Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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The duties of a midwife:
* to observe and take care of pregnant women, women in childbirth and women after delivery. Exercise 2. Pay attention that obstetricians can work at:
* prophylactic centers of large facilities (factories, plants, etc.). Exercise 3. Translate into English. Я хочу стати хорошим акушером. Ця професія необхідна, почесна і важлива для продовження людства. На мою думку, акушерка повинна бути доброю, уважною, милосердною, рішучою, діяти спокійно і розсудливо. Акушерка повинна мати достатньо знань щодо своєї роботи. Вона повинна вміти приготувати інструменти для обстеження жінок, обстежувати та вимірювати таз вагітної, надавати медичку допомогу, виконувати вказівки гінеколога та лікарів, здійснювати догляд за вагітною, роділлею і породіллею, проводити санітарно-просвітницьку роботу. Exercise 4. Read the interview. Nicky Cox -What do you enjoy about being a community midwife? - The job has great highs. After I have delivered a baby, I often feel elated. I've smiled to myself many occasions and thought, "And I'm getting paid to do this!" It has its downsides too, though. When a birth doesn't go to plan, say, it is very prolonged and the heart monitor shows the baby is in distress, it can be very stressful. And of course - very, very rarely, thankfully when there is a stillbirth or a baby is born with a deformity, it makes you feel awful for days or even weeks. - What are the qualities of a good midwife? - Number one is people skills. Of course you need a lot of knowledge, but perhaps more than any other nursing job, a midwife must be good at getting on with people. When a woman gives birth, she feels very vulnerable and at the same time, it is an intensely personal experience you are sharing with her. I try to develop a strong relationship with my mothers during pregnancy when they come for their ultrasounds and physical examinations. - What are your views on a natural birth at home? - It's all about choosing the right type of birth for you. I think giving birth without pain-controlling drugs in the comfort and familiar surroundings of your own home can be a wonderful experience. But my job is to explain objectively to each woman her options and let her decide. I run a weekly antenatal class for parents-to-be in which I explain the ins and outs of hospital birth, home birth, and water birth, as well as covering issues such as breastfeeding, the mother's diet during pregnancy, and how the father can help during labor. Exercise 5. Answer the questions.
Exercise 6. Discuss with a partner whether you would like to do Nicky's job. Explain your reasons. II. Independent Work: Risk of Having Children in Later Life Exercise 1. Read the text. Over the past 50 years or so possibilities for controlling fertility have grown. These changes began with the introduction of oral contraception and have continued with the legalization of induced abortions. On the other hand the development of more and more sophisticated techniques of in vitro fertilization and advances in obstetrics enhance fertility and ensure safe deliveries in older women, thus giving them a chance to become mothers at a middle age. But according to the findings of many obstetricians-gynecologists an older age strongly increases the risk of at least three untoward outcomes — namely, stillbirth, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. Maternal age has an impact on other aspects of reproduction. Among those that are usually recorded are multiple births and congenital malformations. When birth defects are considered, older women have a consistently increased risk for Down's syndrome, which is less of a hazard now than it was, owing to the advent of prenatal screening. Certain rare disorders are more common among births to older fathers. Some of them that are thought to be new mutations are detectable in offspring only later in life, schizophrenia is one example. Information on parental age and possible unfavorable outcome is important in counseling prospective parents. But after potential parents have weighed the age factor in terms of conceiving and carrying a pregnancy to the end, they might be glad to know that a child born to older parents does have advantages. In some studies such children do better at school than those of very young parents. In the difficult task of raising children older parents may be less healthy than younger ones, but their experience and knowledge are almost always greater, their economic situation is better, and they can give to the child a more stable rear. Biological disadvantages are to some degree balanced by social advantages. From British Medical Journal 2000 Exercise 2. Write a summary of the text. UNIT TWENTY-NINE
I. Speaking: Pregnancy Exercise 1. Learn the topical words. condition - стан exist - існувати, бути, жити egg, egg cell - яйцеклітина to fertilize - запліднювати a missed menstrual period - припинення менструації notice - помічати, відзначати sickness - нудота trimester - триместр, тримісячний термін experience - відчувати, почувати nipple - сосок enlarge - збільшуватися, розширюватися waistline - талія expand - розширятися, розтягуватися apparent - видимий cumbersome - обтяжливий tired - втомлений Exercise 2. Read the text. Pregnancy Pregnancy is the condition that exists in a woman between the time when one of her eggs s fertilized by a sperm and the time when her child is born. Symptoms Usually the first symptom noticed by a pregnant woman is a missed menstrual period. Nausea and vomiting ("morning sickness") are also common symptoms of pregnancy. The nine months of pregnancy are usually thought of medically as three three-month periods, or trimesters. During the first trimester, the woman may experience nausea and vomiting, her breasts and nipples will become enlarged, and her waistline may expand. In the second trimester, the uterus expands, abdominal enlargement becomes more apparent, and the woman can feel the fetus move. Many women feel their best during this trimester. During the last three months, pregnancy tends to become a more cumbersome condition, and the woman may feel tired much of the time. The fetus often "drops" lower in the uterus in the last month. Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Exercise 4. Unite the words into groups - nouns, adjectives, verbs. Pregnancy, pregnant, fertilize, fertilization, sick, sickness, enlarge, enlargement, tired, tiredness, delivery, deliver, fertility. Exercise 5. Without looking at the text, tick (v) the things you think are safe in pregnancy. Put a cross (x) next to the things you think are not safe, and a question mark (?) if it depends on the situation. Compare your answers with your partner's. Your opinionAdvice in the text
Exercise 6. Read the text and put a tick, a cross, or a question mark concerning the advice it gives. Most pregnancies go well and without any major problems. But it is wise to reduce any risks as much as possible. So, a reminder of things to consider before becoming pregnant, or as soon as you realize that you are pregnant... DO
- wear gloves when you are gardening. AVOID
STOP
- immunization against chickenpox if you are a healthcare worker and have not previously had chickenpox and so are not immune;
Exercise 7. Find words in the text that match the definitions:
Exercise 8. Discuss the questions with a partner.
- In your country, what foods do pregnant women eat to help their baby develop healthily? The other report issued last week focuses attention on the Fallopian tubes, the narrow passages that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. Women whose tubes are clogged with scar tissue or other obstructions cannot conceive by natural means because their eggs have no way of getting to the womb. In the past, such women had to undergo surgery to have their tubes cleared. Now the problem can be overcome in a doctor's office, according to an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association. With a tiny balloon similar to those used to clear blocked arteries, scientists were able to unclog the Fallopian tubes in 64 of 77 women, 22 became pregnant within a year. Dr. Edmond Confino, who pioneered the technique at Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center in Chicago, estimates that it could help nearly one third of the 1 million American women who suffer from blocked tubes. The new methods join an array of novel techniques that seem to multiply faster than test-tube babies. Most are variations on the pioneering procedure known an in vitro fertilization. In IVF, eggs are removed from the ovaries, mixed with sperm in a laboratory dish, allowed to develop into embryos and then inserted into the uterus. But even at well-run clinics, the original IVF procedure fails 75 % to 85 % of the time. The biggest snag comes when the embryo is inserted in the uterus, an operation that can be very disruptive to the womb. As a result, such embryos often fail to take root, or implant. To increase the chances of implantation, many doctors are now inserting egg and sperm into the Fallopian tube, a procedure known as GIFT (for gamete intra-fallopian transfer). Fertilization takes place not in a laboratory dish but in the Fallopian tube, as it would naturally, and the resulting embryo drifts gently into the uterus, where it is much more likely to be successfully received. In yet another variation, called ZIFT (for zygote intra-fallopian transfer), the sperm are allowed to fertilize the eggs before transfer to the Fallopian tube. The advantage: only those eggs that are successfully fertilized need be transferred. GIFT and ZIFT have turned out to be breakthrough procedures. Some doctors who have switched from standard IVF to the new techniques have doubled their success rates, which now approach 50 %. As the odds have improved, the demand for IVF has surged, despite the high cost (up to $ 8,000 a try) and the uneven quality of the clinics offering the service. Exercise 3. Describe the way IVF is performed. Exercise 4. Express your own attitude towards the problem of test-tube babies. Exercise 5. Choose English equivalents of the Ukrainian words. 1) Майбутні батьки; 2) першокласні клініки; 3) перепона; 4) незважаючи на велику вартість; 5) найбільша перепона (труднощі); 6) зморщуватися/усихати, як родзинки; 7) укорінюватися, приживлятися; 8) у однієї був викидень; 9) мертвонароджена дитина; 10) робити продування (чистку) труб. (а - the hitch; b-to take root; c- one miscarried; d-to shrivel like raisins; e-a stillborn baby; f - well-run clinics; g- to have tubes cleared; h - despite the high cost; і - the biggest ••nag; j - would-be parents) Exercise 6. Choose antonyms of the words. 1) Fertility; 2) in vitro; 3) menopause; 4) to fail; 5) to insert; 6) to increase. (a - menarche; b-to succeed; c-to withdraw; d-to decrease; e - in vivo; f— infertility)
II. Independent Work: Miscarriage Exercise 1. Read the text. .. .That night Clare woke with a pain in her back. When she looked she saw there was some vaginal bleeding. Graham telephoned Mr. O'Rory. Then he carried her outside in a blanket, and drove her 10 miles to the hospital. The gynecologist was already waiting. He put Clare into his ward, surrounded her with hot-water bottles, ordered an injection of morphine, prescribed doses of bromide and added well-polished encouraging words. |