английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
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rabies – сказ; worms – черви; protozoans – найпростіші;multiply – розмножуватись;boil - нарив, фурункул;chickenpox – вітрянка;measles – кір; mumps – свинка; rubella - краснуха. II.Find the exploration of the active vocabulary
ІП. Read and translate the text. INFECTIOUS DISEASES Infections are the most common type of disease. Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can invade the human body and cause diseases. Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens. Pathogens take over some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction. In the process, they damage or destroy the cells and tissues and so produce diseases. Infectious diseases can be grouped according to the kind of pathogen that causes them. Bacteria and viruses are the most common pathogens. But fungi, protozoans, and worms also can cause infectious invasive diseases. Bacterial diseases. Bacteria are microscopic, one-celled organisms. They rank among the most widespread of all living things. A single grain of soil may contain more than 100 million bacteria. Most bacterial diseases result when bacteria multiply rapidly in the living tissue, damaging or killing it. Boils and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin. Bacterial pneumonia occurs when bacteria invade the lungs and multiply there. Many other serious diseases, including tuberculosis, result from bacterial multiplication. Viral diseases. Viruses are smaller than bacteria. They are so tiny that scientists can see them only by means of powerful electron microscopes. By itself, a virus seems to be a lifeless particle. But after a virus invades a living cell, it uses materials in the cell to reproduce. As a virus multiplies, it damages or destroys the cell. If a number of cells become infected, a disease results. Viruses cause many common diseases, including chickenpox, measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles). Viruses are also responsible for influenza and the common cold. In fact, scientists have identified more than 100 different viruses that cause the common cold. Most cases of diarrhea and vomiting result from viral infections. Viruses also cause many serious diseases, including hepatitis, polio, rabies, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus that causes AIDS destroys the immune system's ability to function properly. As a result, people infected with the virus become susceptible to certain illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious. Many people with AIDS die from these illnesses. Other infectious diseases can be caused by fungi, protozoans, and worms that live in or on the human body. These pathogens obtain food by breaking down body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines. These pathogens produce diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening internal disorders. Spread of infectious diseases. Most infectious diseases are communicable - that is, they can spread from person to person. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly contagious and sweeps through a community. This condition is called an epidemic. When an epidemic occurs at several places throughout the world at the same time, it is called a pandemic. Such an outbreak took place during the winter of 1918-1919, when influenza swept the world, killing about 20 million people. Some infectious diseases are always present in a particular geographic region. Such diseases are said to be endemic in that region. For example, malaria is endemic throughout much of Africa. IV. Language development. 1. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list, microorganisms, invade, take over, ranging, rank, one-celled, boils, breaking down, contagious, AIDS
reproduction. 3. They among the most widespread of all living things. 4. Bacteria are microscopic, organisms and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin. 5. These pathogens obtain food by body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.
2.Fill in the correct prepositions. Use one of them twice, from, at, throughout, by, for, to, in
3.Answer the following questions.
V. Speaking. 1. Complete the dialogue with the words/phrases below and act it out. kilos, food, in general, phlegm, energy, pains Doctor: And how long have you had this temperature? Patient: Oh, I don't know exactly. About two weeks on and off. D.: And is the temperature there all the time or does it come on at any particular time? P.: Well, sometimes I'm all right during the day but, I wake up at night and I'm drenched in sweat, drenched, and sometimes my whole body shakes. D.: And how have you been feeling ? P.: Well, I don't know, I've been feeling a bit tired and weak. And I just don't seem to have any . D.: And have you noticed any pain in your muscles? P.: Yes, well, actually I have a bit, yes. D.:And what about yotir weight? Have you lost any weight? P.:Yes, I have, about two . D.:I see, and what about your appetite? What's your appetite been like? P.: Well, I've really been off my this last while. I just haven't felt like eating. D.:And have you had a cough at all? P.:Oh yes, I have. Nearly all the time. I sometimes bring up a lot of D.:And have you noticed any blood in it ? P.:No, never. D.:Have you had any in your chest? P.:Not really. 2. Give as much information as you can about:
3. Match definitions with words.
VI. Read and translate the text. PNEUMONIA Pneumonia begins suddenly. In most cases temperature rises quickly. The pulse rate and breathing are fast. Cough begins early and, at first, is dry and painful. The patient feels ill, has a flushed face and a dry tongue. In severe cases there may be delirium. A patient with delirium is very restless and the nurse must pay special attention to them. Patients with pneumonia need rest and sleep. The best position for a patient is semisitting. Fresh air is very important. These patients need a lot of liquid and a light diet. INFLUENZA Influenza is a very infectious disease. The disease can be mild or severe. The symptoms of influenza are: high temperature, headache and general pain. In most cases, the patient must stay in bed, be warm and drink a lot of water. The patient must stay in bed until the temperature ia normal. The next two or three days he may be upfor only short periods of time. After being infected with influenza patients feel weak and often depressed. As influenza is very infectious you must remember: — Never shake hands when you have a cold. Colds are communicated by contact. But don't say: "1 cannot shake hands. 1 have a cold." You should be very polite. Colds are communicated by bodily contact. Be careful when shaking hands because you can communicate your cold. You can say "Sorry, I don't want to pass you my cold but it is nice to see you". You should wash your hands after shaking hands with many people or people who have colds to prevent yourself from getting sick. HOW YOUR BODY DEFENDS AGAINST DISEASE AGENTS Disease agents are always around you. Most of time you do not become ill. This is because your body defends against disease agents. Here are some ways. • Your skin helps keep many agents out of your body. • When a cut bleeds, agents are washed away from the cut.
VII. Language development. 1. Comprehension. Are the sentences true or false? Correct false statements.
10. The patient can tell people about his/her illness. 2. Answer the questions.
VIII. Speaking. 1.Read all the symptoms below. Group them to different diseases. Symptoms: Diseases: Cold Chicken-pox Measles Fever Pneumonia Influenza Scarlet fever ANGRY, SAD, HAPPY? BLAMETHEWEATHER Sunshine makes you more sociable, humidity brings on depression, says an expert who tells how climate affects health and moods. We know that the weather has an effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and heart disorders. Weather is also associated with emotional problems and disturbed behaviour. Temperature is the most important factor. More psychiatric emergencies and admissions to mental hospitals are noticed during summer. Part of this is because the days are longer in summer and people stay out later. We have found that heat is a most important factor in the increase of emotional problems. Humidity has much effect on individuals too. More people who are diagnosed as depressed are admitted to mental hospitals on humid days. Changes in atmospheric pressure play a role in a number of health problems. Barometric pressure tends to have more effect on joints. Lower barometric pressure has been linked with anxiety and restlessness. When the barometric pressure goes up sharply, people have more arthritic symptoms. This is true to a lesser degree when the barometric pressure falls. Extreme temperatures, especially very cold weather, put added strain on the cardiovascular system. Death rates from heart attacks are much higher during the winter months than at any other time. When the temperature is very low, blood rushes away from the skin to the interior, of the body. The heart has to pump harder to keep the body warm. In warm weather, some weather conditions make a person much more susceptible to communicable diseases as malaria. Colds and respiratory illnesses are more. Common in winter because low temperatures weaken the body's resistance to disease. Interestingly, a recent study from a sleep-research laboratory found that people are sleepier when the barometric pressure is either well above or below normal — but no one knows why. |