английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
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III. Post-reading activities.
5. a) Read and learn the poem by heart. By Cal Begun ODE TO PHARMACISTS People in pain can be cross as a rule. However, the Pharmacist helps them keep their cool. Always your friend, he often gives free advice. Remember his service when you consider the price. Many years he has trained before he could start And more importantly, he's got a great big heart. Certainly his is the most trusted profession, It's your health that is his obsession. So the next time you see him, give him a smile, Treat him nicely, you'll get it back by a mile. Surely, he'll keep you healthy, at least for a while! b) Answer the questions. 1. Have you ever dreamed to be a pharmacist? Why? 2. What is the first thing that pops into your head when someone asks you to picture a pharmacist?
c) Team work. 1. Make a list of 3 main things a pharmacist should do. 2. Make a list of 3 things you will change for the better in the duties of a pharmacist. 3. Compare your lists and discuss them. IV. Speaking. Discuss the following questions.
23. Phytopharmacy. Фітофармація. І. Lead-in 1. Read the words, match them to the prefixes from the list below, translate them:
Reactive, endodermal, inborn, readjust, endovascular, realign, invagination, reanimate, endovenous, rebuilt, recapitulate, inward, recover, invertible, recreate, invisible, reconsider, redaction, regroup. 2. Learn the following words: reason - причина, мета; constituent - складова частина; intermediate – середній; to embrace - обіймати, охоплювати; substance – речовина; cellular – клітинний; pure - чистий; to arise - виникати, з'являтися; condition - умова, стан; inherent - властивий, притаманний. 3. Guess the meaning of the following word combinations. External factors, ecological and environmental conditions, active compounds, pharmacological properties, biological function, primary plant products, essential principles, pharmacological action. 4. Match the meaning of the word combinations with their translation.
5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
II. Reading Phytopharmacy Phytopharmacy is the study of the plants that are used as drugs and the drugs that are isolated from plants. Medicinal plants are important for many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, activeconstituents and intermediates for semi-synthetic drugs. Nature produces an astonishing variety of complex phytoconstituents which embrace all fields of pharmacological action.  Plants are constantly metabolising, both breaking down preformed molecules and building new ones at the same time. Besides their own essential principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants produce other principles, which apparently do not have any definite biological function. These are the so-called secondary products. Their biological function is often discussed but the fact is that many of them have a special importance outside the plant because of their pharmacological action. Plants that give drugs have both active and inactive substances. The inactive substances include cellular structures and pharmacological inactive compounds. A plant seldom has only one active principle. Often it produces a series of structurally related compounds having similar pharmacological properties. In this case it is possible to use either the total principles or the isolated and chemically pure compounds. This situation may be complicated when there are synergistic or antagonistic principles or substances with other pharmacological effects in the plant at the same time. Also the inactive compounds may interfere with the action of the active ones or they may be their precursors. The inactive principles may alter the activity of the drug by physical means, for example, they may act as co-solvents of the active compounds or delay their absorption or diffusion in the organism. Drugs in general arise from a heterogeneous population of individual plants living under a variety of conditions. Therefore, it is not surprising that their quality is affected by their variability, which is due to two main causes: intrinsic (endogenous) factors inherent to the genetic constitution and independent of external conditions; and extrinsic (exogenous) factors dependent on the ecological and environmental conditions in which the plant grows. Sometimes intrinsic factors are latent in the plant and only appear as a response to the appropriate external factors. III. Language development 1. Complete the sentences using the words from the list. latent, similar, the active compounds, compounds, phytoconstituents, constantly, outside, biological
2. Fill in prepositions where necessary.
3. Complete the sentences using words and phrases from the text.
4. Correct mistakes in the following statements.
5.Answer the following questions:
IV. Speaking 1. Work with a partner. Here are his answers. Ask him questions. Then, switch the roles. —? — Plants are constantly metabolising, both breaking down preformed molecules and building new ones at the same time. —? — Besides their own essential principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants produce other principles, which apparently do not have any definite biological function. —? — The biological function of secondary products is often discussed but the fact is that many of them have a special importance outside the plant because of their pharmacological action. —? — Plants that give drugs have both active and inactive substances. —? — The inactive substances include cellular structures and pharmacological inactive compounds. 2. In pairs, act out a dialogue. Then switch the roles. Student A: What is phytopharmacy? Student B: Phytopharmacy is the study of plants. A: Are drugs isolated from plants? B: Yes, they are. A: Why are medicinal plants important? B: They are important for many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, active constituents and intermediates for semi-synthetic drugs. A: What does the nature produce? B: The nature produces an astonishing variety of complex phytoconstituents which embrace all fields of pharmacological action. 3. Give as much information as you can about:
VII тема: Хімія. VII. тема: Хімія. 24. Chemistry. The subject and its study. Sections of chemistry. Хімія. Предмет і її вивчення. Розділи хімії. I. Active vocabulary property – властивість; alteration – зміна; identity – ідентичність; quantity – кількість; equilibrium – рівновага; reaction rate - теми реакції; solid - тверда речовина; fluorescencc – світіння; artificially – штучно; destruction – руйнування. II. Chemical compounds
III. Lead in. Work with the text.
2. Read and translate the text. CHEMISTRY Chemistry is the study of substances. Chemists investigate properties of the substances that make up the universe and how these substances behave under different conditions. They attempt to explain the behavior of a substance in terms of its structure and composition. Chemists also seek to understand chemical changes. These changes involve alterations in the chemical makeup of a substance. The com combination of iron with oxygen from the air forming rust is a chemical change. Substances may also go through physical changes without altering their chemical makeup. Water changes physically but not chemically when it freezes. Chemists have learned much about the chemical substances and processes that occur in the nature and have created many useful substances that do not occur naturally, so they have greatly improved people’s lives.  Chemistry studies many substances. Substances differ greatly in properties, structure, and composition. The methods chemists use and the questions they attempt to answer also differ greatly. The most basic chemical substances are the chemical elements. They are the building blocks of all other substances. Each chemical element is made up of only one kind of atom. There are 91 elements known to exist on the Earth. Additional 20 elements have been produced artificially. Electrical forces at the atomic level create chemical bonds that join two or more atoms together, forming molecules. Some molecules consist of atoms of a single element. When atoms of two or more different elements bond together, they form a chemical compound. Water is a compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Compounds are formed or broken down by means of chemical reactions. All chemical reactions involve formation or destruction of chemical bonds. Chemistry comprises the following sciences. Analytical chemistry determines the identity and quantity of each element or compound present in a substance. Qualitative analysis is concerned with identifying the kinds of elements or compounds in a sample. Quantitative analysis indicates the amounts of the elements present. The techniques of analytical chemistry include the use of the spectroscope, mass spectrograph, X-ray tube, ultraviolet fluorescence, and radioisotopes. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical composition of living matter and of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms. This field is particularly important in agriculture, biology, bacteriology, pharmacology, medicinc, and dentistry. Chemical engineering is a combination of chemistry and engineering that develops or improves industrial processes for making commercial amounts of desirable chemicals that have been produced only in small quantities or in the laboratory. Colloid chemistry is the study of the behavior of matter particles that are larger than ordinary molecules but smaller than objects that can be seen with the best optical microscope. Particles in this size range (10 to 2.000 A in diameter) have many unique properties. The tools used in this field include the ultracentrifuge, ultramicroscope, and electron microscope. Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that are produced by or produce an electric current. Also studied are the electrical conductivity of solutions and the phenomena that occur at electrodes application. Electrochemistry provides methods for chemical analysis and production of chemicals by electrical means. Inorganic chemistry is the study of all elements and compounds that do not contain carbon. These include metals, halogens, and alkalies. Nuclear chemistry is the study of radioactivity, atomic nucleus, and nuclear reactions, and the development of applications for radioactive isotopes in medicine and industry. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds. Carbon compounds account for about 96 percent (about six and one-half million) of all known compounds. Among the carbon compounds studied by organic chcmists arc plant and animal tissues, petroleum, carbohydrates, proteins, plastics, and rubber. Physical chemistry is the application of physical methods to the study of chemical problems. Included in this field are atomic and molecular structure; theory of reaction rates; mechanism of reactions; chemical equilibriums; energy changes in reactions; theories of solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and solutions; electrochemistry; radioactivity. IV. Language development. 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list. properties, alteration, occur, comprise, quantity, bond, join, particle, unique, reaction, solution, equilibrium 1. All the chemical elements differ by their physical and chemical 2. The ... of mercury with water may lead to very negative consequences. 3. Natural ... was destroyed because of government experiments with ecosystems. 4. This specimen is ..., I have never seen anything like this. 5. Two these elements have ionic ..., that is why they together form a very stable complex substance. 6. Be very careful when you work with ... of hydrochloric acid, you can burn yourself. 7. When different elements bind together, they undergo chemical ... . 8. The science of chemistry ... many different but nonetheless very important fields. 9. When a pharmacist is preparing a drug, he must think not only of ..., but of quality too. 10. As a result, many subsequent changes may ... . 2. Answer the following questions. 1. What is chemistry? 2. What do chemists study? 3. What are chemical changes? 4. What is the difference between chemical and physical changes? 5. How do chemical elements differ from each other? 6. How many elements arc there on the Earth: natural and artificially synthesized? 7. What is analytical chemistry? Why is it important to study quantitative and qualitative analysis? 8. What professions is biochemistry especially important for? 9. What tools are used in colloid chemistry? 10. What is the difference between organic, inorganic chemistry and biochemistry?
- _____________________________________________________? - Chemistry is the study of substances. - _____________________________________________________? - There are many fields of chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, organic and inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry. - ____________________________________________________? - Analytical chemistry determines the identity and quantity of each element or compound present in a substance. - ____________________________________________________? - Biochemistry is the study of the chemical composition of living matter and of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms. - _______________________________________________________? - Inorganic chemistry is the study of all elements and compounds that do not contain carbon. These include metals, halogens, and alkalies. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds. - ________________________________? - Nuclear chemistry is the study of radioactivity, atomic nucleus, and nuclear reactions, and the development of applications for radioactive isotopes in rncdicine and industry. - __________________________________________________________? - Physical chemistry is the application of physical methods to the study of chemical problems. 2. Give as much information as you can about:
25. Organic Chemistry. Органічна хімія. I. Active vocabulary. hydrocarbon – вуглеводень; tetravalent – чотиривалентний; leucine.. – лейцин; methionine – метіонін; albumin – альбумін; convert – перетворювати; inulin – інулін; carbohydrate – вуглевод; greasy – жирний; triglyceride – тригліцеридю; hydrolysis – гідроліз; phospholipid – фосфоліпід; lecithin – лецитин; glycogen – глікоген. II. Lead in. Work with the text. 1. Match the words with their definitions.
2. Translate into Ukrainian.
6. Hydrocarbons contain, only carbon and .hydrogen; organic compounds with.-other; functional; groups include carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, ethers, esters, and other more complex, molecules, including heterocyclic compounds, isoprenoids, and amino acids. III. Read and translate the text. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. There are many such compounds - over a half million different organic compounds have been described in the chemical literature. The simplest, organic compounds are the hydrocarbons. The carbon atom possesses the property of being able to form either chains or rings by joining up a number of similar carbon atoms together. The carbon atom is tetravalent (lour bonds) whereby other atoms can be joined to it. A feature of organic chemistry is that the number of other elements involved is small: hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are by far the most common. The three biggest classes of the organic compounds are proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins are made of many amino acids linked together. Amino acids are compounds having both the properties of amines and acids. There ate many naturally occurring amino acids. The substances are found either free as components of plant or animal tissues or as a product of protein hydrolysis. Several of them are essential in human nutrition. The amino acids essential for human equilibrium are: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylanine, iheonine, and valine. Histidine is required by infants. Proteins are among the .most important substances in plants and animals. Proteins occur as separate molecules or as reticular constituents of cells. Proteins are separated into groups based chiefly on physical properties (solubility, coagulation, precipitation). These groups are: albumins, globulins, prolamines, nucleo-proteins, phosphoropro-teins (casein in milk), albuminoids, chromoproteins (color of hemoglobin). The human body contains different proteins. The blood, hair fingernails, skin, tendon and muscle fibers consist mostly of protein. Plant and animal food contains proteins (meat, eggs, milk and cheese, cereals and nuts). Special enzymes convert proteins into simple amino acids so that the body can use them. Carbohydrates occur widely in nature. The most important carbohydrates are sugars, starches, and celluloses. The carbohydrates are classified according to the number of carbon, atoms in the molecule: monosaccharides-pentoses (xylose, ribose), hexoses (glucose, galactose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose and lactose) and polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen and inulin). A common simple sugar is glucose, a primary product of photosynthesis, present in every plant cell. Jt occurs in many fruits and is present in the blood of animals. Fructose, the so-called fruit sugar, is present in fruits. Fructose1 condenses to form inulin. Inulin is an important food reserve in some plants. Ordinary sugar (cane-sugar, beet-sugar) is sucrose. The molecules of it are found in plants (wheat, maize, barley, carrots, sugar beet), in most fruits and leaves of many plants. Important polysaccharides include, starch, glycogen and cellulose. Starch is the most common food reserve material in plants (in the seeds, tubers, and in the leaves, as a temporary product of photosynthesis). When a drop of potassium iodide solution is placed on a part of the plant, the granules of starch become blue. Starch is an important constituent of foods (potatoes, wheat and others). Glycogen (animal starch) is a, substance similar to starch occurring in the blood and internal organs, especially liver, of animals. It serves as a reservoir of carbohydrates. Whenever the .concentration of glucose in blood becomes low, glycogen is rapidly hydrolyzed into glucose. Lipids are any of a diverse class .of organic compounds, found, in all living things that are greasy and insoluble in water. One of the three large classes of substances hi foods and living ceils, lipids contain more than twice as much energy (calories) per unit of weight as the other two (proteins and carbohydrates). They include the fats and edible oils (e.g. butter, olive oil, corn oil), which are primarily triglycerides; phospholipids (e.g. lecithin), which are important in cell structure and metabolism; waxes of animal or plant origin; and sphingolipids, complex substances found in various tissues of the brain and nervous system. IV. Language development 1. Complete, the following sentences 1. Organic chemistry is the… . 2. The simplest, organic compounds .... . 3. The carbon atom possesses the property .... 4. The three biggest classes .of the organic compounds are ... . 5. Proteins are made of many ... . 6. The chief groups: of proteins are.... . 7. The most important carbohydrates ... . 8. The carbohydrates are classified .... 9. lucose, a primary product, of photosynthesis,.... . 10. Lipids are any of a diverse class of organic compounds ... . 2. Match each word from column A with its opposite from column B.
3. Fill in the words and word combinations from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases. organic, internal, linked, food, important, naturally, possesses, insoluble, primary, nervous 1._________________compounds 2._________________the property 3._________________together 4._________________occurring 5._________________reserve 6._________________product 7._________________constituent 8._________________in water 9._________________system 10._________________organs 4. Answer the following questions. 1. What is organic chemistry? 2. What compounds of carbon do you know? 3. What are the three biggest classes of organic compounds? 4. What are proteins? 5. What proteins do you know? 6. What are carbohydrates? 7. What carbohydrates do you know? 8. What are lipids? 9. What are the functions of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids? V. Grammar in use: 1. Determine the Perfect Passive in the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian. 1. This unusual laboratory has been opened by a very generous person. 2. The results of the test you are holding .in your hands have been prepared by our best students. 3. By the end of the week the obtained enzymes will have been transported to the Head Office in Austria. 4. When we came, the proteins had already been destroyed by the abnormally high temperature. 5. This solution has been infused for a very long time. 6. The active1 constituents of the drugs have been extracted for ten minutes. 7. All these books have been written by our dear colleagues,. 8. When we entered the room, the bottles: with dangerous solutions had: already been broken. 9. Various antibiotics have recently been obtained from molds. 10. Penicillin has had widest use in combating types of infection often resistant to other drugs. 2. Correct the mistakes. 1. Biochemists has also been able to manufacture biological materials such as hormones. 2. Another result of technological advances in chemistry, physics, and biology had been the breakdown of distinctions between these formerly separate disciplines, 3. An even more dramatic result of the growth in chemical knowledge was being the expansion of the modern pharmaceutical industy. 4. Techniques has been developed, often requiring catalysts and elaborate equipment. 5. This activity will has lead to new dyes and detergents. 6. The early plastics will relied on the large molecules in.cellulose, usually derived from wood pulp. 7. Early plastics, such as Parkesine, developed before 1862, and 'uloid has has little commercial success until the 20th century. 8. We shall had been titrating this solutions for half an hour when you come. VI. Speaking Work with a partner. Here are his answers. Ask him questions. - _________________________________________________________________? - Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. - _________________________________________________________________? - The three biggest classes, of the organic compounds .are proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. - ________________________ _________________________________________? - Proteins are made of many ami no acids linked together. Amino acids are compounds having both the properties of amines and acids. - _________________________________________________________________? - The amino acids essential for human, equlibrium are: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylanine, theonine, and valine. - ___________________________________________________________________? - Proteins are separated into groups based chiefly on physical properties (solubility, coagulation, precipitation). These groups are: albumins, globulins, prolamines, nucleo-proteins, phosphoroproteins (casein in milk), albuminoids, chfo.moproteios (color of hemoglobin). - ____________________________________________________________________? - The most important carbohydrates..are sugars, starches, and celluloses. - _____________________________________________________________________? - A common simple sugar is glucose, a primary, product of photosynthesis, present in ©very plant ceil. - ______________________________________________________________________? - Ordinary sugar, (cane-sugar, beet-sugar) is sucrose. The molecules of it are found in plants (wheat, maize, barley, carrots, sugar beet) in most fruits and leaves of many plants. - _______________________________________________________________________? - One of the three large classes of .substances in, foods and living cells, lipids contain more than twice as much energy (calories) pet unit of weight as the other two (proteins and carbohydrates). 26. Chemical compounds. Хімічні сполуки.
rhubarb – ревінь; vinegar – оцет; derivation – походження; sour – кислий; hydrochloric – соляний; significant – значний; to neutralize – нейтралізувати; |