Учебное пособие Кривцова, Кочетова. Учебное пособие для обучающихся по техническим и экономическим направлениям подготовки бакалавров
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TRANSLATING7. Translate the text “The Second Front” into Russian. The Second FrontIn November, 1943, Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt met together in Teheran, Iran, to discuss military strategy and post-war Europe. Ever since the Soviet Union had entered the war, Stalin had been demanding that the Allies open-up a second front in Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt argued that any attempt to land troops in Western Europe would result in heavy casualties. Stalin believed that there were political, as well as military reasons for the Allies' failure to open up a second front in Europe. Stalin was still highly suspicious of Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt and was worried about them signing a peace agreement with Adolf Hitler. Stalin was fully aware that if Britain and the USA withdrew from the war, the Red Army would have great difficulty in dealing with Germany on its own. At Teheran, Joseph Stalin reminded Churchill and Roosevelt of a previous promise of landing troops in Western Europe in 1942. Later they postponed it to the spring of 1943. Stalin complained that it was now November and there was still no sign of an allied invasion of France. After lengthy discussions it was agreed that the Allies would mount a major offensive in the spring of 1944. From the memoirs published by those who took part in the negotiations in Teheran, it would appear that Stalin dominated the conference. Alan Brook, chief of the British General Staff, said that Stalin had a military brain of the very highest calibre. Never once in any of his statements he made any strategic error. In this respect he stood out compared with Roosevelt and Churchill. The landings in June, 1944, created a second-front and took the pressure off the Red Army and from that date they made steady progress into territory held by Germany.
Perfect Continuous/Progressive
8. Continue the situations using Present Perfect Continuous. Ex. Kate is out of breath. (she/do exercises) – She has been doing exercises. 1. John has a cut lip and Steve has a black eye. (Boys/fight) 2. Peter is really tired. (He/work/hard) 3. Billy is thirsty. (He/play football) 4. Mary has just returned from the beach. She is really red. (She/lie/without umbrella in the sun) 5. Frank is very happy. (He/play/favorite computer game) 9. Ask questions using Present Perfect Continuous. Ex. Your brother’s hands are covered in dust. (You/clean/the garage?) Have you been cleaning the garage? 1. You see a little girl. Her eyes are watery and red. (You/cry?) 2. Your boyfriend enters the room. His face and face are dirty. (You/work/on your car?) 3. You and your friend have just arrived to meet the friend of you who is waiting. (You/wait/long?) 10. Complete the sentences using Present Perfect Continuous. Ex. It’s snowing now. It began to snow three hours ago. It has been snowing for three hours. 1. Martha is playing. She began to play four hours ago. She … for four hours. 2. Kevin is learning French. He started learning French in November. He … since November. 3. Peter is looking for new job. He started looking three months ago. Peter … for three months. 4. Christen is working in Tokyo. She started working in Tokyo on 29 March. Christen … since 29 March. 5. Michael smokes. He began to smoke six years ago. Michael … for six years. 11. Ask questions beginning with “how long”. Ex. It is snowing. How long has it been snowing? 1. My eyes are hurting. 2. Chris plays football. 3. Peter sells used cars. 4. Jane is living Wisteria Lane. 5. Amanda is working in Paris. 6. Frank smokes. 7. Rebecca is learning Spanish. 12. Translate these sentences into Russian. 1. He had been sitting here for 40 minutes when the telephone rang. 2. I had been trying to get him on the phone all day. 3. At eight in the morning we had been driving for six hours. 4. Tom had been doing his homework for an hour when his friend came to see him. 5. He had been waiting for her for long time before she came. 6. We had been walking in the rain for many hours when we saw a house. 7. She had been sitting there for half an hour before it started raining. 8. He had been looking for his glasses for an hour before he realized he had them in his pocket. 13. Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive). 1. We (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up. 2. They (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. 3. We (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. 4. I (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. 5. How long (learn / she) English before she went to London? 6. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he (sing) in the rain too long. 7. He (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of petrol. 8. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day. 9. I (not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. 10. They (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening. 14. Make the past perfect continuous negative. 1. I (not / work) there long when she quit. 2. She (not / work) but she was tired anyway. 3. It(not / rain) long when I got home. 4. He was in trouble with the teacher because he .(not / go) to classes. 5. We (not / live) in London for three years when we got married! It was more like five years. 6. Although it was hot in the kitchen, Julie (not / cook). 7. I (not / sleep) long when there was a knock at the door. 8. He didn’t feel healthy, because he (not / go) to the gym. 9. I caught a cold because I (not / eat) properly. 15. Make the past perfect continuous questions. 1. When you got sick, (you / eat) enough? 2. There was water everywhere, (what / the children / do)? 3. (it / rain) when you left the restaurant? 4. (how long / she / live) in London when she found that job? 5. (why / you / study) so hard? 6. Why was the house so messy? (what/ she / do)? 7. (how long / we / wait) when the bus finally arrived? 8. (how long / he / play) football when he was injured? 9. (I / work) that day? 10. (she / see) him for long when they moved to Paris? 16. Change the verb into the correct form (Future Perfect Progressive). 1. By midnight, you (dance) for 4 hours. 2. By dinner, she (cook) the whole afternoon. 3. He (work) there for 10 years by 2015. 4. By next year, I (study) English for 7 years. 5. By next week, we (renovate) for over a month. 6. In 2012, they (live) here for 4 years. 7. Before December, Barbara (teach) for a year. 8. By this time tomorrow, I (do) this exercise for a long time. 9. Jessica (help) them for 12 months. 10. Bob and Sarah (cook) for 2 hours at 8 o'clock. 11. Tomorrow at 9 o'clock I (sleep) for 10 hours. 12. On Thursday, I (fix) the car for a whole month! 13. In 10 minutes, James (wait) for 2 hours. 14. They (stand) for a whole day. 15. By this time next week, we (vacation) for a month. UNIT 7 WASHINGTON D. C.
1. Answer the following questions: Why 2 letters (D.C.) are added to the name of the capital? Look at the seal. Is it a large or a small capital? Who is Washington?
2. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text “Washington”. 1. Select – выбирать 2. cornerstone – первый камень 3. preliminary – предварительный 4. rectangular – прямоугольный 5. to radiate - расходиться лучами; исходить из одной точки 6. embassy – посольство 7. headquarters – головной офис 8. the Supreme Court - Верховный суд 9. self-governance – самоуправление 10. incorporate – включать в себя 11. declare – заявлять, признавать 12. ratification - ратификация, утверждение 13. adjacent - расположенный рядом, смежный 14. amend – исправлять, вносить поправки 15. quadrant - квадрант, четверть круга
3. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text. Washington Washington, the capital of the USA, is situated on the Potomac River in the district of Columbia. The District is named in honor of Columbus, the discoverer of America. The capital owes a great deal to the nation's first president George Washington. It was he, who selected the site for the District and laid the cornerstone of the Capitol building, where Congress meets. The location of the city on the Potomac river was the result of a political compromise between the wishes of the northern and the southern states. Washington was founded in 1791. The city was built to a preliminary plan. A rectangular network of streets combines with wide avenues which radiate from two main centers. One of them is the Capitol and the other is the White House. Washington is not the largest city in the country, for it cannot be compared in size with the cities like New York, Chicago, Detroit and Los-Angeles. But in the political sense it is the center of the republic. It is the home of government. The US Presidents lives and works here, the Congress and the Supreme Court are all in Washington D.C. The First Article of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are located in Washington just as many of the nation's monuments and museums. Washington, D.C. hosts 174 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The headquarters of other institutions such as trade unions, lobbying groups, and professional associations are also located in Washington. The United States Congress has supreme authority over Washington, D.C.; residents of the city therefore have less self-governance than residents of the states. D.C. residents could not vote in presidential elections until the ratification of the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1961. Washington, D.C., is a planned city. The design for the City of Washington was largely the work of Pierre (Peter) Charles L’Enfant, a French-born architect, engineer, and city planner who first arrived in the colonies as a military engineer with Major General Lafayette during the American Revolutionary War. In 1791, President Washington commissioned L'Enfant to plan the layout of the new capital city. L'Enfant's plan was modeled in the Baroque style, which incorporated broad avenues radiating out from rectangles and circles, providing for open space and landscaping. After the construction of the twelve-story Cairo Apartment Building in 1899, Congress passed the Heights of Buildings Act, which declared that no building could be taller than the Capitol. The Act was amended in 1910 to restrict building height to the width of the adjacent street plus 20 feet (6.1 m). As a result, the Washington Monument remains the District's tallest structure. Washington is divided into four quadrants of unequal area: Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), and Southwest (SW). The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building. All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location. In most of the city, the streets are set out in a grid pattern with east–west streets named with letters (e.g., C Street SW) and north–south streets with numbers (e.g., 4th Street NW). The avenues radiating from the traffic circles are primarily named after states. Some Washington streets are particularly noteworthy, such as Pennsylvania Avenue, which connects the White House with the U.S. Capitol, and K Street, which houses the offices of many lobbying groups. The architecture of Washington varies greatly. Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects' 2007 ranking of "America's Favorite Architecture" are located in the District of Columbia, including the White House; the Washington National Cathedral; the Thomas Jefferson Memorial; the United States Capitol; the Lincoln Memorial; and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The neoclassical, Georgian, gothic, and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington. Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Old Executive Office Building and Library of Congress.
4. Answer the questions: 1. When was the federal capital founded? 2. What is a population of the city proper and its suburbs? 4. What is the location of the city? 5. What is the peculiarity of the city planning? 6. What are the most famous tourists’ attractions within the city? 7. What kind of organizations does Washington D.C. host? 8. What is the peculiarity about D.C. residents? 9. Who was the architect of Washington D.C.? 10. How many parts is the city divided into? 11. What is the law concerning the height of the buildings? 12. Enumerate the most popular buildings of Washington D.C. 5. Make up the plan of the text and retell it according to the plan (not less then 100 words).
6. Translate the text “Victory Parade 1945” into Russian. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
