Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ

• Название: Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
• Анкор: ENGLISH_for_Medical_Students.doc
• Дата: 28.01.2017
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II. Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate the following international words.

Polyclinic, comfort, regular, visit, normal, method, program, personnel, philosophy, culture, logic, medicine, temperature, consultation, examination, vaccination, periodic, instruction.

Exercise 2. Transform the sentences using gerunds instead of infinitives according to the model.

Model: We continue to study anatomy.

We continue studying anatomy.

1. My sister began to work at this big hospital five years ago. 2. She has just finished to dress the wound of the patient. 3. We preferred to speak to the director. 4.1 have just begun to translate the text.

Exercise 3. Make the following sentences interrogative.

1. Reading medical articles is important for a nurse. 2.1 know of his having been proposed a new job at a hospital. 3. Instead of operating this patient they decided to use the new method of treatment the disease. 4. Copying the text he made a few mistakes. 5. After graduating from our medical college she will work as a nurse.
Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences.

1. After having made the operation ...

2. 
   Developing this method of treatment...
   
3. 
   Nowadays nurses prefer using ...
   
4. 
   After returning to the ward ...
   
5. 
   We think of going ...
   

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1. Я не міг підготувати доповідь про екологічну ситуацію в Україні, не прочитавши цієї статті. 2. Очевидно, лікування буде тривати два тижні. 3. Закінчивши медичний коледж, вона повернулась працювати до рідного села. 4. Дякую за те, що ви зробили мені перев'язку. 5. Я запитала, чи впевнений він у тому, що складе всі іспити.
III. Independent Work: Pain

Exercise 1. Read the text.

Pain

There are no adequate stimuli for pain; any form of stimulus evokes pain if it's sufficiently strong. Pain is the most primitive and one of the most important sensations. It is generally held that the free nerve endings of small myelinated fibers which do not end in specialized anatomic structures constitute the receptors for pain. They are the most widely distributed receptors in the body, being found in the skin, cornea, blood vessels, and most viscera. The threshold of irritability is high; consequently the stimulations appearing in them are of such intensity as to threaten health and life. For this reason they are frequently called nociceptors. They elicit protective and defensive reflexes. Because of their vital importance, the impulses from the nociceptors always take precedence in the reflex activity of the nervous system.

Many internal organs are insensitive to what are generally regarded as painful stimuli. Tumors have been removed from the brain of patients, who remained conscious during the entire operation, without causing any pain. Handling, cutting or cauterizing the intestine never gives rise to pain. However, pain can be elicited from most hollow organs by an increase of the tension of their walls: this is brought about by great distension (e.g. accumulation of gas in the intestine, or the passage of a gallstone through the bile ducts) or by excessive contraction of their musculature.

Pain can be relieved by reducing the irritability of the nerve as by compression, cold, drugs or by reducing the sensitivity of the cerebral cells, as in general anesthesia.

Pain can be elicited by stimulating a nerve fiber at any point along its course, but the sensation is always referred, or projected, to the endings of the nerve.

Pain cannot always be definitely localized, especially when it is severe and of long duration, the sensation then seems to spread to neighboring parts.

Pain experienced in internal organs is sometimes referred to another and generally, external part of the body. In diseases of some internal organs, certain cutaneous areas may become hyperalgesic (excessively sensitive to pain), so that the least stimulation, such as a soft touch, or even a breath of air, applied to this part of the skin gives rise to pain.

Exercise 2. Find interpretation of the following words in the dictionary.

To evoke, sufficiently, cornea, viscera, threshold, irritability, to threaten, nociceptor, to elicit.
Exercise 3. Find sentences about receptors in the text.
Exercise 4. Find sentences about reaction of the visceral organs to pain.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions.

1. How can pain be relieved? 2. Can pain be localized? 3. Where are receptors for pain distributed? 4. What are nociceptors? 5. Is pain the most primitive sensation?


UNIT TWENTY-THREE

I	Speaking	Sensory System
II	Grammar	Modal Verbs and Verbs of Modal Meaning
III	Independent Work	Drugs

I. Speaking: Sensory System

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• 
  describe the function of the sensory system;
  
• 
  list the major senses;
  
• 
  describe the structure of the eye;
  
• 
  list several disorders of the eye;

describe the structure of the ear;

list disorders of the ear;

name other special sense organs;

list general senses.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
hearing	auditus/phon-	слух
scent	olfactus/osm-	нюх
thirst [0-3:st]	sitis/dips-	спрага
heat [hi:t]	calor/pyro-, therm-	тепло
cold [ksuld]	gelu/crvo-	холод
light [lait]	lux'phi.;-	світло
pupil	pupilla/coria	зіниця
lens	lens/phac-	кришталик
cornea ['кз:піз]	cornea/kcrato-	рогівка
iris Pairis]	iris, iridis	райдужна оболонка
ossicle	ossiculum	кісточка
cochlea ['knklio]	cochlea	завиток
sclera [sk'liaro]	sclera	склера (білкова оболонка)
glaucoma	glaucoma	глаукома
semicircular [,semis'3:kjul3] canal	canalis semicircularis	напівколові канали
vestibule	vestibulum	присінок
eardrum	tympanum	барабанна перетинка
otitis [so'taitis] media	otitis tuedia	отит, запалення середнього вуха

Exercise 2. Read the information about the sensory system, translate it and learn by heart.

The sensory system serves fundamentally to protect the individual by detecting changes in the environment. The sensory system includes:

suspensory ligaments'

pupil ens

ciliarv muscle

1. 
   Vision from receptors in the eye.
   
2. 
   Hearing from receptors in the ear.
   
3. 
   Taste from the tongue receptors.
   
4. 
   Smell from receptors in the upper nasal cavities.
   
5. 
   Pressure, heat, cold, pain, and touch from receptors in the skin.
   
6. 
   Position and balance from the muscles, tendons, joints, and ear.
   

Exercise 3. Acquaint yourself with the structure of the eye using Fig. 22-1.

a) Make up your own vocabulary
using the dictionary.

2. 
   Learn the words.
   
3. 
   Describe the structure of the
   

eye.

Exercise 4. Read the information about eye disorders.

The conjunctiva [.krjnchjAnk'taiva] is a membrane that lines the eyelid (повіка) and cover? the anterior part of the sclera. Its inflammation is called conjunctivitis.

Eyestrain, or fatigue of the eyes, may result from overuse of the eyes: reading, watchin: TV, poor lighting, or disturbances in the focusing ability of the eyes. Hyperopia [,Ьаірз'гзирі; is farsightedness.

Myopia [таі'зиріз] is nearsightedness.

Astigmatism [Ee'stigmaetizm] is due to irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or the len> (as a result, light rays are incorrectly bent).

Strabismus [strae'bizmas] means that the muscles of the eyeballs do not coordinate, so th;: the two eyes do not work together (косоокість).

Blindness is the absence of vision. It may be caused by cataracts, glaucoma or retina detachment.

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions.

1. 
   What disorders of the eyes can you name?
   
2. 
   What is the difference between an oculist and an ophthalmologist?
   
3. 
   What causes of eyestrain do you know?
   
4. 
   What belongs to the sensory system?
   

Exercise 6. Acquaint your­self with the structure of the ear using Fig. 22-2.

a) Make up your own
vocabulary of new words.

b) Learn these words.


pinna

cochlea

eustachian (auditory) tube
c) Describe the structure of
the ear.

Exercise 7. Here is a list of ear disorders. Read it and try to memorize.


pharynx
-Otitis (inflammation of the middle ear);

-deafness (loss of hearing);

-otosclerosis (a hereditary (спадковий) disease that causes bone changes in the stapes that prevent its normal vibration);

-/jresZ>i>acM.s/s[,prezbe3'ku:sis] (a slowly progressive loss of hearing that often accompani aging).

Exercise 8. Answer the questions (use Fig. 22-3).

• 
  What are the organs of taste and smell?
  
• 
  What kinds of taste do you know?
  

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text.
Sense Organs
Sense organs are the structures in the body which are influenced by certain factors in the environment. They are also well-known as receptors. The action of the environmental factor on the body is known as a stimulus. It results in the transmission of a nerve impulse to the nerve center and from this point may influence appropriate reactions of the body or may be stored in memory.

Stimuli arise from contacts with solid objects, from chemical compounds, either dissoh ec or in the gaseous state, from the incidence of light rays, from factors that damage the boc (Fig. 22-4).

Tactile corpuscles located in surface tissues may be classed as organs of touch. They are sensitive to simple pressure and give rise to images of form through the varying pressures du: to uneven and gross contours.

The varied integumentary sense organs of the human body are known to include sorr.^ sensitive only to heat, cold or pain. These organs may be free nerve endings found in the skin

Ears are the center of the auditory organs. Dissolved substances stimulate organs of taste located in the oral cavity and gases or vapors act on organs of smell. Sense organs stimulated by light are familiar to us in our own eyes. In contrast with sense organs mentioned above which are classed as exteroceptors, the body contains others called interoceptors. They are sources of sensations of hunger, thirst, nausea and external pain. Other interoceptors in the muscles, joints and tendons are associated with the maintenance of equilibrium and are classed as proprioceptors. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are also organs of equilibration.

All sense organs consist of nerve endings associated with various specialized cells or tissues. The nerves are not limited to one type of stimulation but other response may be identical under various stimuli. Thus a mechanical shock to the eye produces a sensation of light. The nerve fibers leading from the sense organs towards the central system are sensory or afferent.

Exercise 10. Find English equivalents.

Стимули виникають від контактів з твердими речовинами; вони - джерела відчуття голоду, спраги, нудоти і зовнішнього болю; всі органи відчуттів складаються з нервових закінчень.

Control Tests. Nervous System and Sense Organs

1. What system is responsible for all activities
of organs and systems of organs in the human
body?

A. Endocrine

B. Muscular

C. Nervous

D. Reproductive

E. Digestive

2. What is the role of the nervous system?

A. Regulation and control of all systems
of the body

B. Metabolism

C. Nutrition

D. Respiration

E. Production of enzymes

3. What is the structural unit of the nervous
system?

A. Enzyme

B. Hormone

C. Nephron

D. Neuron

E. Substance

4. What does the central nervous system
consist of?

A. The brain

B. The brain and spinal cord

C. The spinal cord

D. Nerves and ganglia

E. Ganglia

5. What isn't included into the neuron?

A. Axon

B. Dendrite

C. Body of neuron

D. Pigment

E. Neuron ending

6. The main property of the nerve fibre is .