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A. Glucosuria B. Pyuria C. Albuminuria D. Acetonuria E. Hematuria 19. What does the urinary bladder serve for? A. Temporary collection of urine B. Formation of urine C. Formation of water D. Collection of stones E. Discharge of waste products 20. What is pyelitis? A. Inflammation of the bladder B. Inflammation of the kidney C. Inflammation of the ureter D. Inflammation of a kidney pelvis E. Inflammation of the urethra 21. Displacement of the kidney. A. Renal necrosis B. Renal ectopia C. Renal calculi D. Renal stones E. Renal pelvis 22. Cuplike divisions in the renal pelvis are called . A. alveoli B. calyces C. tiny tubules D. nephrons E. cells 23. Abnormal (small) amount of urine flow. A. Uremia B. Oliguria C. Polyuria D. Anemia E. Anuria 24. What isn't a translation of the word "хвороба"? A. Sickness B. Illness C. Disorder D. Disease E. Health 25. Where does the urine go from the renal pelvis? A. To the urethra B. То the ureter C. То the bladder D. To the blood E. There is no right answer 26. The doctor who treats diseases of the female sex organs is . A. obstetrician B. gynecologist C. urologist D. pathologist E. surgeon 27. What organ doesn't belong to the male reproductive system? A. Scrotum B. Penis C. Ovary D. Testis E. Prostate 28. What organ doesn't belong to the female reproductive system? A. Testicle B. Ovary C. Uterus D. Vagina E. Placenta 29. The female sex hormone is . A. thyroidin B. insulin C. pepsin D. adrenaline E. progesterone 30. The male semen is . A. ovum B. cell C. milk D. spermatozoon E. blood 31. The inflammation of the male sex internal organ is . A. urethritis B. cystitis C. hepatitis D. colpitis E. prostatitis 32. A woman who is expecting a child is a woman. A. patient B. pregnant C. doctor D. obstetrician E. nurse 33. What does the term "fertilization" mean? A. Запліднення B. Обмін речовин C. Сечоутворення D. Менструація E. Період статевого дозрівання 34. What does the term "menopause" mean? A. Arrest of bleeding B. End of the fertile period C. Beginning of the fertile period D. Bleeding E. Menstruation 35. What is the synonym of the word "childbirth"? A. Metabolism B. Death C. Birth D. Delivery E. Contraception 36. Egg cell is a . A. oocyte B. thrombocyte C. lymphocyte D. leukocyte E. erythrocyte 37. A period of production of milk is . A. nutrition B. respiration C. pregnancy D. lactation E. digestion 38. The tubules in the testes that make sperm cells are called . A. lacrimal B. nasal C. salivary D. seminiferous E. sexual 39. Ectopic pregnancy is . A. pregnancy in the uterus B. pregnancy in the fallopian tube C. pregnancy which is not in the uterus D. abortion E. fertilization 40. A synonym of the word "sterilization" is A. fertilization B. castration C. ejaculation D. reproduction E. inflammation 41. The science which studies poisons is . A. etiology B. toxicology C. gynecology D. urology E. dietology 42. What is the Ukrainian for "embryo"? A. Плід B. Запліднення C. Безпліддя D.Зародок E. Викидень 43. What is the main function of the reproductive system? A. To produce hormones B. To control other systems C. To reproduce human beings D. To regulate metabolism E. To show the difference between men and women 44. The male pelvis differs from the female pelvis in . A. size and shape B.shape C. color D. number of bones E. size 45. What develops during pregnancy in the uterine wall? A. Child B. Embryo C. Placenta D. Fetus E. Ovum 46. What is the term of pregnancy in women? A. 30 weeks B.32 weeks C. 36^40 weeks D. 38-40 weeks E. 40 weeks 47. What does the term "gestosis" mean? A. Symptoms of pregnancy B. Pathological condition in pregnancy C. Normal condition in pregnancy D. Abnormal symptoms E. Normal symptoms 48. The action of the nurse in acute abdomen of a patient. A. To count the pulse B. To take BP C. To make injection D. To advice to consult a doctor E. Hospitalization 49. What must you do first in case of eclampsia? A. To call in a doctor B. To give oxygen C. To make injection D. To give medicine E. To check BP 50. What is a synonym of the term "spermatozoon"? A. Flower B. Fruit C. Vegetable D. Semen E. Leaf II. Independent Work: Medical Plants Exercise 1. Read the text. Nature's Medicines
In 1803 a German pharmacist, Sertiirner, isolated the chief alkaloid from opium and called it morphia (after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams'). Serturner showed by experiments on dogs that most of the narcotic activity of opium depended upon morphine. It was the first alkaloid that was isolated from a plant. Shortly after strychnine, caffeine, atropine, etc. were separated as pure crystalline alkaloids. 3. The next widely used plant that was known to man 5000 years ago is garlic. At present it is used in the treatment of many diseases in a pure state or as a compound or mixture. Garlic was well known in ancient Egypt and thousands of slaves working on the great Cheops pyramid4used garlic in food daily. In Bulgaria there is a surprising number of people who reach the age of 100 and are still active and working. In that country it is a common practice5among the ordinary people to eat garlic regulary. Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the second century who accompanied the Roman armies6as their official physician, prescribed garlic for all lung and intestinal diseases7occuring among the soldiers. Hippocrates added that it was effective as a laxative and diuretic8. During World War II, thousands of tons of garlic were bought by the British government for treating the wounds of soldiers. Investigations by Russian scientists have made garlic oil so popular in their country that it is named Russian Penicillin. Due to modern laboratories it can now be shown exactly how garlic affects microbes. It is well known that garlic is therapeutically useful for the following purposes: it is a powerful agent in preventing diphtheria, typhus, tuberculosis, pneumonia; it is useful in all respiratory infections, especially in symptoms of a dry hacking cough4, in colds'", asthma and bronchitis and in many other cases. It is an excellent nerve tonic. Notes: 'out-of-print medical herbals - букіністична література про лікарські рослини 2ancient Babylonians - древні жителі Вавілону 'Morpheus ['mo:fios], Greek god of dreams - Морфей, у грецькій міфології бог сновидінь 4Cheops pyramid [ kkrjps'pirsmid] піраміда Xeonca 3it is a common practice - прийнято 6who accompanied the Roman armies - який супроводжував римські війська 7lung and intestinal diseases - легеневі та кишкові захворювання slaxative and diuretic - проносне та сечогінний засіб 'hacking cough ['haskirj'ko:f] частий, короткий кашель; покашлювання 10in colds - при застудах Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the necessary expressions according to the text.
Exercise 3. Find completed sentences, finish uncompleted. 1. Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the second century who accompanied the Roman armies 2. Dioscorides, a Greek physician of the second century accompanied the Roman armies
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions. What is your point of view on these problems? 1. Is the idea of the text about the use of medicinal plants modern? 2. Is it news to you that many centuries ago garlic was used as a drug? 3. How long have people used opium alkaloids as a drug? 4. Are opium alkaloids always used as a drag at present? 5. Is opium poppy cultivated in our country? UNIT THIRTY-SEVEN Testing Times (Залік) Here are some examples of the Test. If you want, you can use the following material to tes: your students, or you can make up your own tests. Variant 1 1.Name the main functions of the skeletal system. 2.Translate the clinical terms concerning the digestive system and explain the terms in Ukrainian. Ulcer, colitis, gastritis, esophagotomy, stomach. 3.Open the brackets and translate the sentences. Ask questions based on each one.
4. Match the words and their translation.
5.Find non-finite forms of the verb, name them, translate the sentences.
6.Translate into English.
Variant 2
Pneumonia, laryngitis, bronchitis, tongue, asthma. 3.Open the brackets and translate the sentences. Ask questions based on each sentence.
4. Match the words and their translation:
5.Find non-finite forms of the verb, name them, translate the sentences.
6.Translate into English. a) Якщо студенти прослухають лекцію уважно, вони зможуть застосувати знання на практиці. b) Мені набридло його слухати. c) Велике коло кровообігу починається з лівого шлуночка і закінчується у правому передсерді. d) Лікар порадив хворому продовжити лікування. Variant З 1.Name the main functions of the cardiovascular system. 2.Translate the clinical terms concerning the respiratory system and explain the terms in Ukrainian. Tracheitis, rhinitis, pleuritis, cancer of the lungs, pleura. 3.Open the brackets and translate the sentences. Ask questions based on each sentence. a) The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, the prostate (gland, glance) and the penis. в) The spermatozoon is the male sex (cell, sell). c) The (scrotum, sack) keeps testicles outside of the male body. 4. Match the words and their translation.
5.Find non-finite forms of the verb, name them, translate the sentences.
6.Translate into English.
Variant 4 1.Name the main organs and units of the cardiovascular system. 2.Translate the clinical terms concerning the digestive system and explain the terms in Ukrainian. Dens, pharyngitis, dysenteria, proctitis, cancer of the stomach. З.Ореп the brackets and translate the sentences. Ask questions based on each sentence. a) The external reproductive organs are (breasts, breads) in women. b) The organ of communication between the mother and the embryo is the (place, placenta). c) The vulva includes the vulvar lips, (clitoris, clerical), the vaginal and urethral orifices. 4. Match the words and their translation.
5. Find non-finite forms of the verb, name them, translate the sentences.
6. Translate into English.
Variant 5
Gout, pyelonephritis, goiter, glomerulonephritis, cancer of the kidneys. 3.Open the brackets and translate the sentences. Ask questions based on each sentence.
tree. 4. Match the words and their translation.
5.Find non-finite forms of the verb, name them, translate into Ukrainian.
6.Translate into English.
Variant 6
Amnesia, neuritis, radiculitis, anosmia, brain. 3.Open the brackets and translate the sentences. Ask questions based on each sentence.
4. Match the words and their translation.
5.Find non-finite forms of the verb, name them, translate the sentences. -1 must have eaten something wrong. - The operating nurse came into the operating room. 6.Translate into English. a) Я вірю, що він хороший хірург. b) У статті ми ознайомились із сучасними досягненнями медицини в облг.: інфекційних захворювань.
TEXTS FOR FURTHER READING I.Read and translate the texts. II.Read the words and word combinations to the texts. Text 1. Hippocrates Hippocrates was born in 460 or 459 B.C. on the small island of Cos. Hippocrates lived a long life and although the date of his death is not known with accuracy, it was probably 377 or 356 before our era. He appeared to his contemporaries and to posterity surrounded by an aureole of glory. Aristotle called him "Hippocrates the Great"; Galen regarded him as "the wonderful inventor of all that is beautiful". He was certainly not only the wisest and the greatest practitioner of his art, but also the most profound investigator and acute observer; he was the head of the most flourishing medical school of his age, who gathered about him many pupils and spread his teaching throughout the Greek world and even beyond. Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition. He established the facts that disease was a natural process, that its symptoms were the reactions of the body to the disease and that the chief function of the physician was to aid the natural forces of the body. Hippocrates was not the sole author of the hundred or more books which make up the collection, but that does not detract from their value as he certainly inspired them all. Quotations from the books, which are generally acknowledged to be most truly Hippocratic, illustrate what were the ideas and ideals, the methods and procedures which inspired the great physician. Notes: to appear [з'різ] здаватися contemporary [кзп'tempsrsri] сучасник posterity [prjs'teriti] нащадки aureole ['злізиі] of glory - ореол слави wise [waiz] мудрий profound investigator - глибокий дослідник acute observer - проникливий спостерігач to flourish - процвітати beyond - за межами superstition - забобон sole author - єдиний, винятковий автор quotation [kwsu'teijh] цитата truly ['tru:li] точно; справді; імовірно Text 2. A Scientist of Genius Mykola Pyrohov was called a scientist of genius even in his lifetime. His career as a researcher, excellent surgeon and clinician was tempestuous. At 18 he graduated from Moscow University; at 22 he became a Doctor of Science; at 26 he was a Professor at Dorpat (now Tartu) University, one of the largest in Europe; and at 30, he headed Russia's first surgery clinic. During his first 30 or so years in surgery he started a new trend in the study of human anatomy and physiology, based on fundamentally newest methods. His major research works in this field contributed enormously to world science. To this day, Pyrohov's methods are among the basic methods in the study and teaching of anatomy. Pyrohov's life was dedicated to people. He was a field surgeon during four wars (in the Caucasus in 1847, in the Crimea in 1854, in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, and in the Russo-Turkish war in 1877), selflessly saving the lives of the wounded in the most difficult of conditions. He in fact created a new medical science, field surgery, and suggested new, rational principles for the grouping, distribution and evacuation of the wounded. His work, "Fundamentals of Field Surgery" (1864), had soon become a reference book for field surgeons in all countries. He formulated some of the most important principles of treating gunshot wounds, fractures, shock and wound infections, and developed the most ingenious methods of performing operations. He was also the first to apply, on a large scale, plaster of Paris bandages in field condition:-(in Sevastopol, during the Crimean war), which was a revolution in field surgery. Almost 90 years later, during the Great Patriotic War, the Pyrohov plaster of Paris was still widely used during the heroic defence of Sevastopol, and on all other fronts, helping to save the lives of many thousands of soldiers. Pyrohov had a phenomenal capacity for work, which enabled him to do a great deal in all spheres of surgery. He also developed classical, world-acknowledged methods of operations and treatment in ophthalmology, urology, and other fields. Many of those methods are applied even now, and one of them, the so-called Pyrohov amputation (a conservative-restorative operation on the extremities), marked the beginning of osteoplasty, giving a powerful impetus to the development of reconstructive surgery. Genuinely compassionate with the sick and the wounded, Pyrohov did all his efforts to fine ways of relieving their suffering. He was among the first to realize the importance of general anesthesia and to apply narcosis, doing all he could towards its introduction into surgery. He firmly believed that narcosis not only relieved pain, but created the optimum conditions for keeping up the patient's vital functions during an operation. Text 3. Robert Koch Robert Koch was a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology He was born in 1843, died in 1910. When Koch became a doctor he carried2on mam experiments on mice3in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli4. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morpholog;. of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal5them. Due to his discovery Koch became know r. all over the world. In 1883 Koch went to Egypt to study cholera6. At that time there was a widespread epidemic of cholera. Nobody knew the origin7of this disease, there were not an;, protective measures8against it. The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy peopk died. But sometimes some people who were in a constant contact with the diseased person die not catch9cholera. Koch carried out his investigations during the cholera epidemic in Egyp: and then in India. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera which included the investigations of his research work. From the intestines10of the men with cholera Koch isolated a small comma-shaped" bacterium. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important scientific discoveries. Notes: 1 microbiology [.maikraubai'Dladji] мікробіологія 2 to carry out - проводити 3 mouse (pi. mice) - миша 4 bacilli [ba'silai] бацили 5 to reveal - виявляти 6 cholera [ 'kDbrsj холера 7 origin [Dridjin] походження K protective measures - захисні заходи 9 to catch [kastf] захворіти, заразитися intestines [in'testinz] кишки 11 comma-shaped - подібний за формою до коми Text 4. Mechnikov I.I. Mechnikov was born in 1845 in the village of Ivanivka, not far from the city of Kharkiv. Since his early childhood I.I. Mechnikov had become interested in natural sciences; being a pupil of the sixth form he began to attend a course of university lectures delivered by the prominent physiologist of those days. Professor Schokov. I.I. Mechnikov graduated from Kharkiv University when he was only 19 years old. While studying at the University he published several scientific articles in zoology. In 1870 at the age of 25 I.I. Mechnikov became one of the leading professors of Odessa University. But twelve years later, in 1882 he left the University demonstrating his protest against the tzarist ministry of education. He began his intense research work in his private laboratory. In 1887 I.I. Mechnikov went abroad and spent almost 30 years in Paris as a worker at the Pasteur Institute. I.I. Mechnikov was the first to observe the phenomenon of phagocytosis in experiments with lower animals. Once I.I. Mechnikov was examining daphnia through the microscope. He observed bacteria in the form of a long stick enter the body of daphnia. At the same moment they were surrounded by the movable cells of the animal's body and destroyed by them. 1.1. Mechnikov took great interest in this phenomenon and began his regular observations, which enabled him to see clearly that every time the movable cells were not able to destroy the invading microbes daphnia became ill and finally perished. On the basis of his observations I.I. Mechnikov proved that white blood cells of the human being had the ability to pass through the walls of the capillary vessels and to destroy the invading microbes. I.I. Mechnikov called these cells phagocytes and the phenomenon itself phagocytosis. I.I. Mechnikov also determined what defence forces the human body had and why not every bacterial infection resulted in a disease. In 1908 I.]. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize for his investigations on phagocytosis. I.I. Mechnikov performed considerable work on the effect of lactic acid on bacteria and its counteracting intestinal poisons and devoted many years of his life to the problem of aging (старіння). I.I. Mechnikov died in 1916 at the age of 71. Text 5. Prominent Scientists and Physicians of Ukraine Well-known Ukrainian scientist O.M. Shumlyansky was the prominent anatomist-microscopist of the 18th century. He was the first who discribed the kidney texture1. O.M. Shumlyansky was born in 1748 in the village Yakivtsi of Poltava region. His father was a Ukrainian Cossack-peasant. He graduated from the medical school in Petersburg and worked as a surgeon. Then he went abroad where he improved his education in the field of obstetrics and received his doctor's degree2. After his returning to Russia O.M. Shumlyansky became a professor of the medical surgical school in Moscow. He was the author of many research3works in the fields of surgery and obstetrics4. Prominent surgeon and scientist M.V. Skliphosovsky (1836-1904) was born in Moldova and was brought up5in a charity school6in Odesa. After successful graduating from the University he wrote his thesis7and became a professor of the Medical Academy in Petersburg. He was one of the organizers of the surgical school in Russia. M.V. Skliphosovsky liked Ukraine and often visited Odesa and other Ukrainian cities. In 1871 he bought an estate8in the outskirts9of Poltava and rested there in summer. Then he removed to Poltava and worked as a physician at the regional hospital. It should be noted that he took care of poor people. He treated them free of charge and tried to create favorable conditions10in the hospital. A new school was built for poor children on his initiative and his daughter was a teacher there. In his estate he cultivated his orchard and worked there being in old age. Outstanding clinicist and scientist of Ukraine M.D. Strazhesko (1876-1952) was an initiator in establishing Kyiv Institute of Clinical Medicine and worked there as an academician during a long period. Under the supervision11of his teacher prof. VP. Obraztsov he was the first to differentiate and describe the clinical picture of myocardial infarction. M.D. Strazhesko was the author of many classical works describing cardiac and abdominal diseases12. He used Pavlov's scientific ideas in his clinic. In his research work he used the scientific data from biochemistry, microbiology, physiology and other sciences. He paid much attention to the clinical research of his patients. Together with his teacher VP. Obraztsov they worked out a new method of sliding palpation13of the abdominal cavity organs that won the world recognition14. Notes: 1 texture ['tekstfa] тканина 2 degree - звання, ступінь 3 research [ri's3:tfj наукове дослідження 4 obstetrics - акушерство 5 to bring (brought) up - виховувати 6 charity school ['1fa?riti,sku:l] школа для бідних дітей 7 thesis [-6i:sis] дисертація s estate [is'teit] маєток 9 outskirts ['aotsk3:ts] околиці; передмістя 10 favorable conditions - сприятливі умови " supervision [,sju:ps'vi3n] нагляд 12 abdominal diseases - шлунково-кишкові хвороби 13 sliding palpation - ковзна пальпація 14 to win (won) recognition - здобути визнання Answer the following questions: 1. What was O.M. Shumlyansky? 2. When and where was he born? 3. What school did he graduate from? 4. Where did he receive his doctor's degree? 5. Was he the author of many research works? 6. What was M.V. Skliphosovsky? 7. Where was he brought up? 8. When did he become a professor of the Petersburg Academy? 9. Where did he move then? 10. What did he do in Poltava? 11. What was M.D. Strazhesko? 12. Who was an initiator in establishing Kyiv Institute of Clinical Medicine? 13. Was he the author of many classical works? 14. What method did M.D. Strazhesko and his teacher VP. Obraztsov work out? Text 6. Tibetan Medicine Tibetan medicine is very ancient. It was over thousands of years ago when the ancient treatise on medicine "Chjud-shi" was written. At present the scientists study various books and ancient xylographs about Tibetan medicine. The methods of treatment used by Tibetans are different from modern medicine but the theoretical ideas are quite logical. Tibetan doctors thought that: diseases were caused by the violation of the equilibrium of the main "vital sources"; a disease reflected the suffering of the entire human organism and not just a separate organ. They considered that it was necessary to treat the entire organism. One of the factors causing diseases was food. They considered that food was useless and bad. Tibetan doctors were gifted specialists. During the examination of patients they used different senses such as: vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. To diagnose a disease they differentiated between 400 different hues of pulse and it was felt by the doctor on the patient's both arms. The chief postulate of Tibetan medicine was: "Everything that surrounds us may be used as a medicine". Tibetans made medicines from raw plants, animals and mineral materials. They used precious metals and stones. The doctors took gold, silver, emerald, pearls, etc. They also used insects and mollusks. They burned animals and used ash from their inner organs as a medicine for patients. They considered that such ash could contain useful substances necessary for the patient. Their medicines were not toxic for patients. They used various medical herbs for treating. Tibetan medicine has helped modern medicine in treating different diseases. At present our doctors often use medical herbs as medicines. Modern medicine has the same commandment as Tibetan medicine. It is "Do not harm". Text 7. Drugless Therapy Nowadays, doctors are known to widely use medicines to treat patients. But in a number of cases medicines may either be not quite effective or produce side effects resulting in serious complications. That explains a growing interest over the world in methods that have antiallergic action. Our doctors are known to have designed an effective system of completing cure in sanatoria. It comprises special physical exercises, psychotherapy, dietotherapy, and balneotherapy. Their use cuts the dosage of drugs many times over. As for the procedures, they only act upon a specific area, not on the organism as a whole. Our research institutes seem to be contributing much to health resort treatment and physiotherapy. The institutes are located in different regions and do their own specific research. In Myrhorod, for example, they specialize in using drinkable mineral waters, in Odesa they study medicinal muds, etc. Specialists elaborate scientific foundation for health resort treatment, study the mechanisms of physical factors, define indications and contraindications to health resort treatment, render different services and do many other things. Over the last few decades they have greatly expanded their knowledge about man and his diseases. They have got more technical research facilities, and now have a clearer picture of how different physical factors act upon the human organism. The medical profession's approach to treating illnesses has been changing. Today they are increasingly using methods of treatment that are easier on the patients than those used before. They use microwave frequency electromagnetic fields to act upon endocrine glands to cure such diseases as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatism, female and male infertility, and bronchial asthma. By applying electromagnetic fields to the thyroid gland they can cure ulcers. This kind of treatment is much more effective than drug therapy. While drug therapy produces 50 to 60 per cent successful treatment of an ulcer, this method is nearly 75 per cent effective. They use sulphide water, carbonic acid gas, electrotherapy among other methods to treat patients. Good results have been obtained in treating arthritis and diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Text 8. Ecological Situation In Ukraine Improvement of ecological situation in Ukraine is a very important problem. The tragedy of the Chornobyl disaster1is the first fearsome warning2of the possibility of a coming ecological apocalypse. In Ukraine there are many industrial enterprises which pollute our air, water and soil. Our rivers that used to be full of fish are poisoned3. The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are polluted. One can find zinc, copper, mercury and others in our rivers and seas. Many plants and factories have no nature-conserving technologies or they are not perfect. They have no possibility to buy these cleaning constructions4in spite of that they pay fines for their disorders. The majority of Ukrainian population lives in ecological disaster zones or in ecologically unfavorable conditions5. The sickness rate6which is linked with the worsening natural environment7is rapidly rising. The Supreme Soviet of Ukraine has adopted the decision on urgent measures" to improve the country's ecological situation. The leaders of industrial enterprises must take personal responsibility for polluting our environment. At present much attention is paid to the improvement of sanitary conditions and treatment of our population at clinics and health resorts. Urgent measures aimed to improve the ecological situation of the country should normalize the state of affairs9. Notes: 1 disaster [di'za:sts] катастрофа, лихо 2 warning ['wo:nirj] попередження, застереження 3 to poison ['paizn] отруювати 4 cleaning constructions - очисні споруди 5 unfavorable conditions - несприятливі умови, оточення 6 sickness rate - швидкість виникнення хвороби " environment [in'vaisrenment] середовище s urgent measures - невідкладні заходи 9 affair - справа Text 9 |