английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
 Скачать 4.04 Mb.
|
|
Bones require weight-bearing exercise for normal mineral uptake. Movement keeps joints and connective tissue flexible. Exercise encourages deep breathing and increases oxygen utilization and waste exhalation. For cardiovascular and musculo-skclctal conditioning, aim for a minimum of 15 minutes of brisk walking. 5 days per week, or 30 minutes 3 times per week. Gradually increase speed or distance as physical conditioning improves. For a metabolism boost, a mere 10 minutes each morning of intensive exercise (Exercising to the point where you are breathing hard enough that you could talk if you had to, but you wouldn't want to) will put your metabolism and fat- burning into high gear for the day. Sleep: Most people require seven to eight hours of sleep per night. (Some older people may have a decreased sleep requirement). Studies have shown that people perform better with adequate sleep, yet many people are consistently sleep-deprived. Make it a point to get adequate sleep. Sleep deprivation results in hormonal imbalances which can lead to weight gain and many other problems. Avoid negative health behaviors. It may seem obvious, but one of the easy ways to be healthier is to not engage in unhealthy behaviors. Nicotine, excesses of alcohol and caffeine, and many drugs damage health. Smoking is such a health-destroying habit that I have listed it separately. Other health-destroying habits include excessive stress response, multiple sex partners or unprotected sex with infected partners, and failure to wear a seat belt. Maintain a positive outlook. Everybody has problems in life. Most problems we invite or create ourselves. Other problems are just what life deals us. We choose how we will respond to any given situation. You can respond with positivity or negativity. Studies have shown negative health effects from negative mental outlooks. Its bad enough to have a problem; don't make it worse b; .iegative mental outlook. Cultivate the habit of positivity. Make the best of every situation Strive to elevate yourself physically, mentally, and spiritually. We get what we aim for. Weight lifters grow stronger by lifting weights. Piano players get better by playing the piano. If you want to be healthier, happier, and of greater service, you must seek to move in that direction. Those who say "I can't" will find they cant. Those who say "it's so hard" will find it hard. You have a wealth of talent and possibility within you. Act like you know it. Make repeated attempts to use that talent to the best of your abilities, and you will find yourself becoming stronger, happier, and healthier. Trust in a Higher Power. What do you believe about the bigger picture of your life? Do you understand that you are more than just flesh and bone? Seek and cultivate your connection with a Higher Power. I recommend my video "Remembering Who You Are" to stimulate your understanding in this regard. 15. Hygiene of nutrition. Diseases. Гігієна харчування. Хвороби. I. Active Vocabulary. a germ — мікроб; a disease — захворювання; bacteria — бактерії; virus — вірус; a cell— клітина; a living organism — живий організм; an antibody— антитіло; a microscope — мікроскоп; to cause — спричинювати; to fight germs — боротися з мікробами; warmth — тепло; food — їжа; to protect = to defend — захищати; a body — тіло, організм; to enter — входити; a chemical — хімічна речовина; blood — кров. II. Work with text 1. Pre-reading activities Match definitions with words.
2. Replace the italicized parts of the sentences with equivalents from the text. They are too little to observe them. You listen to music in the evening. It can defend your body. Doing exercises is necessary for everybody. Fire ruins and destroys the whole house. The aim of this course-paper is to analyse the book. III. Read and translate the text DISEASES Think about the last time you were sick. How did you feel? Being sick is not fun. Sometimes you have to stay in bed. You may not want to eat. You may not be able to play with your friends. Very small living organisms are all around you right now. They are so small that you need a microscope to see them. These very small living organisms are called germs. Germs are in the air. Germs are on your desk. Germs are even inside your body. Germs can cause diseases. A disease is a sickness. Different germs cause different kinds of diseases. There are many kinds of germs. Bacteria are one-celled germs. Some bacteria may make you sick. A sore throat may be caused by a type of bacteria. Not all bacteria make you sick. The cells of bacteria can have three shapes. A virus is the smallest kind of germs. It grows inside the cells of other living things. A virus can make you sick. Some viruses cause colds, flu, and other diseases. Germs Live in Your Body Your body is a warm place, in which germs can live. Your body has food for them. It also has water for them. Germs need warmth, food, and water. Most of germs can grow where there is warmth, food, and water. Your body kills most of the germs that grow inside it. Sometimes it cannot kill enough of germs. When too many germs begin to grow, you become sick. Your body may need help to fight the germs. Medicine kills some kinds of germs. How You Are Protected Suppose you are at a football game. You hear people yell "Defense!". They want their team to defend their goal. To defense means to protect or guard. The team without the ball tries to stop the other team from scoring. They protect their goal. Your body has ways of protecting itself from germs. Your skin is one kind of defense. It can stop germs from entering your body. If the skin is cut or broken, germs can enter your body. Keeping cuts clean is one way to help your skin protect your body. Some germs do enter your body. Certain cells in your blood kill these germs. These blood cells are another defense against diseases. Another body defense is producing antibodies. An antibody is a chemical in blood that kills germs. Each antibody kills a certain kind of germs. Antibodies are produced by your body in two ways. Each time you are sick because of a germ, the blood makes antibodies kill that kind of germ. Antibodies are also made after you are given a vaccine. A vaccine is made of dead or weak germs that cause your blood to produce antibodies. These antibodies kill any of those germs that may enter your body. You can also help protect your body from diseases. Wash your hands with soap and water after you use a toilet. Do not get too close to people who are sick. Have your doctor give you checkups. NUTRITION Nutrition is the science that deals with food and how the body uses it. Food supplies the energy for every action we perform. It also provides substance that the body needs to build and repair its tissues imd to regulate its organs and systems. A proper diet helps to prevent certain illnesses and aids in recovery I'mm other. Eating a balanced diet is the best way to ensure that the liody receives all the food substances it needs. The daily diet should Include a certain number of servings from each of five food groups: vegetables; fruit; breads, cereals, rice and pasta; milk, yogurt and cheese; meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, eggs and nuts. Food provides certain chemical substances needed for good health. I he substances, called nutrients, perform one or more of three functions: 1. They provide materials for building, regaining or maintaining body tissues. 2. They help to regulate body processes. 3. They serve as fuel to provide energy. I liere are six main groups of nutrients. Water is the most critical nutrient. One can live without other nutrients for several weeks, but «1 can go without water for only about one week. The body needs « Hit to carry out all its life processes. Adults should consume about ! 2.5 litres of water a day. Carbohydrates include all sugars and •.inn lies. They serve as the main source of energy. The main sugar in It »id is sucrose, ordinary white or brown sugar. Fructose comes from (n*»‘.l fruits and many vegetables. Lactose is found in milk. Foods con- hilnliig starches include beans, breads, cereaJs, com, pasta (macaroni). hin nre a highly concentrated source of energy and they are composed "i mi alcohol called glycerol and substances called fatty acids. Proteins luiivide energy and serve as one of the main building materials of the Muscle, skin, cartilage and hair are made up largely of proteins. Every cell contains proteins called enzymes, which speed up chain* nl reactions. Minerals are needed for the growth and maintenance u| body structures. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus are essential pail ti| the bones and teeth. There are trace elements which include chruml um. cooper, fluorine, iodine, iron and zinc. Iron is an important pail nl haemoglobin. Vitamins should be supplied daily in the diet. IV. Vocabulary and Language 1. Complete the sentences with proper words. a) knee b) ankle c) a muscle d) foot e) lips f) throat g) forehead h) joints i) ear j) head 1. I have a sore ___. 2. He has pain in his___. 3. My _ ____ is out of joint. 4. My _ swims. 5. You have dislocated your __. 6. You have a strained ___ . 7. Your ______are hot and dry. 8. Your _____ are hot and dry. 9. My ____ are painful. 10. Put a compress on your _____. 2. Good Health Practices. A good health practice is something that you choose .to do that makes you healthy. Good health practices keep those around you healthy too. The following good health practices help to prevent infectious diseases. a) Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one. 1. Cover your nose... who has an infectious disease. 2. Cover your mouth... cover an open cut with a bandage. 3. Eat foods... the same glass as others 4. Keep from getting bitten... with soap and water after you use toilet. 5. Do not get too close to someone... and wash products properly. 6. Do not drink from... with soap and water frequently and before you eat. 7. Do not use... when you sneeze. 8. Freeze, cook, ... that have been protected from insects. 9. Wash your hands... with soap and water. 10. Wash your hands... by insects or animals. 11. Wash all cuts... a comb or a brush of another person. 12. After washing,... when you cough. b) Provide your own good health practices. 3. Answer the questions. 1. What does nutrition deal with? 2. What is food used? 3. How many food groups do you know? 4. What properties do nutrients posses? 5. What are proteins? 6. What proteins do you know? 7. What are carbohydrates? 8. What are fats? 9. What are the functions of fructose, lactose, minerals? 10. What are essential parts of the bones and teeth? 4. Say whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Fructose, the so-called fruit sugar, is present in fruits. 2. Muscle, skin, cartilages are made up largely of fats. 3. The most important carbohydrates are sugars, starches and celln loses. 4. Lactose is found in fruits and vegetables. 5. Starch is an important constituent of foods (potatoes, wheat). 6. Minerals are an important part of haemoglobin. 7. Plant and animal food contains proteins (meat, eggs, milk, cheese). 8. We can live without nutrients for only about one week. V. Speaking 1. Give reasons for becoming sick. How may some diseases be spread? 2. What diseases have you had? 3. How does your body protect you from diseases? VI. Additional texts DISEASE A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. HOW YOUR BODY DEFENDS AGAINST DISEASE AGENTS Disease agents are always around you. Most of time you do not become ill. This is because your body defends against disease agents. Here are some ways. Your skin helps keep many agents out of your body. When a cut bleeds, agents are washed away from the cut. If it is windy, dust that contains agents may get into your eyes. You blink to keep the dust out. Tears also help wash dust out of your eyes. You may breathe dust that contains agents. Tiny hairs inside your nose stop the dust from getting further into your body. The dust may cause you to sneeze. Juices like saliva and stomach juice kill agents when they enter your body. If agents enter your body, white blood cells surround and destroy them. NUTRITION GUIDELINES Eat a balanced diet. The key to good nutrition is a varied diet llml includes every kind of nutrient. To simplify the planning of a varied diet, nutritionists have devised systems that group foods according in nutrient content. One such system divides foods into five groups: (11 vegetables, (2) fruit, (3) bread, cereals, rice and pasta, (4) milk, y«>y hurt and cheese, (5) meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, enji» and nuts. Additional guidelines, called Recommended Dietary Allowamc. (RDAs), are provided in the United States by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. In other countries, simi lar groups provide national nutrition guidelines. The RDAs give healili experts estimates of the amounts of essential nutrients needed daily in maintain good nutrition in healthy people. This article includes a tahlt of RDAs. The RDA for a particular nutrient may vary depending on person'« sex and age. The RDA for iron, for example, is 12 milligrams for males age 11 to 18 and 15 milligrams for females age 11 to 50. The RDA for cal cium ranges from 400 milligrams for infants under the age of 6 month to 1.200 milligrams for males and females age 11 to 24 and for pro# nant women. People also vary in their needs for energy. A person who plavx sports daily, for example, needs more calories than someone who docs little physical work. Children need more calories than their size would indicate because they are growing. Pregnant women also need exlut calories to provide enough nutrients for a healthy baby. Include fibre. Dietary fibre consists of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed by the body. It passes out <>l the body as waste. Fibre moves food along through the stomach and intestines, thus helping to prevent constipation. Many experts believe l hat it also helps reduce the risk of such rectal and intestinal disorders as haemorrhoids, diverticulitis, cancers of the colon and rectum. Good sources of fibre include wholegrain breads and cereals, beans and peas, vegetables, and fruit. Limit your intake of saturated fats and cholesterol. Health experts recommend a diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol, a waxy substance found in many animal foods. A high level of blood cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease. Animal products are the source of most saturated fats and all dietary cholesterol. To reduce the intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, health experts suggest choosing lean meats, fish, low-fat dairy products. They also advise using fats and oils sparingly. Limit your intake of sodium and sugar. A diet that includes a great deal of sodium may increase the risk of high blood pressure. Sodium is found in many foods, including canned vegetables, pickles, processed cheeses, table salt, and such snack foods as pretzels, potato chips, and nuts. One way to reduce sodium intake is to use herbs and other seasoning instead of salt in cooking and at the table. Another way is to select fresh foods rather than canned or frozen foods. Foods that contain a lot of sugar are often high in calories and fat but low in minerals, proteins, and vitamins. Nutritionists sometimes call them “empty calorie” foods, because they may make a person feel full but provide few nutrients. In addition, sugar that remains in and around the teeth contributes to tooth decay. Foods that have a large amount of sugar include candies, pastries, many breakfast cereals, and sweetened canned fruits. In place of sugary foods, nutritionists advise people to snack on such foods as fresh fruits and vegetables. They also recommended that people drink unsweetened fruit and vegetable juice instead of soft drinks. Beware of alcohol. Alcoholic beverages supply calories, but they provide almost no nutrients. In addition, alcohol is a powerful drug, and habitual drinking can lead to many health problems. Health experts recommend that if people choose to drink alcoholic beverages, they consume only small amounts. They suggest that certain people avoid alcohol altogether: children and adolescents, pregnant women, people who are about to drive, anyone who is taking medicine, and those who are unable to limit their drinking. MEDICAL HYGIENE Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine, and medical care, that prevents or minimizes disease and the spreading of disease. Medical hygiene practices include: • Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection. • Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures. • Use of protective clothing and barriers, such as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves. • Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries. • Safe disposal of medical waste. • Disinfection of reusables (i.e. linen, pads, uniforms) • Scrubbing up, hand-washing, especially in an operating room, but in more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted. Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well established by the mid-20th century. Some procedures (such as disposal of medical waste) were tightened up as a result of late-20th century disease outbreaks, notably AIDS and Ebola. Розділ 2. Професійно-орієнтовний етап. V тема: Вступ до спеціальності. Навчальний заклад. V тема: Вступ до спеціальності. Навчальний заклад. |