - go to Moscow." In the 21st century we have lots of reasons to repeat these words. It is the city where every stone breathes with history. Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal, Jury Dolgoruky. Its wise founder built it in the middle of a densely populated country. The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in 1712, after the founding of Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great near the Baltic coast in 1703. Moscow, like ancient Rome, stands on seven hills. The principle is the Borovitsky, the hill on which the Kremlin stands. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. The city is well known for its unique architecture which consists of many different historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world. Moscow is also the seat of power of the Government of Russia, a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence of the Russian president. The Moscow Kremlin and the Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in the city. Moscow's early architecture was simple but expressive. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Muscovites burned the city and evacuated, as Napoleon’s forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon’s army, plagued by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers, twenty-five battalions and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. That November, the German Army Group Center was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with most of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be under siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and supervised antitank defenses, while the city was subjected to air bombing. Joseph Stalin refused to leave Moscow, meaning that the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well. Estimates of casualties for the Battle of Moscow range from 248,000 to 400,000 for the Germans and from 650,000 to 1,280,000 for the Soviet Union. In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. The capital is the cultural centre. One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. The State Historical Museum of Russia is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. Moscow is the undisputed financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as natural gas giant Gazprom. Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all federal subjects of Russia. Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries. However, some industry is now being transferred out of Moscow to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, the city of Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centres.
Реферирование статьи на английском языке - это не просто краткое содержание, пересказ, а анализ. Вам необходимо выделить главную идею, описать главных героев или события, факты. Для всего этого есть вводные структуры, которые необходимо знать. Plan for rendering the article. 1. Название статьи, автор, стиль. The article I’m going to give a review of is taken from… — Статья, которую я сейчас хочу проанализировать из… The headline of the article is — Заголовок статьи… The author of the article is… — Автор статьи… It is written by — Она написана … The article under discussion is … — Статья, которую мне сейчас хочется обсудить, …. The headline foreshadows… — Заголовок приоткрывает 2. Тема. Логические части. The topic of the article is… — Тема статьи The article under discussion is devoted to the problem… - Статью, которую мы обсуждаем, посвящена проблеме… The author in the article touches upon the problem of… — В статье автор затрагивает проблему…. I’d like to comment on the problem of… — Я бы хотел прокомментировать проблему… The article under discussion may be divided into several logically connected parts which are… — Статья может быть разделена на несколько логически взаимосвязанных частей, таких как… 3. Краткое содержание. The author starts by telling the reader that - Автор начинает, рассказывая читателю, что At the beginning of the story the author - В начале истории автор describes — описывает touches upon - затрагивает explains - объясняет introduces - знакомит mentions - упоминает Further the author reports – далее автор говорит о According to the text – в соответствии с текстом The author outlines… - Автор описывает In conclusion the author – в заключении автор points out - указывает на то generalizes - обобщает reveals - показывает accuses/blames -обвиняет gives a summary of -дает обзор 4. Вывод автора. In conclusion the author says / makes it clear that…/ gives a warning that… - В заключение автор говорит / проясняет, что … / дает предупреждение, что At the end of the story the author sums it all up by saying … - В конце рассказа автор подводит итог всего этого, говоря … 5. Ваш вывод. On the one hand…, but on the other hand… - С одной стороны …, но с другой стороны … Back to our main topic… - Вернемся к нашей основной теме To come back to what I was saying… - Чтобы вернуться к тому, что я говорил In conclusion I’d like to… - В заключение я хотел бы … From my point of view… - С моей точки зрения … My own attitude to this article is… — Мое личное отношение к I fully agree with / I don’t agree with - Я полностью согласен с/ Я не согласен с I have found the article dull / important / interesting /of great value - Я нахожу статью скучной / важной/ интересной/ имеющую большое значение (ценность)\ 4. Render the following article using the plan. «Eco-living comes to Moscow» by Yulia Ponomareva at 02/02/2015 20:42 Asya, Kornei and their three young daughters Alisa, Polina and Marta live an unusual existence. Their home – a futuristic wooden and glass construction outside Moscow – is a giant science experiment and they human guinea pigs. For six months they are testing out a prototype for a nearly 100-percent energy efficient house, a phenomenon of engineering in a country where environmental awareness is a little-known concept. Equipped with a geothermal heat pump, a solar panel and 24 solar thermal collectors, the two-storey “Active House,” as its Danish designers have dubbed it, was built using only materials available in Russia. The experiment seeks to prove that the construction of such houses is possible in the country. “What impressed us about this place was that it’s extremely spacious and there’s a lot of light here,” Asya says. The house has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen, a storeroom, a hall, and a large living room with big glass doors leading outdoors on each side. In addition to the solar equipment and pump, the house is also equipped with an intuitive control system, which automatically regulates temperatures, CO2 levels, ventilation and light. “If it’s too bright in the room, the system shuts the blinds when someone enters it,” Asya says. “But you can always adjust the temperature and light yourself with the remote control.” Modern design predominates inside with such features as a glass floor Grigory Latyshev, the project’s chief engineer, explains that the geothermal pump consumes eight times less power than ordinary boilers or gas pumps while generating the same amount of heat. “It works like a freezer turned inside out, accumulating the heat from the earth in winter and exuding excessive heat in summer,” Latyshev says. “All it needs is electricity and given that most houses are heated by gas, this solution is especially relevant for areas where there is no gas supply.” Although the energy efficiency of the Active House is fairly dependent on how much sunlight there is, Latyshev says the power produced by the solar and geothermal equipment is usually enough to meet the family’s demand for hot water and heating. But the house, being still a work in progress, is by no means perfect. Since they moved here in December, the family has already identified some design faults. “At first I didn’t think too much about the safety of the place, but then I noticed that the kids were trying to climb on the shelf stands and hollow spaces in the walls and could fall,” Asya says. Poor water problem in the area is also a problem: “The water is very rusty here, and we sometimes have to take the kids to our parents’ to wash them there,” Asya says. Another issue is the house’s distance from central Moscow. It takes Kornei around an hour to drive to work in the Sokol district every morning, and Asya around two hours. At weekends the family travels into town to see friends or entertains at home. “It can’t be mass-produced – it’s a futurist model that allows us to develop advanced solutions,” Makarov says (the manager of the project). His company recently announced a new architectural contest, Active House 2020, to develop an energy efficient and eco-friendly house of 150 to 180 square meters for under 50,000 rubles ($1,700) a square meter.
Indefinite/Simple
5. Complete the sentences with the present simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. Lena ………….her bedroom at the weekend. (tidy) 2. I ……. a sandwich for lunch on Saturdays. (make) 3. Adam ……. on Sunday afternoons. (go jogging) 4. ….. you often ……. surf the Internet on weekday evenings? – No, I …….. . 5. I rarely ……. early on Sunday mornings. (get up) 6. When …… Janet ……… shopping? (do) 7. Mum …….. ………… breakfast on Sundays.(cook) 8. Mum and Dad ……. relatives at the weekend (visit) 6. Put the adverbs in the correct place. 1. – What do you do on Saturday mornings? (usually) - Nothing much. I sleep until noon. (almost always) 2. – Do you go bicycling? (ever) - Yeah, I go bicycling on Saturdays. (often) 3. – How often do you play sports? (usually) - Well, I play tennis. (twice a week) 4. – What do you do after class? (usually) - I go out with my classmates. (about three times a week) 5. – How often do you exercise? (usually) - I exercise. (seldom) 7. Complete the sentences with the past simple of the verbs in brackets 1. I …….. Jack and his brother the day before yesterday. (see) 2. ……. your mum and dad …….. fifteen years ago? (meet) 3. We ……. to the south of Spain in July. (go) 4. How well ……. you ……… your holiday last summer?(spend) 5. The weather ……… on the second day we were there. (change) 6. ……. you ……… London last year?(visit) 7. The travel agent …….. us a full refund. (offer) 8. When …….. your son ………. his school? (finish) 8. Choose the correct alternative. 1. I saw Melanie and her sister the day ago/before yesterday. 2. Did you graduate from the university at/in 1990? 3. They had a great holiday last/next year. 4. We went to Australia in/on September. 5. The taxi picked me up an hour ago/last. 6. Helen’s boyfriend dropped her off at the station at/in ten o’clock. 7. Where did you go before/last summer? 8. Just think – four hours ago/then we were in Spain! 9. Complete the sentences with the future simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. I think I …….. to see the manager about my position. (ask) 2. The union leader ……….. us decide what to do. (help) 3. ……….. you……….. some time off at Christmas? (have) 4. Don`t worry! I ……….. you where everything is. (show) 5. I ………… any more favours for the boss! (not do) 6. What ………. you……. with your wages this week? (buy) 7. He …….. advice from anyone about how to do the job! (not take) 8. The manager ……….. for you to take a taxi home. (pay) |