Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia

• Название: Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
• Анкор: Английский, Баратова.doc
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particle ['pa:Ukl] л частица; вклю-
extrusive(eks'tniisiv] а эффузив- чение

ный, излившийся (о горнойpeat [pi:t] л торф; торфяник

породе) represent [.repn'zent] v представ­
лять собою; означать; быть представителем; representative - глинистый сланец; combnst-

я представитель; representative ible , oil горючий сланец

а характерный, типичный siltstone ['siltstounj л алеврит

rock [role] л горная порода; igneous stratification [.straetifl'kei/an] л на-

изверженная порода; sedi- пластование, залегание

mentary - осадочная порода stratify [ 'strastifai] v напластовы-

sand [send] л песок ваться; отлагаться пластами;

sandstone ['s«n(d)stoun] л песча- stratified а пластовый; synlay-
ник; fine-grained (medium- ered, bedded
grained, coarse-grained) мел- substance ['sAbstans] л вещество,
козернистый (среднезернис- материал; сущность
тый, грубозернистый) песча- thickness ['oiknis] л толщина,
ник мощность

sediment ['sediment] л отложение; value ['vaclju:] л ценность; важность;

осадочная порода; sedimentary величина; значение; valuable a

а осадочный; sedimentation л ценный (о руде)

образование осадочных пород vary [ 'vesrl] v изменяться); отли-

schist [Jlst] л (кристаллический)чать(ся); syndiffer, change
сланец; schistose а сланцева- (from); variable ['vesrubl] а пе­
тый, слоистый ременный; непостоянный; vari-

shale (Jeil) л сланец, сланцевая гли- ous а различный; syndifferent
на, глинистый сланец; clay

3. а) Переведите слом с префиксом т-:

unconsolidated, uncemented, unusual, undeformed, unsatisfac­tory, unnecessary, unlike

б) Переведите предложения:

1. 
   The results of the experiments were unsatisfactory.
   
2. 
   Gravel, sand and clay are unconsolidated mechanical sedi­
   ments.
   

3. 
   They are called so because they are composed of loose
   uncemented particles.
   
4. 
   The geologists found the old structures which were unusual
   and undeformed.
   

4. 
   Переведите следующие слота с префиксом prt-:
   pre-existing, pre-glacial, pre-historic, pre-Cambrian, pre-capitalist
   
5. 
   Определите значения like:
   

1. 
   The rm'ner we met at the colliery has three sons. His elder
   son is taking a course at a mining technical school. Like his father he
   is going to become a miner. He looks like his father. He likes his
   future speciality.
   
2. 
   Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, me­
   dium-grained and coarse-grained.
   

6.Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите не

valuable minerals various discoveries

the accumulation of sediments the Earth's crust

the destructive action of water pre-existing rocks

available resources the internal structure of racks

consolidated and unconsolidated firmly cemented particle*

sediments fire damp

successful prospecting mineral substances

exposed rocks surface exposure

organic decay loose sediments

solidified rocks igneous rocks

stratified deposits sedimentary rocks

7. Определите значения выделенных слов по схмстиу ни арией с
корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

three main groups of rocks, the most important cftnvactaristic of sediments, the destructive mechanical action of water, die aecamu-lation of materials, the usual cementing substance, tfae decay of organisms, organic sediments, mineral oil, large practical value

8. Прочитайте текст А. Перечислите основные смевйн •••вэвшня
осадочных пород.

ТЕКСТ А Sedimentary Rocks

The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been de­rived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks that make up the crust of the Earth_f Most sedimentary rods have origi­nated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified. Thus, stntification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks j It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us.

Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms.

Fig. 1 shows relative abundance¹ of sedimentary rocks and igne­ous rocks. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth's crust is made up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 left) and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary. 11n contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth's surface is three times that of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 right)-:

Strictly speaking, sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. On the contrary, about three quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth's surface.

Fig. 1. Relative abundance of sedimentary and igneous rocks

The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind.

Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsoli­dated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose unce-mented particles (grains).

On the Earth's surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Thus sand­stones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less firmly consolidated. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.

On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of depos­its or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive

92 Unit 4

chemical action of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral sub­stances that are dissolved in water.

Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.² They are called organic sediments. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments.

The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomer­ate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gyp­sum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal.

As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. relative abundance — относительная распространенность (минералов в

земной коре)

2. plant relics (plant remains) — растительные остатки

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

9. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. 
   The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into two main
   groups.
   
2. 
   Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing
   rocks.
   
3. 
   Sedimentary rocks are stratified.
   
4. 
   Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers.
   
5. 
   Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks.
   
6. 
   Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation
   of materials caused by the destructive mechanical action of water.
   
7. 
   Sandstones are consolidated rocks.
   
8. 
   Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments.
   
9. 
   Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical
   action of water.
   

10. 
    Peat and coal are the organic sediments which иге of great
    practical value.
    
11. 
    Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimenta­
    tion period and clay was formed later.
    

Unit 4 93

10. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What main groups of rocks do you know?

2. 
   Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing
   rocks?
   

2. 
   How were igneous rocks formed?
   
3. 
   Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated?
   

2. 
   What is the most important characteristic feature of sedi­
   ments?
   
3. 
   Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth's
   crust?
   
4. 
   Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about
   sand and clay?
   

What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be
used as a cementing substance?

2. 
   Are there only fine-grained sandstones?
   

10. 
    What can you say about chemical sediments?
    
11. 
    Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they
    formed?
    

11. •) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов.

1. 
   земная кора a) sandstone
   
2. 
   растворяться в воде б) fine-grained sand
   
3. 
   песчаник в) the Earth's crust
   
4. 
   уплотненные осадки г) exposed rocks
   
5. 
   изверженные породы д) to dissolve in water
   
6. 
   мелкозернистый песок е) like gypsum
   
7. 
   затвердевать ж) consolidated sediments
   
8. 
   подобно гипсу з) igneous rocks
   
9. 
   обнаженные породы и) to solidify, to consolidate
   

б) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

1. 
   coarse-grained sand а) разрушительная сила
   
2. 
   siltstone and shale воды
   
3. 
   the destructive action б) пластовые месторождения
   

of water в) доледниковый период

4. 
   existing rocks г) крупнозернистый (грубо-
   
5. 
   chemical decay зернистый) песок
   
6. 
   sedimentary rocks д) частицы вещества
   
7. 
   stratified deposits e) алеврит и сланец
   
8. 
   pre-glacial period ж) существующие породы
   
9. 
   particles of a substance з) осадочные породы
   

и) химический распад

94 Unit 4

12.Заполните пропуски • предложениях, используя следующие слои.

а) consolidate consolidation consolidated «consolidated

1. 
   ... is the process of cementation of loose fragments of sedimen­
   tary rocks.
   
2. 
   As is known, sedimentary rocks ... under the pressure of over­
   laying beds.
   
3. 
   Limestone, for example, is the ... rock which occupies vast
   areas of the Earth's surface.
   
4. 
   Gravel, sand and clay form the group of... mechanical sedi­
   ments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles.
   

б) stratify stratification stratified

1. 
   Bedding or ... is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary
   rocks.
   
2. 
   Coal is a ... deposit that has been developed from plant re­
   mains.
   
3. 
   Coals ... by the decay of organic material.
   
4. 
   As a result of physical, chemical or biochemical changes veg­
   etable remains are ... and changed into peat or coal, micro-organisms
   remains changed into mineral oil, bones into phosphorite, etc.
   

13. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие ио значению слои:

A. to consist of Б. solidified

to differ stratified, layered

bedded to realize

consolidated to transform

to change matter

substance to be like

to be similar (to) to finish

to complete to vary

to understand to be composed of

14. Переведите следующие предложены, обращая витание на перевод
неопределенных местоимений some, anyи их производных:

1. 
   Have you any books on geology?
   
2. 
   There is some interesting information about the internal struc­
   ture of the Earth.
   
3. 
   The rock near the Earth's centre is somewhere between 10 and
   IS times as dense (плотный) as water.
   
4. 
   Igneous rocks, more than any other kind of rocks show that
   the Earth is still changing.
   
5. 
   Is there anybody in the lab? — Yes, there is. There is some­
   body there.
   
6. 
   In some cases limestone is a clastic (обломочный) rock.
   

Unit 4 95

15. Вставьте в предложены some/any/no/someone/anyone/no one/somebody/
anybody/nobody/somethtng/anything/notking/somewhere/anywhere/nowhere.

1. 
   Do you live in the centre?
   
2. 
   There's at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
   
3. 
   Why are you looking under the table? Have you lost ?
   
4. 
   He left the house without saying to .
   
5. 
   The film is really great. You can ask who has seen it.
   
6. 
   Can you give me information about places to see in
   

the town?

7. "Where did you go for your holidays?" — " I stayed

at home."

8. 
   There were shops open.
   
9. 
   We had to walk because there was bus.
   

10. The station is near here.

16. Вставьте itили thereпо смыслу.

1. 
   Is raining hard?
   
2. 
   Are many beautiful buildings on this street?
   

3. 
   is almost three o'clock.
   
4. 
   is hard to learn English in such a short time.
   
5. 
   is no place like home.
   
6. 
   was almost eight o'clock when they arrived.
   

7. is someone at the door, isn't there?

8. 
   were not many students in class today.
   
9. 
   are only 28 days in February.
   

17. Закличете предложения, используя конструкцию there+ be.

There is There are several

There are Is there

There was Are there

There were There isn't

There will be There aren't

18. Определите, в каких предложениях употреблены глаголы в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения:

1. 
   Geologists divided the rocks of the Earth into three main classes or
   types. They are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic
   rocks.
   
2. 
   Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechani­
   cal sediments. They are formed-by the destructive action of water and
   wind.
   
3. 
   Coal is used as fuel. People have used coal as fuel for a long time.
   

96

Unit 4

19. Составьте предложения по образцу, используя слова из обеих колонок.

Образец: Conglomerate is formed from gravel.

Sandstone

Rock salt Mineral oil Shale

Peat and coal Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks

through the sedimentation

of mineral substances, from sand, from clay minerals, from organic remains, from particles of pre-existing rocks, by the accumulation of plant

remains, from magma, from either igneous or sedimentary

rocks.

20. Употребите данные в скобках глаголы в соответствующей времен­
ной форме:

1. 
   There (to be) three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimen­
   tary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
   
2. 
   These rocks (to make up) the crust of the Earth.
   
3. 
   Sedimentary rocks (to be divided) into: mechanical sediments —
   gravel, sand, sandstone, shale, etc; chemical sediments — rock salt,
   gypsum, ironstones, etc; organic sediments — peat, coal, etc.
   
4. 
   The particles of consolidated rocks (to be cemented) firmly to
   one another.
   
5. 
   Gypsum (to be formed) through sedimentation of mineral
   substances that (to be dissolved) in water.
   
6. 
   It is quite obvious that the textures of igneous rocks (to vary) accord­
   ing to the depth at which rocks (to be formed) many years ago.
   
7. 
   Exposed igneous rocks (to be formed) at various depths.