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"Is she aborting?" asked Graham outside the ward. "Well, it's an abortion," Mr. O'Rory said amiably. "It's just eight weeks since the lady's last menstrual period. So it wouldn't be an unheard occurrence at such a time, would if?" "Could anything have caused it?" Graham asked anxiously. "Oh. these things happen, they just happen. To tell the truth, none of us knows really why." "What's the chance of saving the fetus?" "I'd say quite good. There's nothing to worry about, nothing at all." .. .The bleeding went on. The following day Mr. O'Rory shook his head and said he feared the lady must visit his operating room. Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
UNIT THIRTY-ONE I 1 Speaking I Precautions I. Speaking: Precautions Exercise 1. Learn the topical words, substance - речовина find (found, found) - знаходити; установлювати; виявляти affect - впливати survival - виживання birth defects - вроджені вади to be related (to) - бути пов'язаним (з) vitamin deficiency - вітамінодефіцит, авітаміноз cause - бути причиною, спричиняти interaction - взаємодія inherit - успадковувати beware - остерігатися hazard - ризик, небезпека safety - безпека safe - безпечний medication - засіб для лікування approval - схвалення, згода Exercise 2. Read the text. Precautions Many substances and organisms have been found to affect the development and survival of the fetus. It is estimated that 20 percent of all birth defects are directly related to environmental factors such as drugs, viruses, and vitamin deficiencies. Another 60 percent are caused by the interaction of an environmental factor and an inherited predisposition. So it is important for every woman who is contemplating pregnancy or is already pregnant to beware of the possible hazards to which her baby may be vulnerable. One of the most important aspects of prenatal care is safety in the use of medications and the ingestion of nonfood substances. A pregnant woman (or one who even suspects she is pregnant) should never take a medication without her doctor's recommendation or approval. This caution includes over-the-counter preparations - even aspirin - as well as prescription drugs. In addition, a woman should not smoke during pregnancy, and she should limit, if not eliminate, consumption of alcoholic beverages. Smoking has been linked to miscarriage (expulsion of the fetus before it is capable of surviving on its own), low birth weight, and prematurity. Alcohol, too, has been linked to miscarriage, and studies have shown that alcoho. can affect the brain of the fetus. Products containing caffeine should probably also be limited The best guideline to remember is that no drug or nonfood substance can be assumed to be harmless during pregnancy. The fetus is also susceptible to infections that affect the mother-to-be, especially rubella (German measles) and certain sexually transmitted diseases, such as herpes. A pregnant woman should avoid immunizations with live viruses and postpone travel to foreign countries where infectious diseases are prevalent. Toxoplasmosis, an infection spread by eating or preparing uncooked meat or handling a cat's litter box, presents another risk. The parasite that cause^ toxoplasmosis is harbored in the bodies of some food animals (pigs, sheep, and cattle) and in the intestinal tracts of cats. A pregnant woman need not forgo meat or get rid of her cat. She should, however, be certain to cook meat thoroughly and to avoid emptying or cleaning the cat's litter box. A woman's doctor will also advise against unnecessary X-rays during pregnancy. As the medical profession has learned more about inherited diseases, it has been able to offer genetic counseling to couples concerned about the possibility of having a child with an inherited disease or abnormality. A genetic counselor or specialist in genetic disorders can estimate the likelihood that a couple's offspring will be afflicted with a problem due to an inherited trait or to the age of the parents. For some genetic disorders, tests can determine whether one or both parents are carriers or can detect whether a defect is present in a fetus. However, genetic counseling cannot guarantee the health of a child; it can only be a source of advice. Notes: it is estimated - приблизно підраховано inherited predisposition - спадкова схильність contemplate - обдумувати; мати намір to be vulnerable - бути вразливим ingestion - ковтання, поглинання Exercise 3. Make a list of precautions for pregnant women. UNIT THIRTY-TWO
I. Speaking: Fetus Exercise 1. Learn the topical words, individual - індивід, особа organ systems - системи органів continue - продовжувати(ся) mature - достигати, доходити зрілості, наставати (про строк) divide - ділити(ся) equal - рівний, однаковий grow - рости growth - ріст, зростання; розвиток external genitalia - зовнішні статеві органи sufficiently - достатньо weigh - важити, мати вагу weight - вага length - довжина vary - різнитися, мінятися occur - траплятися, відбуватися reveal - відкривати(ся), виявляти, показувати sex - стать Exercise 2. Read the text. Fetus The term fetus is used for the developing individual from the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth. During this period the organ systems continue to grow and mature. For study, pregnancy may be divided into three equal segments or trimesters. The most rapid growth occurs during the second trimester (months 4-6). By the end of the fourth month, the fetus is almost 15 cm long, and its external genitalia are sufficiently developed to reveal its sex. By the seventh month, the fetus is usually about 35 cm long and weighs about 1.1 kg. At the end of pregnancy, the normal length of the fetus is 45 cm to 56 cm, and the weight varies from 2.7 kg to 4.5 kg. Exercise 3. Find English equivalents. Від початку третього місяця до народження; системи органів продовжують рости; найшвидший ріст; до кінця; плід майже 15 см у довжину; достатньо розвинуті; визначити його стать; в кінці вагітності. Exercise 4. Answer the questions:
Use of Ultrasound A valuable diagnostic tool that avoids the use of undesirable X-rays is a form of vibrational energy called ultrasound. By this method soft tissues can be visualized and such abnormalities as ectopic pregnancies and placenta previa can be accurately delineated. The relatively inexpensive ultrasound equipment has been found useful in detecting abnormalities of the fetus as well as tumors and other disorders of the reproductive system. N — nurse, M - Mrs Murphy N: OK, Mrs Murphy, just lie back on this examination table. Are you comfortable? M: Yes, thank you. N: Have you had plenty of water to drink? M: Yes - three glasses. N: Good, we need your bladder full. I'm putting some gel onto your abdomen. That helps the ultrasound work well. M: OK. N: Your notes say the baby has stopped moving. Is that right? M: Yes, I'm a bit worried. N: And you're in the twenty-second week of your pregnancy? M: Yes. N: Right. Well the ultrasound scan is very simple. When I pass the transducer over your abdomen, it bounces sound waves off the baby's body and it makes a picture here on the monitor. Then we can see if there is anything wrong. It shows up any abnormalities. A scan can usually show if the baby is a boy or a girl. Do you want to know the baby's sex? M: Yes please. N: OK. I'm passing the transducer over your abdomen now. Ah, here we are. There's the baby. Can you see it? M: It's not very clear. N: Well, here's the head. Can you see that? N: And there's a hand. Five fingers. And there's a foot - can you see? M: Yes. N: Can you see the heart beating? The baby's alive and looks good. Yes, everything is normal. And look - a penis. It's a boy. M: Really? I wanted a girl. N: You did? Just a moment! Well you're not going to be disappointed - you're going to have twins - a boy and a girl. Exercise 6. Act out the dialog. II. Independent Work: Premature Delivery Exercise 1. Read the text. Elizabeth put the vacuum cleaner away and began to move around the apartment, tidying and dusting. She was about to cross to the tiny kitchen when the pain struck her. It came suddenly, without warning, like a fire, and worse, much worse, than the day before in the hospital cafeteria. Drawing in her breath, biting her lip, trying not to scream aloud, Elizabeth sank into a chair behind her. Briefly the pain went away, then it returned, even - it seemed -more intensely, it was as if it were a cycle. Then the significance struck her. Involuntarily she said, "Oh, no! No!" The hospital number was by the telephone. Having a rest between each onset of pain, grasping the table for support, Elizabeth dialed and when a voice answered, she said, breathlessly, "Dr. Dornberger, please, it's urgent". There was a pause and he came on the line. "It's Mrs. Alexander." Elizabeth said. "I've started ... to have my baby." ...A policeman on duty heard the ambulance's siren six blocks away. Inside, Elizabeth was only dimly conscious of their progress through the busy streets. For an instant between each onset of pain she could see the driver up ahead. All Elizabeth could think through the miasma that engulfed her, was: "My baby - he'll be born too soon! He will die! Oh, God, don't let him die! Not this time! Not again!" ...In the room which the hospital staff jokingly called "the expectant fathers' sweatbox" John Alexander put a half-smoked cigarette into an ashtray. He glanced at his watch. He saw that it was an hour and three quarters since he had come here, surely soon there must be some news. He wished he had seen Elizabeth before she had gone into the delivery room, but everything had happened so quickly that there had been no time. Now the door from the corridor opened, and this time it was Dr. Dornberger. From his face John tried to read the news, but without success. He asked, "You are John?" "Yes, sir." Though he had seen the elderly obstetrician several times in the hospital, this was the first time they had spoken to each other. "Your wife will be all right," Dornberger said without preliminaries. John's first impression was of overwhelming relief. Then he asked, "And the baby?" Dornberger said quietly, "You have a boy. He was premature, of course, and I have to tell you, John - he is very weak." "Will he live?" Only when he asked the question did it occur to him how important for him was the answer. Dornberger had taken out his pipe and was filling it. He said evenly. "Let's say the chances are not as good as if he had come to full term. As far as I can tell you have a 32-week baby; that means he was born eight weeks early." Compassionately he added, "He wasn't ready for the world, John. None of us are so soon." "No, I suppose not." John was hardly conscious of speaking. "Your baby's birth weight was three pounds eight ounces. Perhaps that will mean more if I tell you that nowadays we consider any baby less than five pounds eight ounces at birth to be premature." "I see." "We have the baby in an incubator, of course. Naturally, we'll do our best." John looked at the obstetrician directly. "Then there is hope." "There's always hope, son," Dornberger said quietly. "When we haven't much else, there's always hope." There was a pause, then John asked, "May I see my wife now?" "Yes." Dornberger said. "I'll come to the nursing station with you." Exercise 2. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Без попередження; неясно усвідомлювала; майбутній батько; пологова палата: народитися доношеним; наскільки я можу сказати; недоношений; ми зробили все, що в наших силах; дитяче відділення. Exercise 3. Find in the text antonyms of the following words and word combinations. Gradually, much better, slowly, a slight pain, voluntarily, an ordinary case, to be clearl\ conscious, a failure, young, postmature, everybody, death, never. UNIT THIRTY-THREE
I. Speaking: Labor Exercise 1. Translate the words. Amniotic fluid, cell division, embryo, fertilization, fetus, ovum, amniotic sac, sperm, umbilical cord, cervix. Exercise 2. A pattern of signs often alerts a woman that she may be pregnant. A different pattern of signs occurs when labor begins at the end of pregnancy. Work in pairs to complete the list of signs using the words below. Decide if each sign in the exercise indicates pregnancy or labor. Write P (pregnancy) or L (labor). bloating morning pelvis contractions mucus rupture discharge need strength fatigue nipple temperature mood period trembling
3. and sleepiness are common.
6. swings and stress are often reported.
10. There may be a 'show', which is the release of a plug from the cervix.
15. Your waters break, which is the of the amniotic sac. Exercise 3. Read and act out the dialog. Pain Relief J — Janice, K - Karen J: Hello, my name's Janice. K: Hello, Janice. I'm Karen. J: Hi, Karen. Boy or girl? K: A boy. And yours? J: A girl. K: Lovely. I think we gave birth at the same time last night, didn't we? J: Yes. I heard you. K: Was I making so much noise? Well, it was the pain. J: Didn't you have any pain relief? K: Oh yes. I had just gas and air at first. It does relieve the pain a bit, but the effect wears off very quickly. It makes you feel so light-headed if you have too much. It made me feel sick too. Anyway, when the pain became unbearable, I had an epidural. J: Did that help you cope with the pain? K: It took away the pain completely! My whole lower half went numb! It was great. How about you? J: This was my third, so the pain was easier to bear. I did breathing exercises. I decided to have gas and air if the pain got worse, but I didn't need it. I had an epidural last time, but I didn't like losing all sensation. This time I wanted to feel the birth. K: I'm sorry, Janice - 1 think you must be mad. Exercise 4. Read Marie's birth story quickly. What complication was there with her birth? We started trying for/making a baby three years ago. When I didn't get/go pregnant after two years, we made/had tests, which showed that my husband had a low sperm count. We had IVF, and six weeks later I found 1 was waiting for/expecting a baby. I was nervous when I had/ did my scan at twelve weeks, but everything was fine. My waters broke in the middle of the night and I went into/entered labor a couple of hours later. The midwife made/did a vaginal examination and found that the baby was breech. I'd thought about a home birth, but was now glad I was having/giving birth in hospital. As it turned out, though, the medical team weren't needed. The midwife made/put a small cut and I managed to push out/remove the baby's legs and torso fairly easily - it was a girl! Then I made/ gave a big push and the head came out. Liliagfirve birth/was born at 6.28 p.m. I was sobbing as the midwife handed/delivered her to me. Exercise 5. Underline the correct form of the verbs in italics. Exercise 6. Tell a true story about a pregnancy and birth. II. Independent Work: WHO. Pandemics and Tamif lu Exercise 1. Read the text. WHO Many people do not know what these three letters mean. They even do not read WHO correctly. They read [hu:] but it is ['dAblju:'eitf ou] and it means World Health Organization. WHO was founded in 1948. In 1946 the United Nations held an International Health Conference in New York. There the Constitution of WHO was signed by 61 countries. Now there are more than 125 member states. Membership is open to all countries. WHO activities take many forms:
-- and making all other efforts to raise health levels. One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings. The five main world epidemics of history - plague, cholera, smallpox, typhus and yellow fever - are still a great danger in our time of fast sea and air travel. WHO gathers information and broadcasts it daily by radio to health authorities, ports, airports and ships at sea. WHO also informs national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases such as influenza and poliomyelitis. Besides an epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as international quarantine measures, world health statistics, international standardization of medicines and vaccines, development of medical research and technical publication programmes. The daily work of the World Health Organization is carried out by a medical and administrative staff of a great number of international officers from different countries. These officers are stationed at headquarters (HQS) in Geneva, in Regional Offices, or with Special Centers working in every continent. Exercise 2. Find English equivalents in the text.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Exercise 4. Can you name any deadly infectious diseases that have spread around the world? Exercise 5. Read the text. Pandemics and Tamiflu When someone who has flu sneezes nearby, you take tiny droplets of their saliva into your lungs. The droplets contain viruses that are looking for a new home. They get into your lungs and then into your blood, and can quickly take over your whole body, using it as a factory in which they can reproduce. At any time, a deadly bacterium or a virus can become very successful and spread across the world, killing millions of human beings. When this happens it is called a 'pandemic'. There was a pandemic in 1918. An influenza virus called H1N1, or 'Spanish flu', killed between 50 and 100 million people. More people died from H1N1 than were killed in the First World War. A letter from a doctor in a military camp in 1918 describes the situation: " it is only a few hours until death comes. It is horrible. We have been averaging about 100 deaths per day. We have lost many nurses and doctors. Special trains carry away the dead. For several days there were no coffins and the bodies piled up." Since 1918, the HIN1 virus has mutated. Now there is a mutation called H5N1. When this mutation first appeared in China in 1996, there was a desperate search for a medicine to deal with it. The pharmaceutical company Roche came up with a drug called Tamiflu. Tamiflu does not kill H5N1, but stops it making copies of itself. If given early enough, vaccinations of Tamiflu could perhaps save many lives. However, the virus will continue to mutate, and might become resistant to Tamiflu. The next mutation may already be with us by the time you're reading this! Exercise 6. Read the sentences and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).
UNIT THIRTY-FOUR I Speaking Anesthesia I. Speaking: Anesthesia Exercise 1. Read the text A."Anesthesia" means "loss of sensation". Drugs that cause anesthesia work by blocking the signals that pass along your nerves to your brain. This stops you feeling pain. When the drugs wear off, you start to feel normal sensations again. B.The development of effective anesthetics in the 19th century was an important factor in successful surgery. Before this time, few operations were possible, and surgeons were judged by their speed. Some doctors used alcohol or morphine to reduce the pain, but patients were usually held or strapped down. Many died on the operating table. Anesthesia meant that surgeons could take more time and perform more complex procedures. Ether was one of earliest anesthetics, but it had some drawbacks - for example, it could cause vomiting. It was quickly replaced by chloroform, which was more potent and easier to use than ether. However, it was not as safe to use as ether, and could cause sudden death. By the 1920s, intravenous induction agents were introduced. They enabled patients to fall asleep quickly and pleasantly. In the 1940s muscle relaxants became available. C.Anesthesia can be given in different ways, and not all anesthesia makes you unconscious. -Local anesthesia numbs a small part of your body. You stay conscious but free from pain. - Regional anesthesia can be used for operations on larger or deeper parts of the body. The most common regional anesthetics (also known as regional "blocks") are spinal and epidural anesthetics. These can be used for operations on the lower body, such as cesarean sections, bladder operations, or hip replacements. You stay conscious but free from pain. -General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, and you feel nothing. It is essential for some operations such as abdominal surgery. As the anesthetic drugs wear off, your consciousness starts to return. D.Modern monitoring systems and a greater understanding of the functions of the body mean that anesthesia is now very safe. Fewer than 1 in 250,000 deaths during operations are directly related to anesthesia. Exercise 2. Choose the best headings (1-6) to match sections of the text (A-D). There are two more headings than you need.
Exercise 3. Answer these questions based on the text. 1. How do anesthetic drugs work? 2. Why do you think patients were held or strapped down before anesthetic drugs were available? 3.What difference did anesthetic drugs make to the work of surgeons?
Exercise 4. Find words or phrases in the text with these meanings.
UNITTHIRTY-FIVE
I. Speaking: Male Reproductive System After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and their equivalents.
2. Read and translate the text. Male Reproductive System The reproductive apparatus of males is different from female concerning not only primary but also accessory organs. The primary organs include the gonades, or sex glands which produce the germ cells and manufacture hormones. The male gonads are testes. They are located outside the body between the thighs in a sac called the scrotum. In the testes there are seminiferous tubules in whose wall cells produce spermatozoa. Between the tubules there are interstitial [inta'stijlal] cells that secrete the male sex hormone testosterone. Testosterone has two functions:
In the scrotum there is also a greatly coiled tube (6 meters long) called the epididymis. While spermatozoa are temporarily stored in the epididymis, they mature and become motile (рухливі), that is, able to move by themselves. The epididymis enters the vas deferens. This duct continues through the abdominal cavity neck and then curves behind the urinary bladder. There each was deferens j oins with the duct of the seminal vesicle and forms the ejaculatory duct. The two ejaculatory ducts enter the body of the prostate gland. Ducts from the prostate carry its secretion into the urethra. The urethra passes outside the body through the penis (phallus). It is composed of erective tissue and a soft sensitive part called the glans penis. Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 27-1 and describe the male reproductive system. middle piece 4 Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 27-2 and describe the human spermatozoon. Exercise 5. Translate into English. Вторинні чоловічі статеві ознаки - це грубший голос, ширший плечовий пояс, вужчий таз, більше волосяного покриву на тілі, ніж у жінок. Exercise 6. Read and translate the following clinical terms.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words: many, much, a lot of, a few, little, a little. 1. There are ... sportsmen in our college. 2. They spend ... time at the stadium every day. 3. ... students of our group read good in English. 4. I don't have ... free time. I am very busy. 5. There are ... English books in our library. 6. My brother works ... all day long. 7. Do you speak English? - Yes, I do .... 8. 1 can't go there. I have ... time. 9. He knows physics he didn't take its course. 10. Do you have ... water? Exercise 2. Use the paired conjunctions both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor. Translate the sentences. 1. ... angina pectoris ... acute pulmonary edema are helped by carotid sinus massage and nitroglycerin. 2. The doctor did not administer him ... a bed regimen ... a diet. 3. A physician revealed ... the increased respiratory rate ... the increased pulse rate. Exercise 3. Translate the sentences of Exercise 1 and Exercise 2. Exercise 4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the possessive case of the nouns.
Exercise 5. Make up your own sentences using conjunctions from |