Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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§ 114. III. Independent Work: Major Medical Specialty Fields Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Major Medical Specialty Fields Allergy and immunology deal with disorders of the immune system, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immune deficiencies. Anesthesiology is the study of anesthesia and anesthetics. Anesthesiologists give anesthetics during operations or supervise the administration of these drugs. Cardiology is the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart. Colon and rectal surgery is the surgical treatment of disorders of the lower digestive tract. Dermatology diagnoses and treats diseases of the skin, nails, and hair. Emergency medicine deals with the immediate recognition and treatment of acute injuries, illnesses, and emotional crises. Family practice is the supervision of the total health care of patients and their families, regardless of age. Neurological surgery, or neurosurgery, is the surgical treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Oncology is the study of tumors. Ophthalmology is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of eye diseases. Orthopedics is the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the skeletal and muscular systems. Pathology is the study of changes in the body that cause disease or are caused by disease. Pediatrics is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of children's diseases. Radiology is the use of X-rays and radium to diagnose and treat disease. Thoracic surgery is the surgical treatment of diseases of the heart, lungs, or large blood vessels in the chest. Urology deals with diseases of the organs that pass the urine and of the male reproductive organs. Otolaryngology diagnoses and treats ear, nose, and throat diseases. Exercise 2. Answer the question. What departments are there at your district hospital? Exercise 3. Describe the polyclinic at your hospital. UNIT THIRTY-SIX
I. Speaking: English Prescription After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
Exercise 1. Learn the following pharmaceutic terms. associate [s'ssojieit] з'еднувати(ся); асоціювати(ся) compound ['kumpaund] сполука curative ['kjusrstiv] цілющий dispense [dis'pens] готувати, розфасовувати (ліки) gather ['gasda] збирати (трави, рослини) herb [1із:Ь] трава (лікарська) identify [ai'dentifai] встановлювати, розпізнавати, ідентифікувати infusion [іп'і]и:ззгі] настій modify ['mudifai] модифікувати, видозмінювати plant [plaint] рослина; завод preventive [pri'ventiv] профілактичний qualitative ['kwrjlitativ] якісний store [sto:] зберігати storage ['stairid}] зберігання; сховище technique [tek'ni:k] техніка; методика variety [vs'raiati] сорт, вид, різновид vegetable ['vecfjitsbl] рослинний; (pi.) рослини (загальна назва) Exercise 2. Read the title of the text and say what this text is about. Exercise 3. Read the text and do all exercises following it. English Prescription The language of prescription was unique1in Great Britain some half a century ago when all the names of drugs were latinized. It was possible because the physician used only dosed drugs. Today all prescriptions are written in English. The only Latin which is used is few traditional abbrevations2in the direction to the pharmacist and on the label. A more serious problem is the naming of drags. In the old days, drags had only one official name and drug companies did not have many trade names. At present, each drug has at least three names. They are the chemical name, the so-called generic name, and trade name1. The chemical name is difficult to use and remember except for the simplest drags because of its length and complexity. The trade or brand name is the private property4of the drug company and is copy right". Most drugs have several trade names because each company producing the drug gives it a different name. It is common practice to capitalize6the first letter of a trade name. The generic or official name is shorter than the chemical name. It is public property and any drag manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug. The majority of physicians use trade names in prescriptions. Generic name should be used as the language of prescription. It is known to the specialists of medicine and pharmacy and it is not known to general public. For example, ampicillin is the generic name of a well known antibiotic; alpha-aminobenzyl P- its chemical name; Omnipen, Penbritin, Polycillin, etc. are its trade names. Dosage. It goes without saying7that a prescription cannot be written without a very good knowledge of the dose effects of drags. Each drug has its own dose specification8dependent on pharmacological properties, metabolism of the drag. It should have the following information: 1. Name and address of the physician and his telephone number. The title M.D. (Medical Doctor) should follow the physician's name to indicate that he or she is a physician. 2. Usually at the top - patient's name, address, age and the date. 3. Symbol Rx. This is about the same as "Dear Sir" on top of a letter. It comes from Latin and means a command for a patient "you take". 4. The body of the prescription contains the name of the drag and the dose.
Notes: 'unique [ju:'ni:k] унікальний traditional abbreviations - традиційні скорочення 'generic name and trade name - офіцінальна (фармакопейна) та торгова назва 4private property - приватна власність 5is copy right - на неї (назву) розповсюджується авторське право 6to capitalize - писати з великої літери 7it goes without saying - нічого й говорити 8dose specification - інструкція з дозування Exercise 4. Read the Latin codes and their equivalents used in English prescriptions. Translate them into Ukrainian. a.c. - before meals h - hour і - one or one time ne.rep. (n.r.) - means to the pharmacist that the prescription is not to be repeated p.r.n. - as needed Sig. - signature i.i.stat. - two tablets at once i.q. 4h. - one capsule every 4 hours in - mix tabs - tablets t.i.d. - three times a day i.d. - once a day Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with the necessary words from the text. 1. The trade name is usually known to the specialists of medicine and isn't known to .... 2. Generic names are known to the specialists of ... and ... . 3. The body of the prescription contains ... .4. ... drugs had only one official name. 5. Chemical names are difficult ... , hard ... , and difficult ... . 6. A prescription cannot be written without a very ... knowledge of the dose effect of the drug. Exercise 6. Discuss the text answering the questions. 1. In what language are prescriptions written in Great Britain? 2. Is Latin used in prescriptions at present? 3. How many names does a drug possess? 4. What name of the drug is difficult to use and remember? 5. Why are trade names of drags mostly selected? 6. What drug names are not known to general public? 7. On what does the dose of a drag depend? 8. What does the title M.D. in prescription indicate? 9. Are the name and address of the physician written on a prescription? 10. How many parts does a prescription consist of? 11. What medicinal forms are known to you? 12. In what language are indications to drag administration written? 13. What is the difference between English and Ukranian prescriptions? Exercise 7. Read the examples of the following English prescriptions, translate the codes (see Exercise 1). Prescription I Tel. ER5- 600 Reg. No. 198 Rupert Black, M.D. 230 Broad Street Philadelphia 1, Philadelphia1 Name: Mrs. Anna White, age 45 Address: 619 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Tabs, Thyroid USP 30 ng2 Dispense: 60 Sig. Tabs.i.t. i.d.a.c. Rupert Black, M.D. ne.rep. Prescription II Tel. ER5- 600 Rupert Black, M.D. 230 Broad Street Philadelphia 1, Philadelphia Name: Mrs. John W. Keyes, age 30 Address: 525 East, 68th Sir., New York, New York 10021 Rx Theophylline 3 gm Ephedrine Sulfate 0.6 gm Phenobarbital 0.6 gm M. Divide into 30 capsules Sig. Cap. i. of 4 h. p.r.n. Rupert Black, M.D. ne.rep. Prescription III Tel. ER5-600 Rupert Black, M.D. 230 Broad Street Philadelphia 1, Philadelphia Name: Mr. Thomas A. Ports, age 29 Address: 11 Maffit. Str. San Francisco, California 94143 R Potassium Penicillin G 250000 units Dispense: 60 Sig. Tabs, i.i.stat, then Tabs i.q. 4h. Rupert Black, M.D. Notes: 'Philadelphia, Philadelphia - місто Філадельфія штату Філадельфія 2ng (nanogram) - нанограм, одна мільярдна частка грама Control Tests. Urinary and Reproductive Systems 1. What science studies the functions and diseases of the organs of the urinary system? A. Myology B. Urology C. Neurology D. Nephrology E. Gynecology 2. What specialist treats kidney diseases? A. Neurologist B. Neuropathologist C Urologist D. Psychologist E. Nephropathologist 3. What department are patients with urinary disorders treated in? A. Surgical B. Urological C. Therapeutic D. Neurological E. Dermatological 4. This function the urinary system doesn't fulfill. A. Control of the volume of blood and other fluids B. Control of arterial pressure C. Coagulation of blood D. Excretion of waste products E. Production of blood 5. What is the structural unit of the kidney? A. Acinus B. Neuron C. Nephron D. Urine E. Hormone 6. What organ doesn't belong to the urinary system? A. Urine B. Urethra C. Ureter D. Kidney E. Bladder 7. What shape does the kidney have? A. Bean B. Pear C. Ball D. Conic E. Horn 8. What regulates the work of the kidney? A. Heart B. Head C. Abdomen D. Hypothalamus E. Muscles 9. What is the length of the ureter? A. About 1 meter B. About 50 cm C. About 40 cm D. About 80 cm E. About 30 cm 10. Where are the kidneys situated? A. In the cranium B. Behind the abdominal cavity C. In the lower part of the abdomen D. In the front part of the abdomen E. On the left side 11. Where is the bladder situated? A. In the upper part B. Under the stomach C. Under the liver D. Behind the heart E. In the lower part of abdomen 12. What does the term "polyuria" mean? A. Low discharge of urine daily B. High discharge of urine daily C. Normal discharge of urine daily D. Abnormal discharge of urine daily E. Absence of discharge of urine 13. What does the term "hematuria" mean? A. The blood in the urine B. Bleeding C. Urine in the blood D. Disease of the urinary tract E. Condition 14. What does the term "uremia" mean? A. The blood in the urine B. Bleeding C. Urine in the blood D. Disease of the urinary tract E. Condition 15. What does "diuresis" mean? A. Formation of urine B. Micturition C. Discharge of urine D. Volume of urine E. Daily dose of urine 16. With what can kidney be compared according to its function? A. Bean B. Fungi C.Sponge D. Filter E. Pelvis 17. An examination of urine is . A. dialysis B. hemolysis C. hydrolysis D. urinalysis E. enuresis 18. Protein found in the urine. |