Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
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What pushes people to take drugs? There are many reasons. Some people turn to drags to help relax and cope with the stress and problems of their lives. Some experience39many pressures at school, work, from parents, friends, they are not loved, frightened or frustrated40.Still others take drags simply out of curiosity41but often become addicted. Some people want to make their experiences. Many people think that drags are the best way out42. However they do not realize how devastating43and dangerous they are. Notes: 1 awareness [s'wesnss] свідомість, усвідомлення (чогось) 2 legal ['li:gl] легальний, законний 3 banned [bamd] заборонений 4 influence ['inflosns] впливати 5 consciousness ['krjnjssnss] свідомість 6 affect [s'fekt] мати вплив (на) 7 arousal [s'rauzel] стан збудження * irritable ['iritsbl] дратівливий 9 edgy ['ecfji] нервовий 10 painkiller ['реіпгкі1з(г)] знеболюючий засіб, анальгетик 11 in touch with — у контакті з ким-н. 12 fatigue [fs'thg] втома 13 wear off ['w£3,of] зникати, минати 14 addicted [s'diktid] залежний від (чогось, когось) 15 tranquilliser ['trffirjkwslaizsj транквілізатор, за- спокійливий 16 damping down — знижуючи 17 report [ri'po:t] розповідати, доповідати sensitivity [,sensi'tiv9ti] чутливість, вразливість 19 sensory ['senssri] сенсорний 2,1 social ['ssojl] комунікабельний 2' marriage guidance counselling — кваліфікована порада подружжю 22 recreational [,гекгі'еіГзп1] розважальний 23 severe [si'via] сильний, суворий, інтенсивний 24distortion [dis'to:Jh] перекручення, спотворення (фактів тощо) 25 disturbed [,dis't3:bd] душевнохворий; занепокоєний 2Ь acid ['sesid] кислота 27 hallucinogen [,haelu:'sin3d33n] галюциноген 28 perception [ps'sepjn] сприйняття 29 sore [so:] болячка 30 jaundice ['djomdis] гепатит (жовтяниця) 31 blood poisoning ['bUd.poizsnirj] отруєння крові '2 indicate [indikeit] вказувати 33 irritability [irita'biliti] дратівливість 34 loss [Ids] втрата 35 insomnia [in'snmnis] безсоння 36 furtive behavior ['f3:tivbi'heiyJ3(r)] нервова або підозріла поведінка 37 smell — запах 3S stain [stein] пляма 39 experience — переживати 40 frustrated [frAStreitid] засмучений, прикро вра- жений 41 curiosity [,kju3ri'DS3ti] цікавість, допитливість 42 way out [,wei'aut] вихід 43 devastating ['devs.steitirj] руйнівний, спустош- ливий Exercise 2. Are these statements true (T) or false (F) according to the text?
6. If a person is irritable, aggressive and does not have any appetite, he or she is taking drags. Exercise 3. Look at the words and divide them into two groups: reasons for taking drugs and results of taking drugs. Problems in school. The loss of a dear person. Sudden changes of mood. Frightening hallucinations. Everyday problems. The lack of understanding from others. Curiosity. Sleeplessness. Boredom. Nervousness. Stress. Exercise 4. Match the words and their definitions.
UNIT TWENTY-FOUR
I. Speaking: Endocrine System After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - compare the effects of the nervous system and the endocrine system in controlling the organism;
- list the hormones produced by each endocrine gland and describe the effects of each on the body;
Exercise 2. Learn the names of the pituitary hormones.
Exercise 3. Read and translate the following information, title it. The nervous system and the endocrine system are two main controlling and coordinating systems of the body. The nervous system controls muscle movement and intestinal activity by means of electric and chemical stimuli. So, it controls rapid activities. The effects of the endocrine system occur more slowly and over a long period of time. The endocrine glands produce chemical messengers, hormones, which have widespread effects. These two systems are closely connected, because the activity of the pituitary gland is controlled by the nervous system. Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 24-1 and name all the endocrine glands of males and females. Exercise 5. Read the text. Endocrine Glands Endocrine glands, or glands of internal secretion, are glands without excretory ducts. They produce special substances called hormones, which are secreted directly into the blood. The hormones are carried throughout the organism with the blood and delivered to various organs whose activity they either stimulate or depress. Hormones play a very important part in the organism. Many of them affect metabolism and the functioning of the cardiovascular, reproductive, and other systems. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied by changes throughout the organism. These changes may be due to an increase in the function of a gland (hyperfunction) or a decrease (hypofunction). The chemical composition of some hormones is well known. Various hormonal preparations are made synthetically or from the corresponding glands of animals (endocrine preparations). They are widely used in medicine. It should be noted that hormones are substances with very high biological activity. The endocrine glands include the hypophysis (or pituitary), the epiphysis cerebri (or pineal), the thyroid, the parathyroids, the thymus, the islet part of the pancreas, the adrenals and the incretory part of the sex glands. Each gland consists of glandular epithelial tissue and has an extensive network of blood vessels and large number of nerve fibers (from the vegetative nervous system). The functions of all endocrine glands are interconnected, and the glands make up a single system. The hypophysis is the chief gland of this system: it produces special substances which stimulate the activities of the other endocrine glands. The influence of various substances (mainly hormones) acting on the organism through the blood is called humoral regulation. The activities of endocrine glands are regulated by the nervous system. The nervous system exercises direct control over the endocrine glands through the nervous and neurohumoral control, particularly through the hypophysis. The hormones in their turn affect the functions of different parts of the nervous system. Exercise 6. Make up a plan of the text and retell it. Exercise 7. Complete and translate the sentences. - Гормони переносяться по організму кров'ю ... - Порушення в роботі залоз внутрішньої секреції супроводжується змінами у всьому організмі ...
Exercise 8. Answer the questions.
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